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Öğe Age and growth of the needlefish, Tylosurus imperialis (Rafinesque, 1810) from the Levantine coast, North-Eastern Mediterranean(Univ Oradea Publ House, 2025) Erguden, Deniz; Turan, Cemal; Ivanova, Petya Pavlova; Dogdu, Servet Ahmet; Raykov, Violin Stoyanov; Yankova, Maria; Yaglioglu, DenizThe present study is the first to determine the age and growth parameters of the needlefish Tylosurus imperialis in the Northeastern Mediterranean. A total of 320 specimens of T. imperialis were caught by gill nets from Turkish coasts (Iskenderun Bay) in the Northeastern Mediterranean between October 2020 and September 2021. The maximum age was 5 years for both sexes combined, and the age group 3-4 comprised 77.5 % of the samples. The total length distribution of T. imperialis was 60 to 109 cm, and the weight distribution was 309 to 1985 g. The b value was between 3.20 and 3.31 for females and males, respectively. The parameter b from the length-weight relationship characterizes a positive allometric growth. Growth equations were calculated as W=0.0006xL(3.2026) (R-2= 0.912) for females, W=0.0004xL(3.3163) (R-2= 0.896) for males, and W= 0.0005xL(3.2456) (R-2=0.904) for all specimens. Von Bertalanffy growth parameters were L-infinity= 139.29 cm, K= 0.119 year(-1), t(0)= -1.819 year for females, L-infinity= 138.50 cm, K= 0.113 year(-1), t(0)= -1.834 year for males and L-infinity= 138.33 cm, K= 0.112 year(-1), t(0)= -1.839 year for all specimens. The spawning period of T. imperialis was determined to be between April and August for both sexes. This data will be useful for the fisheries management of needlefish stocks in our study area and elsewhere.Öğe EFFECTS OF LITHOSPERMIC ACID SUPPLEMENTATION AGAINST ACUTE EXERCISE-INDUCED OXIDATIVE STRESS IN RATS(Nobel Ilac, 2024) Coknaz, Hakki; Karaoglan, Esen Sezen; Ozgen, UfukObjective: The aim of the study was to investigate whether lithospermic acid (LSA), a naturally derived polyphenolic compound, supplementation could prevent acute exercise- induced oxidative damage to skeletal muscle tissue in the rats. Material and Method: Rats were randomly selected and divided into three groups (n= 7/group): Group 1Control group (non-exercise, UT), Group 2- Exercise group (exercise, T) and Group 3- Exercise+lithospermic acid group (exercise+lithospermic acid, T/LSA). At the end of the exercise protocol, the samples were removed from the right leg quadriceps muscle. Malondialdehyde (MDA), myeloperoxidase (MPO), glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels were measured in the muscle samples. Result: Compared to the UT group, malondialdehyde (MDA) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity levels in the muscle tissue of the T group significantly increased (p<0.001). MDA and MPO activity levels significantly decreased in the T/LSA group compared to the T group (p<0.05). Glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity levels significantly decreased in the T group compared to the UT group (p<0.05). GSH and SOD activity levels in muscle tissue significantly increased in the T/LSA group compared to the T group (p<0.05). No significant difference was found in MDA, MPO, GSH, and SOD levels between the UT group and T/LSA group (p>0.05). Conclusion: In conclusion, our study shows that oxidative activity levels in the muscle tissue of the T/LSA group decreased significantly in skeletal muscle-induced acute exercise in rats, so it can be considered that lithospermic acid has a protective effect against oxidative damage.Öğe In Vitro Research on Antimicrobial Activity of Native Anatolian Honey Bee Products against Paenibacillus larvae Strains(Tarbiat Modares Univ, 2025) Sonmez, Emine; Kekecoglu, Meral; Bozdeveci, Arif; Karaoglu, Sengul AlapyWorldwide, one of the most damaging diseases in beekeeping is American Foulbrood (AFB). The causative agent of the disease is Paenibacillus larvae, which can remain in spore form in the environment for decades and does not lose its virulence. In the management of this disease, it is inevitable to find an alternative method to the use of antibiotics and burning the hives. In this study, after determining the Total Phenolic (TPC) and Total Flavonoid Contents (TFC) of seven different Anatolian honey bee products (bee venom, bee bread, pollen, royal jelly, propolis, queen bee larvae, drone brood larvae), in vitro antimicrobial activities of these products against two different P. larvae strains were tested. As a result of Folin-Ciocalteu and AlCl3 colorimetric methods, there were significant differences between the samples, and the highest content values were obtained from the propolis samples. The antimicrobial activity results showed that, P. larvae strains were susceptible to all bee products, except queen bee larvae and drone brood larvae. The most significant inhibition was obtained from Anatolian bee venom with the lowest MIC dose 6.25 mu g mL(-1), Bacterial strains showed susceptibility to Anatolian beebread with an effective dose of 7.81 mu g mL(-1) following bee venom. This study is an important first step in identifying new active compounds for the use of in-hive natural products in the development of new preventive treatments against AFB disease, alternative to conventional antibiotic treatments.