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Öğe Chemical, Hygroscopic, and Mechanical Properties of Various Wood Species Heat Treated via the ThermoWood (R) Method(North Carolina State Univ Dept Wood & Paper Sci, 2022) Aytin, Ayhan; Çakıcıer, Nevzat; Birtürk, TurgayFourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), energy dissipation spectrometry, dimensional stability, and compressive strength tests were conducted parallel to the fibers on various heat-treated trees, i.e., narrow-leaved ash (Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl), aspen (Populus tremula L.), Oriental spruce (Picea orientalis (L.) Link.), and Uludag. fir (Abies bommaelleriana Mattf.), which grow naturally in forests in Turkey. Panels made from these trees were first heat treated via the ThermoWood (R) method, producing ThermoWood (R) panels. Then, FTIR, as well as energy dissipation spectrometry analysis, dimensional stability, and compressive strength tests were performed on test samples prepared from the panels. The FTIR data showed that the hemicelluloses were degraded in the ThermoWood (R) test samples and the proportion of cellulose increased. The energy dissipation spectrometry results showed that the amount of carbon increased, the amount of oxygen decreased, while the amount of hydrogen remained approximately the same in the ThermoWood (R) panels compared to the control samples. It was determined that the proportion of silicon increased in the narrow-leaved ash panels. In addition, among the physical properties, the amount of shrinkage and swelling decreased in all the tested ThermoWood (R) panels compared to the control samples, whereas the compressive strength values, which are considered a mechanical property, increased.Öğe Chemical, Hygroscopic, and Mechanical Properties of Various Wood Species Heat Treated via the ThermoWood® Method(North Carolina State University, 2022) Aytin, Ayhan; Çakıcıer, Nevzat; Birtürk, TurgayFourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), energy dissipation spectrometry, dimensional stability, and compressive strength tests were conducted parallel to the fibers on various heat-treated trees, i.e., narrow-leaved ash (Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl), aspen (Populus tremula L.), Oriental spruce (Picea orientalis (L.) Link.), and Uludağ fir (Abies bornmüelleriana Mattf.), which grow naturally in forests in Turkey. Panels made from these trees were first heat treated via the ThermoWood® method, producing ThermoWood® panels. Then, FTIR, as well as energy dissipation spectrometry analysis, dimensional stability, and compressive strength tests were performed on test samples prepared from the panels. The FTIR data showed that the hemicelluloses were degraded in the ThermoWood® test samples and the proportion of cellulose increased. The energy dissipation spectrometry results showed that the amount of carbon increased, the amount of oxygen decreased, while the amount of hydrogen remained approximately the same in the ThermoWood® panels compared to the control samples. It was determined that the proportion of silicon increased in the narrow-leaved ash panels. In addition, among the physical properties, the amount of shrinkage and swelling decreased in all the tested ThermoWood® panels compared to the control samples, whereas the compressive strength values, which are considered a mechanical property, increased. © 2022, North Carolina State University. All rights reserved.Öğe The effect of crojenik processing on fiber parallel pressure resistance in thermowood populus tremula wood(University of Zagreb - Faculty of Forestry, 2016) Aytin, Ayhan; Korkut, S.; Çakıcıer, Nevzat; Arslan, YusufIn this study, heat-Treated Aspen (Populus tremula L.) wood was exposed to crojenik treatment, and changes in compression strength parallel to grain (CS) values were determined according to TS 2595. Firstly, heat treatment was applied on Aspen (Populus tremula L.) wood sample for 1 hour and 2 hours at 190°C and 212°C through ThermoWood Method. Then heat treated (HT) and control samples (UT) were exposed to crojenik processing at 145°C for 24 hours. Study results have showed that all cryogenic and heat treated (HTCr) samples had 24% to %54 increases in pressure resistance values compared to the control samples. This result is significant in that it contributes to application of wooden material in different areas.