Klasik ıslak imza ve dijital ortamda atılmış imzaların grafolojik yöntemler ile karşılaştırılması
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Tarih
2022
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Düzce Üniversitesi
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Amaç: Son yıllarda gelişen teknoloji ile beraber dijital yöntemler ile atılan imzaların kullanımı yaygınlaşmakta, dolayısıyla adli sistemde soruşturma ve bilirkişi incelemesine konu olabilmektedir. Çalışmamızda dijital yöntemlerle alınan imza örneklerinin, klasik ıslak imza alışkanlıkları ile uyumlu olup olmadığının ve imza değerlendirilmesinde kullanılan parametrelerin hangilerinin elektronik imzada kullanılabileceğinin saptanması amaçlanmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışma prospektif-deneysel bir çalışmadır. Düzce Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Adli Tıp Anabilim Dalı, Düzce Üniversitesi Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi'nde yürütülmüştür. Çalışmaya dahil edilen 88 gönüllüden 1 adet A4 boyutunda kağıt üzerine tanımlanmış alana dominant el ile oturarak alınmış 3 adet ıslak imza, dijital ekran üzerine dijital ekran kalemi ile dominant el ile oturarak alınmış 3 adet imza, dijital ekran üzerine sadece dominant elin işaret parmağı ile aracısız olarak oturarak alınmış 3 adet imza örnekleri 2 farklı adli belge incelemecisi tarafından grafolojik kriterlere, ıslak imzaya benzerliklerine, yazı imza tetkikinde standart olarak kullanılan kriterlere göre değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgular: 3 farklı koşulda elde edilen imzalar; tersim tarzı, doğrultu, ebat, kalem kaldırma, noktalama, keşide çizgisi ve grama özelliklerine göre değerlendirilmiş, ıslak imzalar ile dijital imzalar arasında tersim tarzı, yatay ebat, dikey ebat ve genel ebat özellikleri açısından istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark saptanmış, doğrultu, kalem kaldırma, noktalama, grama sayıları ve keşide çizgisi açısından istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark saptanmamıştır. Tersim tarzı ve ebat özellikleri kalem (stylus) ile atılan imzalar ile parmak ile aracısız olarak atılan dijital imzalar kendi arasında değerlendirildiğinde parmak ile atılan dijital imzalarda daha büyük farkların ortaya çıktığı görülmüştür. Sonuç: Islak imzada tespit edilebilen birçok özelliğin dijital imzalarda özel teknolojik yöntemler olmadan tespit edilemediği bilinmektedir. Çalışmamızda ek teknolojik yöntemler kullanılmadan dijital imzaların ıslak imzalar ile mukayese edilirken en isabetli yol gösterici özelliğin tersim tarzı olduğu, dijital imzalarda ebat özellikleri yönünden parmak ile atılan imzalarda daha fazla olmak üzere büyüme yönünde değişimler olduğu saptanmıştır. Adli konulara dönüşen dijital imzaların incelenmesi talep edildiğinde mukayese için huzurda alınan yazı ve imza örneklerinin benzer özellikte cihaz ve yazılımlar ile elde edilerek ve kişinin geçmiş samimi dijital imzalarının ilgili kurum ve kuruluşlardan temin edilerek bilirkişiye gönderilmesi gerektiği düşünülmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Yazı İmza İncelemesi, Elektronik İmza, Dijital İmza, Biyometrik İmza, Adli Grafoloji
Aim:. With the developing technology in recent years, the use of digital signatures has become widespread, so it can be the subject of investigation and expert examination in the judicial system. In our study, it is aimed to determine whether the signature samples obtained by digital methods are compatible with the classical wet signature habits and which of the parameters used in the conventional evaluation of the signature can be used in an electronic signature. Material and Method: The study is a prospective-experimental study. The study was carried out at Düzce University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Forensic Medicine, Düzce University Research and Application Center. 88 volunteer participants were included in the study. 3 conventional wet signatures were taken on a A4 paper with the dominant hand, 3 signatures on the digital screen with the stylus, and 3 signatures on the digital screen with the index finger without using a device. All samples collected by sitting. Samples evaluated by 2 different forensic document examiner according to graphological criteria, similarities to wet signatures, and criteria used as standard in writing signature examination. Results: Signatures obtained under 3 different conditions; evaluated according to style, direction, size, pen lifts, punctuation, cross draw line and gramma features. There was a statistically significant difference between wet signatures and digital signatures in terms of style, horizontal size, vertical size and proportion characteristics, but no statistically significant difference was found in terms of direction, pen lifts, punctuation, gramma and cross draw line. When the style and size characteristics are compared between the signatures that signed with stylus and finger, it is seen that there are greater discrepancies by finger signatures. Conclusion: It is known that many features that can be detected in a wet signature cannot be detected in digital signatures without special technological methods. In our study, when comparing digital signatures with wet signatures without using additional technological methods, it was determined that the most accurate guiding feature was the style, and there were changes in digital signatures in terms of size characteristics, more so in finger signatures. When a forensic examination of digital signatures is requested, it is thought that the samples of the writing and signatures taken at the court for comparison should be obtained with similar devices and software, also the past candid digital signatures should be obtained from the relevant institutions and organizations and sent to the forensic document examiner. Keywords: Handwriting and Signature Examination, Electronical Signatures, Digital Signatures, Biometric Signatures, Forensic Graphology
Aim:. With the developing technology in recent years, the use of digital signatures has become widespread, so it can be the subject of investigation and expert examination in the judicial system. In our study, it is aimed to determine whether the signature samples obtained by digital methods are compatible with the classical wet signature habits and which of the parameters used in the conventional evaluation of the signature can be used in an electronic signature. Material and Method: The study is a prospective-experimental study. The study was carried out at Düzce University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Forensic Medicine, Düzce University Research and Application Center. 88 volunteer participants were included in the study. 3 conventional wet signatures were taken on a A4 paper with the dominant hand, 3 signatures on the digital screen with the stylus, and 3 signatures on the digital screen with the index finger without using a device. All samples collected by sitting. Samples evaluated by 2 different forensic document examiner according to graphological criteria, similarities to wet signatures, and criteria used as standard in writing signature examination. Results: Signatures obtained under 3 different conditions; evaluated according to style, direction, size, pen lifts, punctuation, cross draw line and gramma features. There was a statistically significant difference between wet signatures and digital signatures in terms of style, horizontal size, vertical size and proportion characteristics, but no statistically significant difference was found in terms of direction, pen lifts, punctuation, gramma and cross draw line. When the style and size characteristics are compared between the signatures that signed with stylus and finger, it is seen that there are greater discrepancies by finger signatures. Conclusion: It is known that many features that can be detected in a wet signature cannot be detected in digital signatures without special technological methods. In our study, when comparing digital signatures with wet signatures without using additional technological methods, it was determined that the most accurate guiding feature was the style, and there were changes in digital signatures in terms of size characteristics, more so in finger signatures. When a forensic examination of digital signatures is requested, it is thought that the samples of the writing and signatures taken at the court for comparison should be obtained with similar devices and software, also the past candid digital signatures should be obtained from the relevant institutions and organizations and sent to the forensic document examiner. Keywords: Handwriting and Signature Examination, Electronical Signatures, Digital Signatures, Biometric Signatures, Forensic Graphology
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
Adli Tıp, Forensic Medicine