Öğe ON GENERALIZED CONFORMABLE FRACTIONAL CALCULUS ON TIME SCALES WITH APPLICATION TO A FRACTIONAL NONLOCAL THERMISTOR PROBLEM(Georgian Natl Acad Sciences, 2025) Bendouma, Bouharket; Sarikaya, Mehmet ZekiIn this paper, we give a new general definition of conformable fractional derivative and integral on time scales, and study some of their important classical properties. As an application, the existence of solutions for the conformable fractional nonlo cal thermistor problem on time scales is studied by using the Banach contraction principle and Schauder's fixed point theorem.Öğe Histopathological Analysis of the Role of Horn on the Memory/Intelligence Processing Areas of the Brain and the Blood Brain Barrier in Female Sheep(Soc Chilena Anatomia, 2024) Ozturk, Cengiz; Yarar, Burhan; Keles, Osman Nuri; Malkoc, Ismail; Cetin, Zehra Aslihan; Tanriverdi, Esra Cinar; Aydin, Mehmet DumluBecause horned animals are prone to conflict, they may have a higher risk of developing a brain contusion as a result of a horn strike. Repeated brain trauma can affect the hippocampus, which is involved in memory and orientation. The aims of study thi was to histopathologically examine the blood-brain barrier (BBB) of the hippocampus in horned and hornless female sheep. 4 Skulls horned of and 6 hornless female sheep aged 16 +/- 4 months were obtained from the abattoir. Brains were carefully removed and preserved in 10 % formalin for 5 days. Sections were taken from bilateral hippocampus. Specimens were stained with hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) neland Tu methods, and the histopathologic structures of the BBB were examined by light microscopy. BBB damage scores evaluated. ltsThe wreresu analyzed by Mann-Whitney U test. The BBB damage score was found to be higher in horned female sheep. Astrocytes was more branching and BBB was more intact in hornless female sheep. This is considered that more astrocyte branches may play an importanthe role in protective mechanism. The difference in intracerebral defense mechanism against brain trauma in female sheep may serveel as fora mod investigating molecular mechanisms. The impairment of the BBB in the hippocampal region of horned female sheep may resulteir in th memory, intelligence, and navigational abilities being lower than those of hornless female sheep. This could open the horizon better f advances in human and animal brain health.Öğe American Medical Missionary Activities in Basra in the Late Ottoman Period: Lansing Memorial Hospital(Istanbul 29 Mayis Univ & Isam, 2025) Sahin, EmineOne of the most important cities of Iraq on the eastern border of the Ottoman Empire was the province of Basra, where international trade was active and which could also be considered as a gateway to India. Basra was also of high importance for the United States of America because it was the trade centre of the East and the gateway to the South Asian market, and because of the presence of oil in the neighbouring province of Khuzestan. In the vacuum created by the Ottoman Empire's loss of power in the region in the 19(th) century, America, which wanted to create an area of dominance for itself, carried out activities here. Accordingly, the Arabian Mission, founded by American Protestant missionaries at the end of the 19(th) century, established a station in Basra, which was identified as its first target for education and health activities. In 1911, it opened a hospital in Basra under the name of Lansing Memorial, and Protestant doctors and nurses affiliated with the Arabian Mission started to serve there. This study focuses on the activities of the Arabian Mission in Basra starting from the end of the 19(th) century. The primary sources of this research are the documents of the Ottoman Archives and the publications of the Arabian Mission, while literature on the Arabian Mission has also been used.Öğe A MIXTURE DESIGN GUIDE TO PRODUCE PERVIOUS CONCRETES BY BASALT AGGREGATES WITH DIFFERENT GRADATIONS AND DETERMINATION OF ENGINEERING CHARACTERISTICS OF PRODUCED CONCRETES(Serban Solacolu Foundation, 2023) Karaalioglu, Emre; Comak, Bekir; Aykanat, BatuhanAs a result of rapid urbanization, impermeable surfaces used in* roads, pavements, parks, and gardens cause a rapid increase in the number of urban floods and overflows. As they infiltrate rainwater into the subsurface and decrease the surface water flow, protect the underground water sources, support sustainability, and offer solutions to relieve the environmental concerns, pervious concretes gain importance with each passing day. In this study, to enhance the mechanical characteristics of them without compromising on their permeability characteristics it was aimed to make the optimum mixture design of pervious concretes which are prepared with basalt aggregates. 