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Alleviating doxorubicin-induced reproductive toxicity: protective and androgenic effects of drone larvae on sperm morphology and hormonal balance
(Springer, 2025) Ağan, Kağan; Kaya, Salih Tunç; Ağan, Aydan Fulden; Yoldaş, Pınar Ağyar; Yoldaş, Taner; Keleş, Ayşe İkinci; Kekeçoğlu, Meral
Analysis of Detailed Chemical and Bioactive Components of Yigilca Honeybee Propolis and Determination of Antioxidant Potential
(Pleiades Publishing Inc, 2022) Kekeçoğlu, Meral; Sönmez, Emine; Yalçın, Nazife Eroğlu; Acar, Merve Kambur; Çaprazlı, Tuğçe
The bioactive components of propolis differ according to geographical origins, plant resources and bee species. In our research, the chemical components, amino acid and vitamin content, total phenol-flavonoid content and antioxidant activity of Yigilca honey bees propolis collected from 3 different locations in Duzce/Yigilca region were examined. LC-MS/MS method was used to identify the compounds of the propolis samples. Amino acid analysis was also performed with the UFLC system. Vitamin combinations and total phenol-flavonoid contents of propolis were determined using HPLC. Antioxidant activity was measured by FRAP and DPPH methods. LC-MS/MS analysis of propolis samples showed that the amount of Caffeic acid was found to be the highest in all samples with different values. Leucine was detected at the highest rate, while the amino acid determined in the minimum amount was tryptophan. Vitamins B1 and B2 were detected in all samples with different rate except Redifler propolis. The most abundant Vitamin B1 was Redifler sample with the rate of 0.106 mg/100 g and Vitamin B2 was Hosafoglu sample with the rate of 0.130 mg/100 g. Strong antioxidant activity obtained from all samples. As a result, it was concluded that the bioactive components, amino acid and vitamin contents and antioxidant activity of propolis samples different from each other depending on collecting region.
Assessment of the genotoxicity of propineb in mice bone marrow cells using micronucleus assay
(Allerton Press Inc, 2014) Rasgele, Pınar Göç; Muranlı, Fulya Dilek Gökalp; Kekeçoğlu, Meral
Propineb, a dithiocarbamate fungicide, is commonly used for the control of disease in a wide range of crops in agriculture. The genotoxic effects of commercial formulation of propineb in bone marrow cells of mice was investigated in vivo by micronucleus (MN) assay. The three different concentrations of propineb (12.5, 25 and 50 mu g/mL; 0.01 mL per gram) were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) to mice for 24 and 48 h. The results of the MN assay indicated that propineb induced a significant increase in frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCE) at 25 and 50 mu g/mL concentrations for 24 h and at the highest (50 mu g/mL) concentration for 48 h when compared with negative control. Also significant reduction for the polychromatic erythrocyte/normochromatic erythrocyte (PCE/NCE) ratio which is indicative for bone marrow cytotoxicity was observed at the same concentrations for 24 and 48 h. These results lead us to the conclusion that propineb may have genotoxic and cytotoxic potential due to induction in the frequency of MN and a reduction in PCE/NCE ratio in the bone marrow cells of mice.