Öğe The Effect of Cryogenic Treatment on Some Chemical, Physical, and Mechanical Properties of Thermowood (R) Oriental Spruce(North Carolina State Univ Dept Wood & Paper Sci, 2022) Aytin, Ayhan; Uygur, İlyas; Demirci, Tuna; Akgül, İrfanEffects of cryogenic treatment on the chemical, physical, and mechanical properties of oriental spruce wood, which was heat-treated with the Thermowood (R) method, were investigated in this work. Cryogenic treatment, which is a secondary process applied to industrially heat-treated ferrous and non-ferrous metallic materials, was applied to Thermowood (R) Oriental spruce wood. For this purpose, Oriental spruce wood was first heat-treated at two different temperatures (190 and 212 degrees C), and then both Thermowood (R) and control samples were cryogenically treated at -80 degrees C. The effects on shrinkage and swelling pressure resistance parallel to fibers, and the elemental structure were examined. The findings revealed that the improvement in shrinkage and swelling continued with heat treatment, and there was an average increase of 18 and 14.5%, respectively, in the compressive strength parallel to fibers compared with control and heat-treated samples. The FT-IR analysis showed that the wood compound structure was mostly cellulosic. The difference between the carbon-oxygen ratio in the cryogenically-treated wood decreased compared to the percentage change in the three basic elements, and the amount of hydrogen increased proportionally.Öğe Effect of Heat Treatment of Wild Cherry Wood on Abrasion Resistance and Withdrawal Capacity of Screws(Zagreb Univ, Fac Forestry, 2015) Aytin, Ayhan; Korkut, Süleyman; As, Nusret; Ünsal, Öner; Gündüz, GökhanIn its wise use, many properties of wood are important. Among these properties, wood abrasion resistance (AR) and withdrawal capacity of screws (WCS) are deemed to be relatively significant. It is well know that heat treatment changes the resistance features of wooden materials by changing the structural characteristics of wood. Within the scope of this study, the effects were investigated of the temperature and duration of heat treatment of Wild Cherry (Cerasus avium (L.) Monench) on its AR and its WCS in the radial direction and tangential direction. The test results indicated that weight loss (WL) and thickness reduction (TR) remained almost the same in the radial direction specimen, but there was significant TR in the tangential direction specimen. As a result of these changes, the abrasion effect of the S-42 abrader diminished based on the increase in the number of cycles. However, in both the radial and tangential direction, the WCS decreased to a significantly greater extent in the heat-treated specimens than in the control specimens.Öğe Effect of Heat Treatment on Surface Characteristics of Wild Cherry Wood(North Carolina State Univ Dept Wood & Paper Sci, 2013) Korkut, Derya Sevim; Hızıroğlu, Salim; Aytin, AyhanHeat treatment effects on surface properties of wild cherry (Prunus avium) including surface roughness, glossiness, and color stability were evaluated. Samples were exposed to a temperature of 212 degrees C for 1.5 and 2.5 h. A stylus type profilometer, glossmeter, and spectrophotometer were employed to determine surface characteristics of heat-treated specimens. Glossiness and surface roughness values of the samples decreased with heat treatment compared to those of control specimens. The glossiness and values of surface roughness decreased for the samples with all treatment combinations. The samples had significant discoloration as a result of heat exposure. Color difference of the specimens increased as a result of all treatment schedules.