3 different paste volumes (15%, 20%, 25%) and 3 different aggregate gradations (10-15 mm, 5-10 mm, 10-15 mm (50%) + 5-10 mm (50%)) were used. Density, consistency, void rate, permeability, compressive strength, and splitting tensile strength tests were performed on produced pervious concrete samples. As a conclusion, it was determined that aggregate size has been directly proportional to void rate, while void rate has been inversely proportional to compressive strength in pervious concretes. It was determined that optimum design mixture was the (P25-F100-C0) mixture which was produced with 5-10 mm basalt aggregates that had 25% cement paste volume.Öğe The Tripartite Constructive Language in Ian Kiaer's Art Practice(Istanbul Univ, 2025) Boztunali, Zehra Seda; Kayapinar, UmutContemporary art presents an interdisciplinary structure that incorporates diverse perspectives and techniques. In this context, the article aims to examine productions that are connected to the space through objects incorporated into the artwork, without severing their connection with the wall surface, thereby coexisting with the space. The scope of the research is limited to prominent works from the Endnote: Tooth project by British artist Ian Kiaer, produced between 2005 and the present, which focus on the tripartite construct of surface, object, and space. In Kiaer's works, which begin on the wall surface and extend into the space through various found objects, it is observed that fragile and delicate materials, such as inflatable balloons, are used. These multi-part installations open up an alternative space between painting and sculpture as they extend from the wall into the environment, allowing the space to be actively integrated into the work and transforming the space itself into the painting. Additionally, Kiaer frequently references Frederick Kiesler's concept of the Endless House in his practice. In the research, a literature review and interpretive methods of qualitative research were employed, drawing on sources from the websites ofgalleries representing Kiaer, interviews with the artist, and writings from international biennials and exhibitions.Öğe ALTERNATIVE MORTAR PRODUCTION FOR FLOORING BELONGING TO HISTORICAL BUILDING ENVIRONMENTS(Serban Solacolu Foundation, 2024) Onur, Ozlem Ozkan; Yerli, OzgurThe construction technology, design, and materials of historical structures and their surroundings are among the most important documents of history. The use of original materials in maintenance and repair work is crucial for preserving these structures with their original qualities. In this study, the aim was to produce cement-free lime mortars for the sustainability of natural stones used in the floor covering of Topkap & imath; Palace, one of the most important structures of cultural heritage. In mortar production, 30% air lime was used as a binder, along with varying ratios of brick fragments and dust, yellow sand, clay lime and quartz aggregate, fly ash, tooth snag water, glass fiber, and water. Physical and mechanical analyses of the produced mortars were conducted, as well as FESEM-EDS and XRD analyses for the internal structure of the materials. According to the analysis results, it was determined that the tooth snag water used instead of water had no mechanical effect on the mortars, while fly ash and glass fiber had positive effects on their physical and mechanical properties. These mortars, which have a calcite mineral structure, contain high amounts of Ca, C, O, Si, Mg, Al, and small amounts of Fe and S elements. It can be recommended to use glass fiber and fly ash added mortars, which have high porosity, low unit volume weight, and sufficient compressive strength, in the hard ground pedestrian paths of the structure.Öğe Generalized k-Cesàro Polynomials(Padova Univ Press, 2025) Cin, Yahya; Ozmen, NejlaThe main purpose of this study is to introduce k-analogue of the generalized Ces & agrave;ro polynomials and give their some properties. Firstly, generalized k-Ces & agrave;ro polynomials are defined with the help of a generating function relation. After getting the explicit form of these polynomials, various generating function relations, the Mellin transform formula, expressions in terms of k-hypergeometric function and some integral representations are obtained.Öğe On Milne Type Inequalities For h-Convex Functions Via Conformable Fractional Integral Operators(Tsing Hua Univ, Dept Mathematics, 2025) Benaissa, Bouharket; Sarikaya, Mehmet ZekiIn this study, Milne-type inequalities for h-convex functions involving conformable operators are established. In addition, new results are presented that generalize various inequalities known in the literature.