BAL ARISI ZEHRİNİN KOMPOZİSYONUNU VE ÜRETİM MİKTARINI ETKİLEYEN FAKTÖRLER
(2021) Kekeçoğlu, Meral; Çaprazlı, Tuğçe
Bal arısı zehri (BAZ) diğer adı ile apitoksin, bal arısı (Apis mellifera L.)’nın koloni savunmasında kullanmak üzere ürettiği protein ve peptid ağırlıklı bir dış salgı ürünüdür. Apitoksin zengin kimyasal içeriği nedeniyle kozmetik ve sağlık alanında özellikle apiterapide oldukça yaygın kullanıma sahiptir. Apiterapide amaçlanan başarının elde edilmesi kullanılan ürünlerin nitelik ve niceliğiyle doğrudan ilişkilidir. Bu sebeple apiterapi amaçlı kullanım söz konusu olduğunda ham madde üretiminden son ürüne kadarki sürecin kontrollü ve kalite standartlarına uygun yapılması büyük önem taşımaktadır. Türkiye’de bal arısı zehrinin ticari üretimi son günlerde gündeme gelen bir konudur. Bu nedenle gerek zehir üretim miktarı gerekse zehrin içerik bakımından kalitesini etkileyen faktörler konusunda tartışmalar mevcuttur. Bu derlemede bal arısı zehrinin içeriğini ve üretim miktarını etkileyen faktörleri belirlemek için yapılan önceki çalışmalar taranarak bu tartışmalara çözüm önerileri oluşturulması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmalarda bal arısı zehrinin üretiminde kullanılan cihazların, zehir toplama cihazının kovandaki konumunun, hasat periyodu ve hasat saatinin, mevsimsel değişimin, bal arısı ırkı ve davranışlarının, arı yaşının ve depolama koşullarının zehir miktar ve kalitesi üzerine etkisi ayrıntılı olarak ele alınmıştır. Ayrıca zehir toplamanın koloni performansı ve davranışı üzerine etkisi de araştırılarak detaylı bilgi verilmeye çalışılmıştır.
Biodiversity of honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) in Turkey by geometric morphometric analysis
(2020) Kekeçoğlu, Meral; Acar, Merve Kambur; Bir, Songül; Çaprazlı, Tuğçe; Uçak, Münir
purpose, the deviations of the junction points in the right wing veins were analyzed with the Draw Wingsoftware program. Generalized Procrustes Analysis and Principal Component Analysis were performed to distinguishthe populations according to the deviations in the intersections of the wing vein angles. In the first two canonical planes,honey bee populations were divided into two main groups, Southeastern Anatolia and others. While honey bees inSoutheastern Anatolia, which differ in terms of shape morphology, formed a separate group in the UPGMAdendrogram, all the rest grouped closer with each other except Thrace region. This population was not separated fromthe others in the scatter graph but unseparated in the UPGMA dendrogram. The proximity of the Thracian honey beepopulation to other groups on the Plot supports that there may be a mixture in this region. Also, the fact that theSoutheastern Anatolia population constitutes a separate group in both dendogram and scatter graph showed that theremay be a different race in this region.
Çam, Pamuk, Yayla Ve Ayçiçeği Ballarının Fizikokimyasal Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi
(2016) Yıldız, İlker; Rasgele, Pınar Göç; Kekeçoğlu, Meral
Bu çalışma Ege bölgesinde üretilen çam, Akdeniz Bölgesinde üretilen pamuk, İç Anadolu Bölgesinde üretilen yayla (multifloral) ve Trakya'da bölgesinde üretilen ayçiçeği ballarının fizikokimyasal özelliklerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır.Fizikokimyasal analiz sonuçlarına göre çam balının ortalama nem oranı %17.120.09, asitlik 27.900.53 meq/kg, sakkaroz %0.440.08, früktozglikoz %56.370.54, früktoz/glikoz %1.150.01, iletkenlik 1.040.02 mS/cm, diastaz sayısı 15.510.50 DN ve 5-Hidroksimetilfurfural (HMF) değeri 4.630.31 mg/kg olarak bulunmuştur. Pamuk balında bu değerler sırasıyla %17.880.57, 13.921.11 meq/kg, %2.040.74, % 61.301.08, %1.190.02, 0.240.03 mS/cm, 10.920.64 DN, 3.860.04 mg/kg; yayla balında % 19.030.15, 26.921.17 meq/kg, %3.080.08, %70.710.69, %1.130.02, 0.320.03 mS/cm, 20.720.82 DN, 2.730.06 mg/kg; ayçiçeği balında ise sırasıyla %20.130.21, 30.810.78 meq/kg, %2.990.01, %72.690.39, 1.130.01, 0.440.01 mS/cm, 25.611.11, 2.580.03 mg/kg olarak belirlenmiştir. iki adet çam balı ve 2 adet pamuk balı hariç, alınan tüm bal örneklerinin, TGK 3036 Türk Gıda Kodeksinde belirtilen kriterlere uygun olduğu belirlenmiştir.
