Tears evoke the intention to offer social support: A systematic investigation of the interpersonal effects of emotional crying across 41 countries*

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dc.authoridPaez, Dario/0000-0002-8459-6037
dc.authoridArriaga, Patricia/0000-0001-5766-0489
dc.authoridOzdogru, Asil/0000-0002-4273-9394
dc.authoridGarcia, Adolfo/0000-0002-6936-0114
dc.authoridRentfrow, Peter Jason/0000-0002-9068-2118
dc.authoridLazarevic, Ljiljana B./0000-0003-1629-3699
dc.authoridKacmar, Pavol/0000-0003-0076-1945
dc.authorwosidPaez, Dario/D-5207-2009
dc.authorwosidArriaga, Patricia/M-5189-2013
dc.authorwosidVillar, Sergio/ABB-5015-2021
dc.authorwosidOzdogru, Asil/AAX-4229-2021
dc.authorwosidGarcia, Adolfo/E-7150-2017
dc.authorwosidRentfrow, Peter Jason/ABB-9257-2021
dc.authorwosidLazarevic, Ljiljana B./L-8779-2016
dc.contributor.authorZickfeld, Janis H.
dc.contributor.authorVen, Niels van de
dc.contributor.authorPich, Olivia
dc.contributor.authorSchubert, Thomas W.
dc.contributor.authorBerkessel, Jana B.
dc.contributor.authorBhushan, Braj
dc.contributor.authorKardum, Igor
dc.date.accessioned2021-12-01T18:51:20Z
dc.date.available2021-12-01T18:51:20Z
dc.date.issued2021
dc.department[Belirlenecek]en_US
dc.description.abstractTearful crying is a ubiquitous and likely uniquely human phenomenon. Scholars have argued that emotional tears serve an attachment function: Tears are thought to act as a social glue by evoking social support intentions. Initial experimental studies supported this proposition across several methodologies, but these were conducted almost exclusively on participants from North America and Europe, resulting in limited generalizability. This project examined the tears-social support intentions effect and possible mediating and moderating variables in a fully pre-registered study across 7007 participants (24,886 ratings) and 41 countries spanning all populated continents. Participants were presented with four pictures out of 100 possible targets with or without digitally added tears. We confirmed the main prediction that seeing a tearful individual elicits the intention to support, d = 0.49 [0.43, 0.55]. Our data suggest that this effect could be mediated by perceiving the crying target as warmer and more helpless, feeling more connected, as well as feeling more empathic concern for the crier, but not by an increase in personal distress of the observer. The effect was moderated by the situational valence, identifying the target as part of one's group, and trait empathic concern. A neutral situation, high trait empathic concern, and low identification increased the effect. We observed high heterogeneity across countries that was, via split-half validation, best explained by country-level GDP per capita and subjective well-being with stronger effects for higher-scoring countries. These findings suggest that tears can function as social glue, providing one possible explanation why emotional crying persists into adulthood.en_US
dc.description.sponsorshipNational Science Centre, PolandNational Science Centre, Poland [2015/19/D/HS6/00641, 2019/35/B/HS6/00528]; Bekker programme from the Polish National Agency for Academic ExchangePolish National Agency for Academic Exchange (NAWA) [PPN/BEK/2019/1/00092/DEC/1]; Portuguese Foundation for Science and TechnologyPortuguese Foundation for Science and Technology [UID/PSI/03125/2020]; Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation OfficeNational Research, Development & Innovation Office (NRDIO) - Hungary [FK128614]; Hungarian Brain Research Programme [20171.2.1NKP201700002]; Open University of Israel [509993-2018]en_US
dc.description.sponsorshipWhile working on the study and/or writing the present paper Krystian Barzykowski was supported by the National Science Centre, Poland (2015/19/D/HS6/00641, 2019/35/B/HS6/00528) and by the Bekker programme from the Polish National Agency for Academic Exchange (no.: PPN/BEK/2019/1/00092/DEC/1) ; Patricia Arriaga and Irina Konova were supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (UID/PSI/03125/2020) . Gyodngyi Kodkodnyei and Natalia Kocsel were supported by the Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office (FK128614) and Gyodngyi Kodkodnyei was supported by the Hungarian Brain Research Programme (Grant No. 20171.2.1NKP201700002) . Ravit Nussinson and Sari Mentser were supported by an internal fund of the Open University of Israel (509993-2018) .en_US
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/j.jesp.2021.104137
dc.identifier.issn0022-1031
dc.identifier.issn1096-0465
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-85103957486en_US
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ1en_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2021.104137
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12684/10996
dc.identifier.volume95en_US
dc.identifier.wosWOS:000659295400021en_US
dc.identifier.wosqualityQ2en_US
dc.indekslendigikaynakWeb of Scienceen_US
dc.indekslendigikaynakScopusen_US
dc.language.isoenen_US
dc.publisherAcademic Press Inc Elsevier Scienceen_US
dc.relation.ispartofJournal Of Experimental Social Psychologyen_US
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanıen_US
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessen_US
dc.subjectEmotional cryingen_US
dc.subjectEmotional tearsen_US
dc.subjectAttachmenten_US
dc.subjectCross-culturalen_US
dc.subjectSocial supporten_US
dc.subjectEmpathyen_US
dc.subjectImpacten_US
dc.subjectExposureen_US
dc.subjectFacesen_US
dc.subjectIndividualsen_US
dc.subjectEquivalenceen_US
dc.subjectAttachmenten_US
dc.subjectPsychologyen_US
dc.subjectInclusionen_US
dc.subjectDistressen_US
dc.titleTears evoke the intention to offer social support: A systematic investigation of the interpersonal effects of emotional crying across 41 countries*en_US
dc.typeArticleen_US

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