Öğe Artificial Neural Networks-Based LEACH Algorithm for Fast and Efficient Cluster Head Selection in Wireless Sensor Networks(Wiley, 2025) Senturk, ArafatRecent improvements in wireless sensor networks (WSN) technology enabled more research on energy efficiency. Limited battery and difficulties in renewing the batteries in a critical application require the efficient use of energy for WSN. Besides energy efficiency, providing fast-response systems facilitate real-time applications. Combining machine learning (ML) with the clustering methods that significantly contribute to the energy efficiency of WSN seems to improve the efficiency. In this paper, the low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) clustering method for WSN is implemented through a supervised learning method, artificial neural networks (ANN), for cluster head (CH) selection. The power of ANN as a superior classifier is thought to contribute much to the field. The details of designing an ANN are given in detail for the first time in WSN field. In addition, a dataset is prepared via MATLAB to be used for classification or other analysis related to a clustered network. The proposed model provides more than 85% accuracy for CH selection, and it is 83.28% faster than LEACH to determine the CHs. This method produces more efficient solutions in large networks in terms of the time for CH selection. The feasibility of ANN is also shown for the issues related to WSN such as CH selection.Öğe Long-term exposure of sucralose induces neuroinflammation and ferroptosis in human microglia cells via SIRT1/NLRP3/IL-1β/GPx4 signaling pathways(Wiley, 2024) Hacioglu, CeyhanMicroglia serve as the primary defense mechanism in the brain. Artificial sweeteners are widely used as dietary supplements, though their long-term effects remain uncertain. In this study, we investigated the effects of sucralose on microglia during prolonged exposure via the neuroinflammatory and ferroptosis pathways. Initially, human microglial clone 3 (HMC3) cells were exposed to sucralose (0-50 mM) for 24, 48, and 72 h to investigate the short-term effects. Subsequently, HMC3 cells were treated with 1 mM sucralose for 7, 14, and 21 days to examine long-term effects. We measured levels of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3), 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), Sirtuin-1 (SIRT1), glutathione peroxidase-4 (GPx4), reduced glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), ferrous iron (Fe2+), and caspase 3/7. Additionally, we analyzed the impact of sucralose on cell morphology, migration, and expression levels of IL-1 beta, NLRP3, SIRT1, and GPx4. Sucralose inhibited cell viability and proliferation in HMC3 cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner and induced membrane and nuclear abnormalities. Moreover, sucralose significantly reduced the cell migration rate. Long-term sucralose treatment decreased Fe2+, GPx4, GSH, and SIRT1 levels in HMC3 cells while increasing IL-1 beta, MDA, NLRP3, 8-OHdG, and caspase 3/7 activity. Sucralose treatment also enhanced microglial activation and neuroinflammation by upregulating IL-1 beta and NLRP3 and downregulating SIRT1 and GPx4, thereby inducing ferroptosis and suppressing cell viability. Consequently, high concentrations or long-term sucralose treatment may induce neuroinflammation and ferroptosis by targeting the SIRT1/NLRP3/IL-1 beta/GPx4 pathway in HMC3 cells.Öğe Feeding Ecology of the Critically Endangered Gobio insuyanus (Gobionidae)(Wiley, 2025) Johnson, Julian E.; Yogurtcuoglu, Baran; Kirankaya, Serife Gulsun; Ekmekci, Fitnat GulerDespite the critical conservation status of the endemic gudgeon Gobio insuyanus, its feeding ecology remained unstudied. This research addresses this gap by investigating the diet of G. insuyanus in the Insuyu spring-stream system of Central Anatolia (Turkey) analyzing spatial, temporal, and intraspecific variations. We compared two distinct habitats: a stable spring and its continuum, a fluctuating stream. Results indicate that G. insuyanus is an omnivore, consuming primarily detritus, Gammarids, and Diptera larvae. Feeding intensity was higher in the spring habitat, particularly in summer, possibly related to its stable temperature and lower turbidity. Dietary diversity was higher in the stream, potentially reflecting its greater habitat complexity, but decreased in both habitats in autumn, suggesting a seasonal decline in prey availability. A significant ontogenetic shift in diet was observed; mature individuals exhibited a narrower niche and preferred larger prey, probably due to increased gape size, improved foraging ability, and higher energy requirements. No significant dietary differences were found between the sexes. The results have conservation implications, emphasizing the need to maintain the integrity of both habitats. Future research incorporating fish movement data with feeding ecology will further improve our understanding and inform more targeted conservation strategies.