Characterization of the Volatile Profile of Bee Venom from Different Regions in Türkiye Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
(Ankara University, 2025) Aydeniz-güneşer, Buket; Güneşer, Onur; Kekeçoğlu, Meral; Kolaylı, Sevgi
The volatile organic compounds of bee venoms from four different populations of Apis mellifera anatoliaca, came from different regions in Türkiye, were analyzed using solid phase microextraction technique combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A total of 144 volatile compounds were identified in the bee venom samples. The identified volatile compounds included esters, terpenoids, alcohols, acid esters, aldehydes, ketones, and hydrocarbons. It was determined that ester-type volatile compounds characterized the bee venom obtained from the Central Anatolia Region, while bee venom from the Western Black Sea Region had a higher amount of volatile terpenes with spicy and woody aromas. Further studies are required to understand the volatile profile of bee venom, which consists of plant and animal secondary metabolites.
Chemical profiling and antimicrobial effect of Anatolian honey bee venom
(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2022) Sönmez, Emine; Kekeçoğlu, Meral; Bozdeveci, Arif; Karaoğlu, Şengül Alpay
Due to increasing antibiotic resistance, there is an urgent need to find new antibiotic alternatives or supporters for the treatment of disease-causing pathogens. For this reason the aim of the study was examine the antimicrobial and antifungal activity of Anatolian (Anadolu) honey bee venom (HBV) against Gram-positive and Gramnegative bacteria and yeast-like fungi. At first step chemical analyses of HBV was performed by HPLC method. According to the results of HPLC analysis, we obtained a good separation of apamine, phospholipase A2 and melittin with the ratio of 1.83%, 20.60% and 57.62% respectively. The antimicrobial and antifungal activity of the Anatolian HBV was tested against 9 Gram (+), 7 Gram (-), 1 acid-alcohol-resistant and 3 yeast fungi. First, the activity of the Anatolian HBV sample against these microorganisms was determined by the agar well diffusion method, then their zones were measured. The microdilution method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for the antimicrobial activity tests. The results of MIC values were varied from 3.06 mu g/mL to 50 mu g/mL for the tested microorganisms. It was found that Mycobacterium smegmatis and Streptococcus pyogenes were the most susceptible bacteria (3.06 mu g/mL), followed by Vibrio sp., Aeromonas sobria, Enterococcus faecalis, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and B. subtilis with a MIC concentration of 6.125 mu g/mL. These findings strongly suggest that Anatolian HBV will be developed as a new antibacterial-antifungal drug against Gram-positive, Gram negative and antibiotic-resistant bacteria and yeast like fungi. However, further research is required to evaluate their in vivo efficacy and safe and effective delivery methods for their therapeutic use.
COMPARISON OF COMMERCIAL AND ANATOLIAN BEE VENOM IN TERMS OF CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
(2019) Samancı, Taylan; Kekeçoğlu, Meral
We compared fresh bee venom samples produced by Anatolian beekeepers with commercial beevenom samples based on physicochemical analyses results. Sugar content analysis was conductedusing HPLC-RID, moisture content analysis was performed using a moisture analyzer and melittin,apamin and phospholipase A2 contents were analyzed via HPLC-UV. When we compared thecommercial bee venom samples with the freshly collected Anatolian honey bee venom, it wasdetermined that the apamin, melittin and phospholipase A2 contents were generally lower in thecommercial bee venom samples. Additionally, there was a statistically significant difference betweenthe groups in terms of the moisture and phospholipase A2 contents (p <0.5). When we evaluated thesugar profile analysis, other than in maltose and erlose no difference was found between the twogroups. The results showed that the content quality of the fresh bee venom samples collected fromAnatolian honey bees was higher than that of the commercially sold bee venom samples. This resultclearly indicated that bee venom samples intended for use in apitherapy or for cosmetic purposesshould be obtained fresh or kept under very good conditions.
