The Comparative Effects of Anakinra and Tocilizumab on Inflammation and Cerebral Vasospasm in an Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Model

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dc.authoridEngin, Berk Enes/0009-0008-9422-4975
dc.authoridtuncer, cengiz/0000-0003-2400-5546
dc.authoridGOK, Ali/0000-0003-4103-9537
dc.authoridKilic, Guven/0000-0001-5050-7908
dc.authoridKurtulus, Adem/0000-0002-8084-1015;
dc.contributor.authorKilic, Guven
dc.contributor.authorEngin, Berk Enes
dc.contributor.authorHalabi, Amir
dc.contributor.authorTuncer, Cengiz
dc.contributor.authorSungur, Mehmet Ali
dc.contributor.authorAlpay, Merve
dc.contributor.authorKurtulus, Adem
dc.date.accessioned2025-10-11T20:47:43Z
dc.date.available2025-10-11T20:47:43Z
dc.date.issued2024
dc.departmentDüzce Üniversitesien_US
dc.description.abstractObjective: Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a life-threatening cerebrovascular condition that triggers a robust inflammatory response and cerebral vasospasm. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of anakinra, an interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, and tocilizumab, an interleukin-6 receptor antagonist, on inflammation and vasospasm in an experimental rat SAH model. Methods: Forty male Sprague Dawley rats (200-250 g) were randomly assigned to five groups: control, SAH, SAH + anakinra (ANA), SAH + tocilizumab (TCZ), and SAH + anakinra + tocilizumab (ANA+TCZ). SAH was induced by injecting non-heparinized arterial blood into the cisterna magna. Treatment groups received anakinra (50 mg/kg twice daily), tocilizumab (8 mg/kg once daily), or their combination for three days. Blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were analyzed for inflammatory markers (IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha, CRP), and histopathological evaluations were conducted to assess vasospasm and apoptosis. Results: SAH significantly increased pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha, CRP) and fibrinogen levels in serum and CSF while reducing the basilar artery lumen diameter (p < 0.001). Anakinra and tocilizumab treatments significantly reduced inflammatory markers and vasospasm severity compared to the SAH group (p < 0.05). Combination therapy was more effective in reducing inflammation and vasospasm than either treatment alone (p < 0.05). Anakinra showed a stronger effect on IL-1 reduction, while tocilizumab was more effective in lowering IL-6 levels. The ANA+TCZ group exhibited a significant decrease in caspase activity, indicating reduced apoptosis (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Anakinra and tocilizumab effectively mitigated inflammation and vasospasm in an experimental SAH model, with combination therapy showing superior efficacy. These findings suggest that targeting both IL-1 and IL-6 pathways may be a promising therapeutic strategy for managing SAH complications. Further studies are warranted to evaluate long-term outcomes and clinical implications.en_US
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/medicina60122025
dc.identifier.issn1010-660X
dc.identifier.issn1648-9144
dc.identifier.issue12en_US
dc.identifier.pmid39768906en_US
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-85213481615en_US
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ1en_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60122025
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12684/21541
dc.identifier.volume60en_US
dc.identifier.wosWOS:001385655900001en_US
dc.identifier.wosqualityQ1en_US
dc.indekslendigikaynakWeb of Scienceen_US
dc.indekslendigikaynakScopusen_US
dc.indekslendigikaynakPubMeden_US
dc.language.isoenen_US
dc.publisherMdpien_US
dc.relation.ispartofMedicina-Lithuaniaen_US
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanıen_US
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessen_US
dc.snmzKA_WOS_20250911
dc.subjectsubarachnoid hemorrhageen_US
dc.subjectanakinraen_US
dc.subjecttocilizumaben_US
dc.subjectvasospasmen_US
dc.subjectinflammationen_US
dc.subjectinterleukin-1en_US
dc.subjectinterleukin-6en_US
dc.titleThe Comparative Effects of Anakinra and Tocilizumab on Inflammation and Cerebral Vasospasm in an Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Modelen_US
dc.typeArticleen_US

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