Öğe Organic pollutant removal from ice cream production wastewater via hybrid electrode connected electrochemical processes(Wiley, 2025) Solak, Murat; Akyuz, AbdulkerimThe ice cream production industry consumes a large amount of water, generating considerable volumes of wastewater. Therefore, effective and sustainable treatment methods for ice cream production plant wastewater (ICPPW) are essential. Electrochemical processes have emerged as promising alternatives to conventional treatment methods, offering high pollutant removal efficiency within a single reactor. However, research on hybrid electrochemical treatments for ICPPW remains limited. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of hybrid electrochemical processes using simultaneous electrode configurations for the removal of organic pollutants, specifically chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total organic carbon (TOC). The biodegradability of these pollutants was further assessed using average oxidation state (AOS), carbon oxidation state (COS), and TOC/COD ratio indicators. Various electrode combinations were tested, including BDD/SS/SS, Fe/SS/TiRuO2, Al/SS/TiRuO2, Al/SS/Al, Fe/SS/Fe, TiRuO2/SS/graphite, Fe/SS/graphite, and Al/SS/graphite. Among these, the BDD/SS/SS configuration achieved the highest COD and TOC removal efficiencies of 95% and 87%, respectively. The optimal removal for all setups occurred within 40 min of operation time. At a current density of 41.66 A/m2, energy consumption ranged from 3.611 to 7.639 kWh/m3, current efficiency varied between 0.051 and 0.083, and electrical energy efficiency was between 2.841 and 18.96 kWh/m3. These findings highlight that the BDD/SS/SS electrode combination not only provides superior pollutant removal but also does so with low energy input, making it a viable and efficient method for the treatment and potential reuse of wastewater from ice cream production.Öğe Automated Classification of Skin Diseases Using Microscopic Images: A Machine Learning Approach(Wiley, 2025) Karapinar Senturk, Zehra; Guler, Recep; Ozcan, Yunus; Gamsizkan, MehmetThis study presents a machine learning-based approach for the automated classification of skin diseases, specifically targeting morphea and lichen sclerosus, using microscopic images. The proposed method involves a systematic workflow, including image preprocessing techniques such as resizing, Reinhard normalization, Gaussian filtering, and CLAHE histogram equalization to enhance image quality. Feature extraction was performed using Gray-Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) and histogram-based statistical methods, capturing texture and intensity characteristics of skin tissues. Several classification models, including Support Vector Machine (SVM), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Decision Tree (DT), Random Forest (RF), K-Nearest Neighbors (K-NN), and Logistic Regression (LR), were evaluated using accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, with hyperparameter optimization via grid search. The experimental results revealed that the combined feature set (GLCM + Histogram) achieved the highest performance, with the RF and K-NN models yielding a 100% in all performance metrics, including accuracy, sensitivity, recall, and F1-score. The study introduces a novel approach by examining these two diseases simultaneously, offering a reliable tool to support dermatologists with accurate and quick diagnoses. Future work will focus on expanding the dataset, exploring advanced deep learning techniques, and integrating clinical metadata to enhance model generalizability.Öğe Radiofrequency Induced Time-Dependent Alterations in Gene Expression and Apoptosis in Glioblastoma Cell Line(Wiley, 2025) Tuysuz, Mehmet Zahid; Kayhan, Handan; Saglam, Atiye Seda Yar; Senturk, Fatih; Bagriacik, Emin Umit; Yagci, Munci; Canseven, Ayse GulnihalThe widespread use of wireless communication technologies has increased human exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMFs). Considering the brain's close proximity to mobile phones and its entirely electrical transmission network, it emerges as the organ most profoundly impacted by the RF field. This study aims to investigate the potential effects of RF radiation on cell viability, apoptosis, and gene expressions in glioblastoma cells (U118-MG) at different exposure times (1, 24, and 48 h). To achieve this, we designed and implemented an in vitro RF exposure system operating at a frequency of 2.1 GHz, specifically for cell culture studies, with an average specific absorption rate (SAR) of 1.12 +/- 0.18 W/kg determined through numerical dosimetry calculations. Results reveal a significant influence of a 48 h exposure to a 2.1 GHz RF field on U118-MG cell viability, gene expression, and the induction of caspase (CASP) dependent apoptosis. Notably, increased CASP3, CASP8, and CASP9 mRNA levels were observed after 24 and 48 h of RF treatment. However, only the 48 h RF exposure resulted in apoptotic cell death and a significant elevation in the BAX/BCL-2 ratio. This observed effect may be influenced by extended exposure durations surpassing the cell's doubling time. The increased BAX/BCL-2 ratio, which acts as a key switch for apoptosis, and the heterogeneous morphology of the astrocyte-derived U118-MG cell line may also play a role in this effect.