Comparison of commercial and anatolian bee venom in terms of chemical composition
(Bursa Uludag University, 2019) Samancı, Taylan; Kekeçoğlu, Meral
We compared fresh bee venom samples produced by Anatolian beekeepers with commercial bee venom samples based on physicochemical analyses results. Sugar content analysis was conducted using HPLC-RID, moisture content analysis was performed using a moisture analyzer and melittin, apamin and phospholipase A2 contents were analyzed via HPLC-UV. When we compared the commercial bee venom samples with the freshly collected Anatolian honey bee venom, it was determined that the apamin, melittin and phospholipase A2 contents were generally lower in the commercial bee venom samples. Additionally, there was a statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of the moisture and phospholipase A2 contents (p <0.5). When we evaluated the sugar profile analysis, other than in maltose and erlose no difference was found between the two groups. The results showed that the content quality of the fresh bee venom samples collected from Anatolian honey bees was higher than that of the commercially sold bee venom samples. This result clearly indicated that bee venom samples intended for use in apitherapy or for cosmetic purposes should be obtained fresh or kept under very good conditions. Copyright © 2019 Business Lawyer. All rights reserved.
Comparison of Honey Bees (Apis Mellifera L., 1758) of Trace And Yigilca Region by Using Morphometric Methods
(Univ Namik Kemal, 2018) Gür, Davut; Soysal, M. İhsan; Kekeçoğlu, Meral
The aim of the present study was to investigate and compare the honey bee biodiversity of Thrace and Yigilca provinces by applying geometric morphometric methods. Totally 2641 worker honeybees were collected from 95 colonies in 19 different apiaries. The wing shape morphology of honey bee population of Turkey was examined by geometric morphometric analysis using the coordinates of 19 landmarks located at vein intersections of the right wing. After obtaining the wings images, the vein junctions were detected automatically. Discriminant Function Analysis (DFA) and Univariate analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were performed on the data obtained from the colony averages by SPSS.15 package program. Tekirdag, Kirklareli and Yigilca honey bee populations compared to the 19 landmark which determined on the right front wing, while the characters A4, B4 and AREA6 are very important to distinguishing the populations, The characters B3, G7, J10, K19, L13, Q21 and CI are not important to revel the differences between groups (P <0.005). Acoording to cross validation test of the colonies from Yigilca, Kirklareli and Tekirdag, honeybee colonies were correctly classified within their original groups at 92.6 %. In the present mean CI value (2.15) of Kirklareli honey bee was found lower than CI value (2.5-2.7) of A. m. carnica honey bees' CI value. This value found in the present coincidence with the value CI (2.15) related to A. m. caucasica subspecies. According to these results, honey bee biodiversity in Turkey might be affected significantly from commercial queen bee sales. it is important to take necessary precautions about the protection of gene resources in order to protect bee genetic resources naturally found in Turkey.
Comparison of Swarming Tendency and Defensive Behavior of Yigilca Local and Other Commonly Used Honeybee Genotypes in Turkey
(Kafkas Univ, Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi, 2012) Gösterit, Ayhan; Çıkılı, Yakup; Kekeçoğlu, Meral
In this study, swarming tendency and defensive behavior of Yigilca local honeybee were determined and compared with other commonly used honeybee genotypes in Turkey. Colonies were headed by naturally mated queens and 10 colonies of Yigilca local honeybee, 12 colonies of of Apis mellifera caucasica cross and 12 colonies of of Apis mellifera anatoliaca cross were used in the experiment. In swarming season, Yigilca honeybee colonies constructed more queen cells (49.86 +/- 18.00) than both A.m. anatoliaca cross (13.00 +/- 7.00) and A.m. caucasica (8.00 +/- 1.15) cross colonies. Similarly, according to results of sting test, the highest number of stings was determined in Yigilca honeybee colonies (18.38 +/- 4.24), followed by A.m. anatoliaca (5.50 +/- 2.15) and A.m. caucasica (3.75 +/- 0.62) crosses. Results showed that Yigilca local honeybee genotype has a more swarming tendency and is more defensive than A.m. anatoliaca and A.m. caucasica crosses.
