Energy, exergy, environmental, and economic (4E) analyses of the usability of various nano-sized particles added lubricant in a heat pump system

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dc.contributor.authorYildiz, Gokhan
dc.contributor.authorGürel, Ali Etem
dc.contributor.authorCingiz, Zafer
dc.contributor.authorAğbulut, Ümit
dc.date.accessioned2025-10-11T20:45:20Z
dc.date.available2025-10-11T20:45:20Z
dc.date.issued2024
dc.departmentDüzce Üniversitesien_US
dc.description.abstractThe need for energy is rising significantly with the growth of technology in the world. This energy need is largely met by fossil fuels. The enhancement in their prices and the damage they induce to the environment, scientists have turned to alternative energy sources due to the depletion of fossil fuels. In recent years, these alternative energy sources have come to the fore as solar, wind, and wave energy. However, heating and refrigeration systems, whose share of energy consumption in buildings in the world is 40 %, can also compete with these alternative energy sources. In particular, heat pumps (HP) are at a level that can compete with renewable energy sources to seriously reduce this rate. In this study, different nanoparticles were added to the Polyol ester oil (POE) utilized in the compressor to enhance the performance of the HP. Thermodynamic, environmental, and economic performances of the obtained nanolubricants at different concentrations (0.5 wt% and 1 wt%) and flow rates (15, 30, and 45 g/s) were evaluated. The highest COP value of the HP was calculated as 4.14 at 0.5 wt% B-POE at 45 g/s. The best energy consumption in the HP was obtained with 0.5 wt% B-POE nanolubricant with a decrease of 10.96 % at 45 g/s compared to pure POE. The highest exergy efficiency in the HP was calculated at 0.5 wt% B-POE nanolubricant with a 13.53 % increase at 30 g/s compared to pure POE. The best exergoeconomic parameter (R<inf>g,ex</inf>) performance was determined as 3.7148 kWh/$ in 1 wt% TiO<inf>2</inf>-POE nanolubricant at 45 g/s. The best enviro-economic value of 0.16182 ¢/h was obtained with 0.5 wt% B-POE nanolubricant at 45 g/s. In line with the results obtained, it was observed that the B-POE nanolubricant has a performance that can compete with the good-performing TiO<inf>2</inf>-POE nanolubricant. © 2024 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.en_US
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e37691
dc.identifier.issn2405-8440
dc.identifier.issue19en_US
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-85204642742en_US
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ1en_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e37691
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12684/21297
dc.identifier.volume10en_US
dc.indekslendigikaynakScopusen_US
dc.language.isoenen_US
dc.publisherElsevier Ltden_US
dc.relation.ispartofHeliyonen_US
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanıen_US
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessen_US
dc.snmzKA_Scopus_20250911
dc.subjectEnergyen_US
dc.subjectEnvironmenten_US
dc.subjectHeat Pumpen_US
dc.subjectNanolubricanten_US
dc.subjectThermodynamicsen_US
dc.titleEnergy, exergy, environmental, and economic (4E) analyses of the usability of various nano-sized particles added lubricant in a heat pump systemen_US
dc.typeArticleen_US

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