Öğe Effect of thermal treatment on the swelling and surface roughness of common alder and wych elm wood(Northeast Forestry Univ, 2016) Aytin, Ayhan; Korkut, SüleymanWood heat treatment has increased significantly in recent years and is still growing as an industrial process to improve some wood properties. We studied the change of swellingand surface roughness of common alder (Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. ssp.glutinosa) and wych elm (Ulmus glabra Huds.) woods after heat treatment at two different temperatures and durations. The temperatures were 180 and 200 A degrees C and the durations were 2 and 4 h. A stylus method was employed to evaluate the surface characteristics of the samples. Roughness measurements by the stylus method were made in the direction perpendicular to the fiber on the wood surface. Four main roughness parameters, mean arithmetic deviation of profile (R (a)), mean peak-to-valley height (R (z)), root mean square roughness (R (q)), and maximum roughness (R (y)) were used to evaluate the effect of heat treatment on the surface characteristics of the specimens. Swelling and surface roughness parameters (R (a), R (z), R (y), and R (q)) differed significantly for two temperatures and two durations of heat treatment. Swelling and surface roughness values decreased with increasing treatment temperature and treatment times.Öğe The Effect of ThermoWood Method Heat Treatment on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Sorbus torminalis(North Carolina State Univ Dept Wood & Paper Sci, 2019) Aytin, Ayhan; Korkut, Süleyman; Çakıcıer, NevzatHeat treatment is a modification method that has gained importance since the 1990s as part of the trend for more rational use of wooden materials. Heat-treated wood products are becoming more popular and have an established place in the market. For this reason, it is important to research applications for various wood types after heat treatment. In this study, Sorbus torminalis panels were first heat treated by the ThermoWood (R) method. Then, some physical properties (i.e., oven-dry density, air-dry density, shrinkage, swelling, 24-h water thickness swelling, and water retention), and mechanical properties (i.e., parallel compressive strength to grain, bending strength, and modulus of elasticity in static bending) were examined in ThermoWood (R) Sorbus torminalis. The results indicated that the physical property values of the heat-treated samples were lower than those of the control samples. Reductions of 14.4%, 12.1%, 64.9%, 49.3%, and 51.7% were observed for the oven-dry density (ODD), air-dry density (ADD), water thickness swelling (VVTS), shrinkage (beta), and swelling (alpha), respectively. Among the mechanical properties, there was a reduction in the bending strength (MOR) value, while the compressive strength parallel to the grain (CS) value increased up to 23.6% compared to the control samples. In contrast, no significant weight changes or changes in the modulus of elasticity in static bending (MOE) were observed.Öğe The Effects of Heat Treatment with the ThermoWood (R) Method on the Equilibrium Moisture Content and Dimensional Stability of Wild Cherry Wood(North Carolina State Univ Dept Wood & Paper Sci, 2015) Aytin, Ayhan; Korkut, Süleyman; Ünsal, Öner; Çakıcıer, NevzatLow hygroscopicity is an important factor favoring the use of heat-treated wood materials. Hence, wild cherry (Cerasus avium (L.) Moench) wood was subjected to heat treatment with the ThermoWood (R) method for about 1 and 2 hours at temperatures of 190 and 212 degrees C in an industrial business. Then, trial samples were prepared and divided into two groups. By being conditioned in the environments of 20 degrees C and 65% relative humidity (WC1), 20 degrees C and 85% relative humidity (WC2), 20 degrees C and 30% relative humidity (WC3), and 23 degrees C and 50% relative humidity (WC4), equilibrium moisture content (EMC) and dimensional stability (DS) values of the samples in the first group were determined. The water thickness swelling (WTS) and water retention (WR) features of the samples of the second group were examined by keeping them in water both 24 and 72 h. The results show that EMC and WTS decreased with increasing treatment temperature and durations. Also, DS was improved. On the other hand, the WR values of all the samples stayed approximately the same.