Comparison of swarming tendency and defensive behavior of Yığılca local and other commonly used honeybee genotypes in Turkey
(2012) Gösterit, Ayhan; Çıkılı, Yakup; Kekeçoğlu, Meral
Bu çalışmada, Yığılca yerel bal arısının oğul verme eğilimi ve savunma davranışının belirlenmesi ve Türkiye’de yaygın olarak kullanılan diğer bal arısı genotipleri ile karşılaştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmada, doğal çiftleşmiş ana arılar ile oluşturulan Yığılca bal arısı genotipinden 10 koloni, Anadolu ve Kafkas ırkı melezlerinden ise 12’şer koloni olmak üzere toplam 34 adet bal arısı kolonisi kullanılmıştır. Oğul verme mevsimi süresince Yığılca bal arısı kolonilerinin (49.8618.00) hem Anadolu ırkı melezi kolonilerinden (13.007.00) hem de Kafkas ırkı melezi kolonilerinden (8.001.15) daha fazla ana arı yüksüğü yaptıkları belirlenmiştir. Benzer şekilde sokma testi sonuçlarına göre, en yüksek iğne sayısı Yığılca bal arısı kolonilerinde (18.384.24) belirlenirken, bu grubu Anadolu ırkı melezi (5.502.15) ve Kafkas ırkı melezi (3.750.62) koloniler takip etmiştir. Araştırma sonuçları Yığılca yerel bal arısı genotipinin Anadolu ve Kafkas ırkı melezlerine göre daha fazla oğul verme eğilimi gösterdiği ve daha hırçın olduğunu ortaya koymuştur.
Comparison of swarming tendency and defensive behavior of yığılca local and other commonly used honeybee genotypes in Turkey
(Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi, 2012) Gösterit, Ayhan; Çıkılı, Yakup; Kekeçoğlu, Meral
In this study, swarming tendency and defensive behavior of Yı?ılca local honeybee were determined and compared with other commonly used honeybee genotypes in Turkey. Colonies were headed by naturally mated queens and 10 colonies of Yı?ılca local honeybee, 12 colonies of of Apis mellifera caucasica cross and 12 colonies of of Apis mellifera anatoliaca cross were used in the experiment. In swarming season, Yı?ılca honeybee colonies constructed more queen cells (49.86±18.00) than both A.m. anatoliaca cross (13.00±7.00) and A.m. caucasica (8.00±1.15) cross colonies. Similarly, according to results of sting test, the highest number of stings was determined in Yı?ılca honeybee colonies (18.38±4.24), followed by A.m. anatoliaca (5.50±2.15) and A.m. caucasica (3.75±0.62) crosses. Results showed that Yı?ılca local honeybee genotype has a more swarming tendency and is more defensive than A.m. anatoliaca and A.m. caucasica crosses.
Deli Bal ve Grayanotoksin’in Karaciğer Dokusu Üzerindeki Etkilerinin Zamana Bağlı Araştırılması
(2020) Haksoy, Hümeyra; Arslan, Gülgün Çakmak; Rasgele, Pınar Göç; Kekeçoğlu, Meral
Amaç: İçindeki grayanotoksin bileşiğinden dolayı insanlarda zehirlenmeye sebep olan deli bal(DB), özellikle Türkiye’nin Karadeniz bölgesinde bazı rahatsızlıkların tedavisinde yaygın olarakkullanılmaktadır. DB zehirlenmesindeki semptomların 1-2 gün içinde normale döndüğü raporedilmiş olmasına rağmen, iyileşme süresi hakkında ayrıntılı bir çalışma mevcut değildir. Zehirlenmeetkilerinin ne kadar süreli olduğunun bilinmesi, hastalara doğru tedavi metodunun uygulanması vezamanında taburcu edilebilmeleri açısından önemlidir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, etken doz DB veiçindeki aktif maddenin saf hali olan GTX’in karaciğer dokusu üzerindeki toksik etkilerinin zamanabağlı olarak incelenmesidir.Gereç ve Yöntem: Mus musculus türü erkek farelere 75 mg/kg (etken doz) DB ve 0,01 mg/kgGTX-III uygulanmış, bu farelerin 24 ve 48 saat sonra karaciğerleri çıkartılmış ve Azaltılmış ToplamYansıma-Fourier Dönüşüm Kızılötesi (ATR-FTIR) spektroskopisi ile moleküler düzeydeincelenmiştir.Bulgular: 24 saatlik DB ve GTX uygulaması, karaciğerde lipit peroksidasyonuna, glikojenmiktarında azalmaya, doymuş lipit miktarında artışa, membran düzeninde azalmaya, membranakışkanlığında artışa, proteinlerin ve nükleik asitlerin yapı ve konformasyonlarında değişiklikleresebep olmuştur. 