Belgrad Ormanı kayın, meşe ve gürgen meşcerelerinde doğal gençleştirme çalışmalarının değerlendirilmesi
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Dosyalar
Tarih
2019
Yazarlar
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Cilt Başlığı
Yayıncı
Düzce Üniversitesi
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Bu çalışma ile, İstanbul Orman Bölge Müdürlüğü Bahçeköy Orman İşletme Müdürlüğü'ne bağlı Kurtkemeri Orman İşletme Şefliği sınırları içerisindeki doğal gençleştirme çalışmalarının başarı durumu ve gençliklerde büyüme performanslarının silvikültürel açıdan değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla bölgede yayılış gösteren sapsız meşe, sapsız meşe-doğu kayını ve sapsız meşe-gürgen ağaç türlerinin bulunduğu sırasıyla 15, 38 ve 39 numaralı bölmelerin her birinde 30 adet 20 x 20 m ölçülerinde örnek alanları alınmış ve üzerindeki ağaçların çapları, boyları ve birey sayılarının ölçümü ile kapalılık dereceleri ölçülmüştür. Ayrıca örnek alanlar içerisinde iki adet alt örnek alan alınarak içerisinde gençlik sayısı, kök boğazı çapı ve boy ölçümleri yapılmıştır. Diğer taraftan sapsız meşe-doğu kayını gençliklerinde ışık entansitesi ölçümleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bir yaşındaki gençliklerin yarısını sapsız meşe, yarısını doğu kayını oluşturmaktadır. Doğu kayını gençliğinin kök boğazı çap, gençlik boyu ve kök boğazı yüzey alanı gelişimi sapsız meşe gençliğinden sırasıyla %21, %29 ve %60 daha yüksektir. Gençliğin boyu tohum ağaçlarından uzaklaştıkça artış göstermiştir. Beş yaşındaki gençliklerin %72'si sapsız meşe, kalanı da gürgendir. Gürgen gençliği meşe gençliğinin 2 katından daha fazla kök boğazı çapı ve boyuna sahiptir. Ayrıca gürgen gençliklerinin ortalama kök boğazı yüzey alanı meşe gençliklerinden 5 kat daha yüksektir. On bir yaşındaki gençliklerin %62'si doğu kayını, kalanı da sapsız meşedir. Doğu kayını ve sapsız meşe gençliklerinin büyüme özellikleri benzerdir. Sapsız meşe bir yaşındaki kök boğazı çapı 2,4 mm iken on bir yaşında 18,4 mm'ye ulaşırken, boyu 11,8 cm den 168,1 cm'ye ulaşmıştır. Doğu kayını gençliği ise bir yaşındaki kök boğazı çapı ve boyu sırasıyla 2,8 mm ve 15,2 cm iken, onbir yaşındaki kök boğazı çapı ve boyu sırasıyla 17,2 mm ve 175,3 cm'dir. Sonuç olarak, sahalarda doğal gençleştirmenin başarılı olduğu ve yeterli sayıda gençliğin elde edildiği söylenebilir. Bir yaşındaki gençliklerde doğu kayını sapsız meşeye göre hızlı büyüse de, onbir yaşına geldiğinde farkın kapandığı görülmektedir. Ayrıca gürgenin meşeye göre daha hızlı geliştiği ve meşeyi boğma tehlikesi göz önüne alındığında, sapsız meşe-gürgen karışık meşceresinde meşeye çap-boy üstünlüğü verilmesi önerilmektedir. Ayrıca sahalarda gereğinden fazla gençlik vardır. Özellikle beş yaşındaki ve on bir yaşına gelmiş gençliklerde metrekarede 8 bireyden fazla bulunması, gençliğin optimum gelişimi için oldukça yüksek sayılabilir. Bu sahalarda gençlik bakımların vakit geçirmeden yapılması önerilmektedir. Anahtar sözcükler: Belgrad Ormanı, Büyüme, Doğal gençleştirme, Doğu kayını, Meşe.