Öğe THE EFFECTS OF WATER-BASED COLOR-PROTECTIVE BARRIERS ON NATURAL WOOD VENEER(Yildiz Technical Univ, 2019) Akter, Mete; Aytin, Ayhan; Konmaz, Carmelo KağanIn this study, the effects of water-based color-protective barriers on the color change of wooden veneers of various tree species were investigated. Wooden veneers of castanea, eucalyptus, and scots pine species which are widely used industrially - were selected for this purpose. The wood veneers were then divided into two groups and two separate top surface prescriptions were applied to each group. In the first group, only varnish was applied. On the second group, a water-based color-protecting barrier and varnish application was used, and a total of 6 variation test samples were prepared, with and without water color-protecting barriers applied to each tree type. Test samples were tested on both UVA and UVB lamps in the QUV aging device. It has been determined that water-based color-protective barriers do not show a significant color change in the applied parts, and that the veneer experiences discoloration in the areas not subjected to color-protective barriers. These results can be regarded as an industrially significant result, helping to overcome problems associated with the weathering of varnished surfaces.Öğe EVALUATION OF KILN-DRYING SCHEDULES FOR WILD CHERRY WOOD (CERASUS AVIUM)(Univ Bio-Bio, 2013) Korkut, Süleyman; Ünsal, Öner; Kocaefe, Duygu; Aytin, Ayhan; Gökyar, AslıWild cherry wood (Cerasus avium) lumber with a nominal thickness of 5 cm from Duzce region in Turkey was dried through conventional kiln drying using two different programs which are unprotective drying schedules, and protective drying schedules. The aim was to obtain the most desirable kiln schedule for keeping the wood quality at an appropriate level up to final moisture content of 12 +/- 2% was reached. Intensity of warping (twist, bow, cup, crook) occurrence, superficial, internal and end checks, residual stresses, drying rate, and moisture gradient in the dried woods were measured, and the results were analyzed. The results showed that there was a more homogeneous moisture profile, fewer occurrences of superficial checks, and absence of internal checks in the protective drying schedules due to low warping values compared to the unprotective drying schedules. Therefore, it seems that protective drying schedules might be recommended as optimum program for wild cherry lumber drying at commercial scale from Duzce region.Öğe EVALUATION OF PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WILD CHERRY WOOD HEAT-TREATED USING THE THERMOWOOD PROCESS(Univ Bio-Bio, 2015) Korkut, Süleyman; Aytin, AyhanThe aim of this study is to determine the change of some physical properties (oven-dry density, weight loss, swelling and anti-swelling efficiency) and mechanical properties (compression strength parallel to grain, bending strength, modulus of elasticity in bending, janka-hardness (cross-section, radial, tangential), impact bending strength and tension strength perpendicular to grain) of wild cherry woods after heat treatment under different durations. Specimens are exposed to temperature levels of 212 degrees C for time spans of 1,5 and 2,5 h. Based on the findings in this study, the results showed that oven-dry density, swelling, compression strength parallel to grain, bending strength, modulus of elasticity in bending, janka-hardness (Cross-section, Radial, Tangential), impact bending strength and tension strength perpendicular to grain values decreased with increasing treatment time.Öğe Farklı Yaşlandırma Şartlarının Bazı Ağaç Türlerinin ThermoWood® Ürünlerinde Renk Değişimine Etkisi(2021) Aytin, Ayhan; Çakıcıer, Nevzat; Korkut, SüleymanBu çalışmada ısıl işlem uygulanmış ağaç türlerinde yoğunluk ve renk değişimi gibi fiziksel, statik eğilme direnci ve statik eğilmede elastikiyet modülü gibi mekanik özellikler araştırılmıştır. Fiziksel özelliklerden renk değişimi üst yüzey işlemi uygulanmış deneme örneklerinde doğal ve hızlandırılmış yaşlandırma sonrası ayrı ayrı belirlenmiştir. İlk olarak, Türkiye'de doğal olarak yetişen çalışma ağaçları kavak (Populus tremula-TK), dişbudak (Fraxinus angustifolia-DYD), ladin (Picea orientalis-DL) ve