Öğe A Comparative Study on Friction Performance and Mechanical Properties of Printed PETG Materials With Different Patterns(Wiley, 2025) Aslan, Enes; Akincioglu, Gulsah; Sirin, EmineInvestigating the mechanical and wear properties of widely used PETG (polyethylene terephthalate glycol) filaments is important to understanding the material's performance, reliability, and suitability in different application areas. This study performed tensile and wear tests on PETG samples produced with a 3D printer using four infill patterns (honeycomb, grid, triangular, and gyroid). The study aimed to investigate the effect of infill patterns on the tensile and wear properties of the samples. In the evaluations, friction coefficient, wear rate, SEM microscope images, hardness test, temperature measurement during tensile, diameter accuracy value, Young's modulus, and yield values were analyzed. The mechanical results present that the triangular pattern showed 133% higher mechanical strength compared to other patterns with the highest Young's modulus. As a result of the wear tests, horizontal patterns showed more homogeneous wear, while vertical patterns caused irregular wear by creating more brittle structures. It was found that dense patterns, such as honeycomb and grid, were more resistant to wear. The triangular pattern samples can be preferred for high strength and thermal stability, while gyroid and grid pattern samples can be used in the flexibility field. The results revealed that different infill patterns significantly affect the mechanical and tribological performances of the materials and that appropriate pattern selection can optimize performance in engineering applications.Öğe Dielectric Resonator Antenna-Based Sensing Technology for Enhanced Insulation Oil Diagnostics(Wiley-V C H Verlag Gmbh, 2025) Duman, Mehmet; Bicen, YunusThe insulating oil in transformers plays a critical role both as a coolant supporting the paper insulation and as an element protecting the dielectric properties of the system. Serious failures may result from changes in the oil's dielectric characteristics brought on by the presence of water and other contaminants. This study assesses the insulation condition of transformer oils by designing and simulating three different dielectric resonator antennas (DRA) in the CST Design Environment. An attempt is made to find the best design by analyzing the effect of variations in dielectric constant on various resonator antenna designs. The resonant frequency range of 1.5-3GHz$1.5 {-}3\;GHz$ and the RT5880 dielectric substrate are chosen. Simulations are carried out to illustrate situations where the epsilon r${\varepsilon _r}$ value of the oil varies between 1$\hskip.001pt 1$ and 5$\hskip.001pt 5$. In general, it is found that as the dielectric constant of the oil (epsilon r${\varepsilon _r}$) increases, the resonant frequency (fr${f_r}$) and the S11${S_{11}}$ parameter decrease. Single DRA-A single SMA port is advised for low-cost and straightforward applications, but Dual DRA can be chosen for investigations needing high sensitivity and double-check. The analysis allows the best approach to be selected based on the requirements of the application by highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of different designs.Öğe In Vitro Genotoxic and Cytotoxic Evaluation of Phenoxyethanol in Human Lymphocytes: A Commonly Used Preservative in Cosmetics(Wiley, 2025) Kara, Ikbal Hesna; Yildiz, Esra; Meredova, Guncha; Aksoy, HueseyinPhenoxyethanol is widely used as a preservative in many cosmetic products and is considered to be safe. although there are some toxicity studies on phenoxyethanol, no detailed research evaluating its genotoxicity in human lymphocytes is available in the literature. This study aims to assess phenoxyethanol ' s cytotoxic and genotoxic profiles in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. For evaluation of genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of phenoxyethanol, chromosomal aberration (CA) and micronucleus (MN) tests were applied In both tests, lymphocyte cultures were treated with three concentrations (50, 25, 12.5 mu g/mL) of phenoxyethanol and control groups (solvent, positive and negative controls). When examining the results of the chromosomal aberration test (CA) and the micronucleus test (MN), no significant differences were observed between the solvent control group and the application concentrations in either test. For the evaluation of cytotoxicity, mitotic index results showed a significant decrease at higher doses (50 and 25 mu g/mL) compared to the solvent control. In conclusion, phenoxyethanol did not exhibit genotoxic effects (clastogenic and aneugenic) on human peripheral lymphocyte cells at the applied doses, although it did show a slight cytotoxic effect.