With this study, the aim was silvicultural evaluation of success in natural regeneration studies and growth performances of seedlings in Kurtkemeri Forest Sub-District Directorate that is under the supervision of Istanbul Regional Directorate of Forestry, Bahcekoy Department of Forestry. For this purpose, 30 sample stands having size of 20 x 20 m were determined in districts 15,38, and 39; which consist of sessile oak, sessile oak-oriental beech, and sessile oak- hornbeam stands, respectively. Diameter, heigth, number of individuals, and degrees of canopy were measured in trees of those sample stands. In addition, 2 sub-sample areas were determined in sample stands and number of seedlings, root-collar diameter, and heigth measurements were carried out for these areas. On the other part, light intensity measurements of sessile oak- oriental beech seedlings were carried out. Sessile oak forms half of the 1-year-old seedlings while the other half was formed by oriental beech. Root-collar diameter, heigth, root-collar surface area development of oriental beech seedlings was higher than sessile oak seedlings in percentages of 21, 29 and 60, respectively. Height of seedlings was increasing as the distance from seed tree increases. 72% of 5-year-old seedlings were formed by sessile oak while the rest was hornbeam. Root collar diameter and height of hornbeam seedlings were more than twice as oak seedlings. Moreover, average root-collar surface area of hornbeam seedlings were 5 times higher than oak seedlings. 62% of 11-year-old seedlings were formed by oriental beech and the rest was sessile oak. Growth characteristics of oriental beech and sessile oak were similar. Root-collar diameter of sessile oak was measured 2,4 mm when seedlings were 1-year-old, it increased to 18,4 mm when seedlings were 11-year-old, while heigth changed from 11,8 cm to 168,1 cm. When seedlings were 1-year-old, root- collar diameter and heigth of oriental beech seedlings were 2,8 mm and 15,2 cm, respectively, while these values were 17,2 mm and 175,3 cm when they are at the age of 11. In conclusion, it could be claimed that natural regeneration in these stands were successful and adequate amount of seedlings were obtained. In 1-year-old seedlings, oriental beech has higher growth rate than sessile oak although this difference vanished when they grow up to 11-year-old. Moreover, taking into account that hornbeam grows faster than oak, creating the danger of strangulating oak species; it is suggested that oak should be given diameter-heigth superiority in the mixed stands of sessile oak-hornbeam. Also, there were more seedlings than needed in the stands. Especially for 5 and 11-year-old seedlings, for seedling growth, it is dangerous to have more than 8 individuals per square meter. It is suggested that maintenance of seedlings in these stands should be controlled without delay.
With this study, the aim was silvicultural evaluation of success in natural regeneration studies and growth performances of seedlings in Kurtkemeri Forest Sub-District Directorate that is under the supervision of Istanbul Regional Directorate of Forestry, Bahcekoy Department of Forestry. For this purpose, 30 sample stands having size of 20 x 20 m were determined in districts 15,38, and 39; which consist of sessile oak, sessile oak-oriental beech, and sessile oak- hornbeam stands, respectively. Diameter, heigth, number of individuals, and degrees of canopy were measured in trees of those sample stands. In addition, 2 sub-sample areas were determined in sample stands and number of seedlings, root-collar diameter, and heigth measurements were carried out for these areas. On the other part, light intensity measurements of sessile oak- oriental beech seedlings were carried out. Sessile oak forms half of the 1-year-old seedlings while the other half was formed by oriental beech. Root-collar diameter, heigth, root-collar surface area development of oriental beech seedlings was higher than sessile oak seedlings in percentages of 21, 29 and 60, respectively. Height of seedlings was increasing as the distance from seed tree increases. 72% of 5-year-old seedlings were formed by sessile oak while the rest was hornbeam. Root collar diameter and height of hornbeam seedlings were more than twice as oak seedlings. Moreover, average root-collar surface area of hornbeam seedlings were 5 times higher than oak seedlings. 62% of 11-year-old seedlings were formed by oriental beech and the rest was sessile oak. Growth characteristics of oriental beech and sessile oak were similar. Root-collar diameter of sessile oak was measured 2,4 mm when seedlings were 1-year-old, it increased to 18,4 mm when seedlings were 11-year-old, while heigth changed from 11,8 cm to 168,1 cm. When seedlings were 1-year-old, root- collar diameter and heigth of oriental beech seedlings were 2,8 mm and 15,2 cm, respectively, while these values were 17,2 mm and 175,3 cm when they are at the age of 11. In conclusion, it could be claimed that natural regeneration in these stands were successful and adequate amount of seedlings were obtained. In 1-year-old seedlings, oriental beech has higher growth rate than sessile oak although this difference vanished when they grow up to 11-year-old. Moreover, taking into account that hornbeam grows faster than oak, creating the danger of strangulating oak species; it is suggested that oak should be given diameter-heigth superiority in the mixed stands of sessile oak-hornbeam. Also, there were more seedlings than needed in the stands. Especially for 5 and 11-year-old seedlings, for seedling growth, it is dangerous to have more than 8 individuals per square meter. It is suggested that maintenance of seedlings in these stands should be controlled without delay.
Açıklama
YÖK Tez No: 579112
Anahtar Kelimeler
Ormancılık ve Orman Mühendisliği, Forestry and Forest Engineering, Belgrad Forest, Growth, Natural regeneration, Oriental beech, Oak