göknar (Abies bornmülleriana-UG) seçilmiştir. Ardından çalışma ağaçları ThermoWood® yöntemi ile ısıl işleme tabi tutulmuşlardır. Daha sonra, DYD ve UG için tam kuru yoğunluk (TKY), hava kurusu yoğunluk (HKY) ve statik eğilme direnci (ED) ve statik eğilmede elastikiyet modülü (EM) test örnekleri, aynı zamanda tüm ağaç türlerinden yaşlandırma çalışması yapılacak deneme örnekleri hazırlanmıştır. Yaşlandırma test örneklerine tek bileşenli (STB), çift bileşenli (SÇB) ve renkli olmak (SRV) üzere üç farklı içeriğe sahip su bazlı vernik (SBV) ile yüzey işlemi uygulanmıştır. Örnekler üzerinde daha sonra 190 gün boyunca doğal yaşlandırma (DY), 336 saat hızlandırılmış yaşlandırma (QUV) işlemi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Yaşlandırma testleri sonrasında en küçük ?E değerleri SRV elde edilmiştir. Çalışma sonuçlarına göre ısıl işlem görmüş ağaç malzemelerin dış hava koşullarına açık kullanımlarında renk değişimine karşı alınabilecek en etkili tedbirlerden birisinin SRV kullanılmasının olduğu söylenebilir. Öte yandan HT test örneklerinde kontrol örneklerine (K) göre yoğunluk değerleri ile ED’nin azaldığı, EM değerinin ise arttığı belirlenmiştir.Öğe Su Bazlı Vernik Renk Bariyerinin, Doğal Ahşap Kaplamada Renk Değişimi ve Sertlik Üzerine Etkisi(2021) Aytin, Ayhan; Çakıcıer, Nevzat; Çiftçi, Seymen; Akter, MeteDış hava koşulları kullanılmakta olan ağaç malzemenin çevresel faktörlerin etkisi ile kısa zamanda renk değişimine uğraması ve yüzeydeki koruyucu vernik katmanının deformasyonu önemli bir sorun olarak görülmektedir. Öte yandan üst yüzey işlemlerinde koruyucu katman yapmak üzere ekseriyetle solvent bazlı (SOB) maddelerin kullanılması insan ve çevre sağlığı bakımından birtakım sorunları da beraberinde getirmektedir. Günümüzde üretim süreçlerinde daha çok çevre dostu maddelerin kullanımı desteklenmekte, su bazlı vernik (SBV) sistemleri SOB sistemlere göre daha insan ve çevre dost olarak dikkati çekmektedir. Bu çalışmada dış tabakaları akçaağaç, okaliptüs ve meşe kaplamaları ile üretilmiş kontra tablaların yüzeyine iki farklı SBV sistemi; (1) özel bir astar kat ilave edilmiş modifiye su bazlı vernik (MSBV) ve (2) normal su bazlı vernik (NSBV) kullanılmıştır. Daha sonra 313 EL+ (UVA) ve UVB 313 EL(UVB) lambaları ile 144’er saat hızlandırılmış yaşlandırma (QUV) sonrası toplam renk değişimi(?E*) ve PS değerleri ölçülmüştür. Çalışma sonuçlarına göre ?E* en küçük MSBV sistemde 2.04, en yüksek NSBV’de 22.85 olarak ölçülmüştür. Ağaç türleri bakımından değerlendirildiğinde en küçük ?E*, MSBV sistemi uygulanmış yüzeylerde olduğu belirlenmiştir. Pandüllü sertlik değerlerinde ise vernik türünde en küçük NSBV sisteminde 86.33, en yüksek NSBV + QUV kombinasyonunda 96.55 olarak belirlenirken; MSBV + QUV’da 96.22, MSBV kombinasyonunda 95.61; ağaç türünde (kaplama çeşidi) en yüksek meşe + MSBV + QUV varyasyonunda 107.00, en düşük Okaliptüs + MSBV’de 87.33 şeklinde gerçekleşmiştir.Öğe TURKEY'S NATIVE WOOD SPECIES: PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND SURFACE ROUGHNESS OF ROWAN (SORBUS AUCUPARIA L.)(Slovak Forest Products Research Inst, 2009) Korkut, Süleyman; Güller, Bilgin; Aytin, Ayhan; Kök, M. ŞamilThis article aims to familiarize wood expert outside Turkey eith the wood of Rowan by comparing its physical and mechanical properties with some of the world's more recognized hardwood species. The sample trees were harvested from, a mixed oak-hornbeam-rowan stand, north-western part of Turkey. Conventional destructive methods were followed on small clean specimens. Rowan wood's air dry (801 kg.m(-3)), oven dry (737 kg.m(-3)) and basic (635 kg.m(-3)) densities were determined. Fiber saturation point was calculated to be 23.79%; volumetric shrinkage and swelling were found as 15.048% and 18.465%; MOR, MOE, compression strength parallel to grain, impact bending, tensile strength parallel and perpendicular to grain, shear strength, cleavage strength, Janka hardness values (parallel and perpendicular to grain) and surface roughness (Ra) value were determined as 115.571 N.mm(-2), 9843.857 N.mm(-2), 55.027 N.mm(-2), 14.849 J.cm(-2), 120.71 N.mm(-2), 6.187 N.mm(-2), 12.792 N.mm(-2), 0.941 N.mm(-2), 1.416 and 1.159 kN, 7.239 (mu m) respectively. Four main roughness parameters, mean arithmetic deviation of profile (Ra), mean peak-to-valley height (Rz), root mean square roughness (Rq), and maximum roughness (Ry) were used to evaluate the surface characteristics of the specimens.