Comparison of melamine and inorganic contaminant levels in animal-derived milk and plant-based milk alternatives according to processing, flavoring, and packaging

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dc.contributor.authorYalcin, Suzan
dc.contributor.authorOzyurt, Aylin Balci
dc.contributor.authorYalcin, Siddika Songul
dc.contributor.authorErkekoglu, Pinar
dc.contributor.authorYalcin, Sakine
dc.date.accessioned2026-07-01T11:40:02Z
dc.date.available2026-07-01T11:40:02Z
dc.date.issued2025
dc.departmentDüzce Üniversitesi
dc.description.abstractThis study aimed to evaluate the levels of inorganic contaminants -lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and arsenic (As)-as well as melamine in animal-derived milk (ADM) and plant-based milk alternatives (PBMAs) available on the Turkish market. A total of 54 milk samples, representing 12 brands, were collected from four supermarkets in Ankara in June 2023. Contaminant levels were quantified using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Melamine was detected in the majority of samples, with only two PBMAs-coconutbased and soy-based-exceeding 50 mu g/kg. All PBMA and ADM samples were below the European Union (EU) limit for Pb (20 mu g/kg), although one cow milk sample surpassed 10 mu g/kg. Cd concentrations above 10 mu g/kg were found in 10.3 % of cow milk samples, particularly in ultra-high-temperature (UHT) processed products. Hg was undetectable in four samples and remained below 5 mu g/kg in all others. As levels were consistently below 10 mu g/kg. Hg and As levels varied significantly by processing method, while Pb and As levels differed depending on the type of packaging. No significant correlation was observed between protein or fat content and contaminant concentrations. Health risk assessments conducted for 6-year-old children indicated that both daily dietary intake (DDI) and hazard quotient (HQ) values for all toxic elements and melamine were below the threshold of 1, suggesting no significant non-carcinogenic risk. Overall, the findings indicate that both milks are chemically safe for young children. However, continued monitoring is recommended, particularly for melamine and arsenic, due to their potential for cumulative toxicity.
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/j.foodres.2025.117513
dc.identifier.issn0963-9969
dc.identifier.issn1873-7145
dc.identifier.pmid41267225
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2025.117513
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12684/23607
dc.identifier.volume222
dc.identifier.wosWOS:001592201500015
dc.identifier.wosqualityQ1
dc.indekslendigikaynakWeb of Science
dc.indekslendigikaynakPubMed
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherElsevier
dc.relation.ispartofFood Research International
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanı
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccess
dc.snmzKA_WOS_20260623
dc.subjectToxic Elements
dc.subjectMelamine
dc.subjectMilk Safety
dc.subjectPlant-Based Milk
dc.subjectAnimal Milk
dc.titleComparison of melamine and inorganic contaminant levels in animal-derived milk and plant-based milk alternatives according to processing, flavoring, and packaging
dc.typeArticle

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