48 saatlik süre sonunda glikojen miktarındaki azalış her iki grupta, doymuş lipitmiktarındaki artış ise sadece DB grubunda normale dönmüştür. Fakat, lipit peroksidasyonu, proteinve nükleik asitlerin yapı ve konformasyonlarındaki, membran düzen ve akışkanlığındakideğişiklikler için 48 saatlik süre yeterli olmamıştır.Sonuç: Sonuç olarak, 24 saatlik DB ve GTX uygulaması karaciğer dokusu üzerinde önemli toksiketkiler oluşturmaktadır ve bu toksik etkilerin hepsinin normale dönmesi için 48 saatlik süre yeterlideğildir. Çalışmamızın sonuçları, DB’nin etki süresini ve DB zehirlenmesi vakalarında hastalarıntedavi ve taburcu sürelerini belirlemek için faydalı olacaktır.
Destek Vektör Makineleri, YSA, K-Means ve KNN Kullanarak Arı Türlerinin Sınıflandırılması
(2018) Demir, Hasan; Erdoğmuş, Pakize; Kekeçoğlu, Meral
Bu çalışmada arı kanatları üzerindeki kavşak noktalarına göre arı türlerinin sınıflandırılması amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla beş farklı ilden alınan arı kanat resimleri üzerinde kavşak noktaları belirlenmiştir. Arı kanatları üzerinde kavşak noktalarının belirlenmesi işleminin minimum hata ile yapılması için yeni bir algoritma önerilmiştir. Kavşak noktaları kullanılarak 27 morfolojik özellik çıkarılmıştır. Bu özellikler normalize edilerek sınıflandırmada kullanılmıştır. Destek vektör makineleri, yapay sinir ağları, K-Ortalama ve K en yakın komşuluk sınıflandırma yöntemi olarak kullanılmış, yapay sinir ağları ile sınıflandırma diğer sınıflandırma yöntemlerine göre daha iyi sonuç vermiştir. Kavşak noktaları için önerilen algoritmanın sınıflandırma başarısını arttırdığı görülmüştür
Determination of annual colony development of the yi?ilca local honeybee in Turkey and Comparison with Apis mellifera caucasica and A.m. Anatoliaca Hybrids
(University of Punjab (new Campus), 2016) Gösterit, Ayhan; Çıkılı, Yakup; Kekeçoğlu, Meral
Populations of locally adapted honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) have adaptive traits in their native habitat to take maximum advantage of the local flora. In this study, the annual brood production and colony population development of the Yi?ilca local honeybee colonies in their natural habitat were determined and compared with the other commonly used honeybee hybrids to expose adaptation to local ecological conditions. A total of 34 colonies headed by naturally mated queens were used in the experiment; 10 colonies of Yi?ilca local honey bee, 12 colonies of A. m. Caucasica hybrid and 12 colonies of A. m. Anatoliaca hybrid. The present results demonstrated that the Yi?ilca local honeybee colonies adapted to their local ecological conditions and regulated the brood production and population development according to regional flora. Although there were no differences in the worker populations between the genotype groups at the end of the winter, Yi?ilca honeybee colonies produce more broods before the main nectar flow and had a larger worker population during period of nectar flow than A.m. Anatoliaca and A.m. Caucasica hybrids. The results demonstrated that Yi?ilca local honey bee is a valuable genotype in their native habitat. However, experiments should be repeated at different locations for their use in breeding programs.