Öğe Weathering's Effect on Color and Roughness in Some Heat-treated Wood Species with Modified Water-based Varnish(North Carolina State Univ Dept Wood & Paper Sci, 2022) Aytin, Ayhan; Çakıcıer, NevzatHeat treatment in wood materials and the use of water-based varnishes (WBV) in furniture made from heat-treated wood materials come to the fore in terms of supporting environmentally friendly production in the wood sector. In this study, the total color changes (Delta E*) and surface roughness (SR) were investigated after heat-treated tree species were exposed to natural and accelerated weathering with and without varnish. In this context, test samples were first divided into two groups. Surface treatment was applied to the samples in the first group by applying modified WBV (A(1)) and normal WBV (A(2)), and the second group was left unvarnished. Then, one group of the varnished samples was subjected to natural weathering (NAT) for 90 days and the other group was subjected to accelerated weathering (QUV) for 720 h with VAS samples, and then the Delta E* and SR values of the samples were calculated. The results revealed that Delta E* was the lowest in the QUV WBV group, and NAT was more effective than QUV in Delta E*. The highest SR values among all groups were measured in the VAS group, and among the varnished samples, there was no statistical difference between A(1) and A(2) in SR values, except for Rq.Öğe Yabani kiraz (Cerasus avium (L.) Monench) odununun fiziksel, mekanik ve teknolojik özellikleri üzerine yüksek sıcaklık uygulamasının etkisi(Düzce Üniversitesi, 2013) Aytin, Ayhan; Korkut, Süleyman; Ünsal, ÖnerBu çalışmada, ağaç malzemede termal modifikasyon ve hızlandırılmış yaşlandırma uygulamasının bazı fiziksel, mekanik ve teknolojik özellikler üzerine etkilerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında Yabani Kiraz (Cerasus avium(L.) Monench) odunu ThermoWood yöntemi ile 190°C ve 212°C sıcaklıklarda 1 ve 2 saat ısıl işleme tabi tutulmuştur. Fiziksel özelliklerden tam kuru yoğunluk, hava kurusu yoğunluk, daralma, genişleme, ısı iletkenliği, yüzey pürüzlülüğü, renk ve parlaklık; mekanik direnç özelliklerinden liflere paralel basınç direnci, eğilme direnci, eğilmede elastikiyet modülü, dinamik eğilme direnci ve liflere dik çekme; teknolojik özelliklerden janka sertlik değerine bakılmıştır. Yaşlandırma için hazırlanmış deney örneklerine toplamda 864 hızlandırılmış yapay yaşlandırma uygulanmış, ortalama yüzey pürüzlülüğü, renk ve parlaklık ölçümleri yapılmıştır. Deneysel çalışmalardan önce örnekler 20±2°C sıcaklık ve %65±5 bağıl nem ortamında yeterli süre bekletilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre ısıl işlem sonucu fiziksel özelliklerde iyileşme görülmüş, renk koyulaşmış ve parlaklık azalmış, mekanik özellklerden liflere paralel basınç direnci ve eğilmede elastikiyet modülü artarken diğer mekanik dirençlerde azalma belirlenmiştir. Janka sertlik değeri enine kesitte artmasına karşılık teğet ve radyal kesitte farklılıklar göstermiştir. Yaşlandırma görmüş örneklerden elde edilen sonuçlara göre ise ısıl işlemin yüzey düzgünlüğünü iyileştirdiği, ısıl işlem ile rengi koyulaşan ve parlaklığı azalan örneklerin uzun süreli yaşlandırma periyodu sonunda renk ve parlaklık davranışın benzer olduğu, yüzeylerinin grileştiği gözlemlenmiştir. Çalışma sonuçları ısıl işlem görmüş Yabani Kiraz (Cerasus avium(L.) Monench) odununun, boyutsal stabilitenin ön planda olduğu kullanım alanları için uygun olduğunu, ancak yük taşıyıcı yapısal eleman olarak değerlendirilmesinin uygun olmayacağını ortaya koymuştur. Diğer taraftan, dekoratif mobilya üretimi için önemli fırsatlar taşıdığı, dış ortamdaki kullanımlarda ise ısıl işlem sonrası oluşan renk stabilitesinin sağlanması için ilave tedbirlerin alınmasının gerektiği anlaşılmıştır. Anahtar sözcükler: Yabani Kiraz, ThermoWood, Hızlandırılmış Yaşlandırma, Fiziksel Özellikler, Mekanik Özellikler