Determination of Annual Colony Development of the Yigilca Local Honeybee in Turkey and Comparison with Apis mellifera caucasica and A.m. anatoliaca Hybrids
(Zoological Soc Pakistan, 2016) Gösterit, Ayhan; Çıkılı, Yakup; Kekeçoğlu, Meral
Populations of locally adapted honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) have adaptive traits in their native habitat to take maximum advantage of the local flora. In this study, the annual brood production and colony population development of the Yigilca local honeybee colonies in their natural habitat were determined and compared with the other commonly used honeybee hybrids to expose adaptation to local ecological conditions. A total of 34 colonies headed by naturally mated queens were used in the experiment; 10 colonies of Yigilca local honey bee, 12 colonies of A. in. caucasica hybrid and 12 colonies of A. m. anatoliaca hybrid. The present results demonstrated that the Yigilca local honeybee colonies adapted to their local ecological conditions and regulated the brood production and population development according to regional flora. Although there were no differences in the worker populations between the genotype groups at the end of the winter, Yigilca honeybee colonies produce more broods before the main nectar flow and had a larger worker population during period of nectar flow than A.m. anatoliaca and A.m. caucasica hybrids. The results demonstrated that Yigilca local honey bee is a valuable genotype in their native habitat. However, experiments should be repeated at different locations for their use in breeding programs.
Determination of In Vitro Antimicrobial Activities of Different Propolis Samples from Duzce-Yigilca Region against Oral Microorganisms
(Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Univ Rektorlugu, 2022) Kekeçoğlu, Meral; Sönmez, Emine; Dorkaç, Pelin; Eroğlu, Nazife
The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial and antifungal activity of propolis samples collected from 3 different locations in Duzce Province Yigilca District, especially against bacteria and yeasts that cause oral infections. The activity of propolis samples including chemical content, phenolic and flavonoid composition was determined by LCMS-MS method and herbal origin was determined with palynological analysis. They were tested against 2 Gram (-), anaerobic, 2 Gram (+) anerobic, 2 Gram (+) facultative anaerobic bacteria and 3 yeast. The efficiency of propolis samples against these microorganisms was determined by the disk diffusion method and the formed zones were measured. When compared with ethanol control, propolis samples were found effective against all microorganisms. Propolis samples which determined the inhibition zone were subjected to the MIC test. Propolis samples have MIC values between 2 mu g/ml and 128 mu g/ml. While Enterococcus faecalis was found as the most sensitive strain among bacteria; Candida krusei was identified as the most resistant strain. While the propolis sample from Hosafoglu Village is determined as the most effective group against all tested microorganisms, the propolis sample from Redifler Village was less effective. As a result, propolis samples from Duzce / Yigilca region sustained high antibacterial and antifungal activity against selected microorganisms releted to the oral flora. Considering that oral infections will lead to greater systemic problems if left untreated, natural propolis extracts is recommended in the treatment of such infections.
Determination of The Effect of Green Extraction Solvents on The Phenolic Acids and Flavonoids of Propolis
(2022) Kekeçoğlu, Meral; Sorucu, Ali
Propolis is an important bee product with many biological activities due to its containing phenolic compounds. The phenolic compounds of propolis vary depending on the plant source, season, altitude, extraction method and solvent. The present study investigated the extraction of phenolic compounds from propolis according to solvent factors. The propolis samples were extracted in four different solvents, which were water, ethanol-water (70%), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and L-lysine (8%), and were analyzed 36 phenolic compounds by HPLCDAD. Statistically significant differences in solubility of the phenolic compound at various levels were detected among the solvents (P <0.05). Only water and ethanol-water (70%) more successful than the other solvents were determined in the extraction of phenolic components of propolis. Phenolic acids generally dissolved higher in water, while flavonoids dissolved higher in ethanol were determined. Certain phenolic compounds were detected only in some of the propolis extract: syringic acid and daidzein in water, vitexin, rutin, and epigallocatechin in ethanol, and emodin in DMSO. Consequently, the chemical content is affected significantly depending on the extraction solvent of propolis. Therefore, it is essential to determine the extraction solvent and analyses of propolis before application for therapeutic purposes.

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