Afete karşı toplumsal ve mekansal dirençliliğin irdelenmesi: Düzce örneği
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Tarih
2023
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Düzce Üniversitesi
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
İnsan nüfusunun giderek artması, yeni yerleşimlere duyulan ihtiyaç ve buna bağlı insan faaliyetleri doğanın ve doğal kaynakların bozulmasına sebep olmuştur. Doğa üzerinde baskı yaratan bu unsurlar, risklerle birleşince afetlere yol açan olayları doğurmuştur. Bu olayların etkilerinin günden güne daha fazla hissedilmesi ve verdiği zararlar bir dizi hazırlık çalışmalarını gündeme getirmiştir. Yaşanan felaketlerin bir sonucu olarak 2005 yılında kabul edilen Hyogo Çerçeve Eylem Planı, afet çalışmalarında dirençlilik kavramını ön plana çıkarmıştır. Daha sonra 2015 yılında Sendai Afet Risk Azaltma Çerçeve Eylem planıyla dirençlilik çalışmalarının yaygınlaştırılmasına ve devam ettirilmesine karar verilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, yerel düzeyde afete karşı dirençlilik çalışmalarına katkı sağlamak ve afeti yaşamış bir kentte dirençliliği inceleyerek, ölçmek ve değerlendirmektir. Çalışma alanı daha önce çeşitli afetler yaşamış ve yaşamaya devam eden Düzce İli' nin 56 merkez mahallesi olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu alan 2 bölgeye ayrılarak (1999 depreminden önce ve sonra mahalle olan yerler) birbirlerine göre dirençlilik düzeyleri değerlendirilmiştir. Ölçme ve değerlendirme çalışmasında herhangi bir ölçekte coğrafi bir mekanı, Topluluklar için Temel Dirençlilik Göstergeleri (BRIC) ile inceleyen gösterge setinden faydalanılmıştır. Çalışmada, bu alana uyarlanmış 4 boyut (ekolojik, sosyal, ekonomik, mekânsal altyapı) ve boyutların altında yer alan 16 gösterge seçilmiştir. Bu boyut ve göstergeler uzman anketi, AHS (Analitik Hiyerarşi Süreci) ile uzman görüşleri dikkate alınarak ağırlıklandırılmıştır. İlk önce göstergeler elde edilen verilerle analiz edilerek mekânsal olarak yüksek, orta ve düşük şeklinde kategorize edilmiştir. Göstergeler aldıkları katsayılarla çarpılmış ve çakıştırma analizi kullanılarak boyutların haritaları oluşturulmuştur. Boyutlar için de aynı yöntem kullanılmış ve dirençlilik sentez haritası oluşturulmuştur. Bunun sonucunda 1999 depreminden önce mahalle olan yerlerin, 1999 sonrasında mahalle olan yerlere göre düşük dirençlilikte olduğu bulunmuştur. Boyutlar açısından 1999 depreminden önce mahalle olan yerler ekonomik olarak güçlü bir tutum sergilerken, ekolojik, sosyal ve mekânsal altyapı olarak zayıf kalmıştır. Bu çalışma şunu göstermiştir ki, afetten öğrenilen deneyimler yeni oluşturulan bölgelerin daha güçlü olmasını sağlamaktadır. Fakat afeti yaşamış ve zarar görmüş yerlerin de ekolojik, sosyal ve mekânsal altyapı dirençliliği anlamında yönetimde yer alan aktörlerce, afete yönelik önlemler alınmasına ve uygulaması ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır.
The destruction of nature and natural resources has resulted from the gradual expansion in human population and the demand for additional settlements and related human activities. These factors, when combined with potential risks put pressure on nature, resulting in events that led to disasters. The effects of these events are increasingly felt, and the damage they cause has brought. The effects of these events are increasingly felt, and the damage they cause has brought a series of studies to the forefront. As a result of the disasters that occurred, the Hyogo Framework for Action, adopted in 2005, highlighted the concept of resilience in disaster management. Later, in 2015, it was decided to further enhance and advance resilience studies with the Sendai Disaster Risk Reduction Framework Action Plan. The aim of this study is to contribute to disaster resilience studies at the local level and to examine, measure, and evaluate resilience in a city that has experienced a disaster. The study area has been determined as the 56 central neighborhoods of Düzce Province, which have experienced various disasters in the past and continue to face them. This area has been divided into two parts: the neighborhoods before and after the 1999 earthquake, and their resilience levels have been evaluated in relation to each other. In the measurement and evaluation study, the Basic Resilience Indicators for Commuities (BRIC), an indicator set that examines a geographical area at any scale, was used. Four dimensions (ecological, social, economic, spatial infrastructure) adapted to this area were selected, along with 16 indicators within these dimensions. The dimensions and indicators were weighted by evaluating expert surveys, employing the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), and considering expert opinions. First, the obtained data was used to analyze the indicators, which were then categorized spatially as high, medium, and low. Overlay analysis was used to produce dimension maps by multiplying indicators by their coefficients. The dimensions were also used to create the overall resilience synthesis map using the same method. As a result, in terms, the places that were neighborhoods before the 1999 earthquake were found to have lower resilience than the places that were neighborhoods after the 1999 earthquake. In terms of dimensions, places that were neighborhoods before the 1999 earthquake were strong in terms of economic resilience, while they were weak in terms of ecological, social and spatial infrastructure. This study has shown that the experiences learned from the disaster make the newly created neighborhoods stronger. However, there is a need for disaster-oriented measures to be taken and implemented by the actors in the administration in terms of ecological, social and spatial infrastructure resilience in places that have experienced and been damaged by the disaster.
The destruction of nature and natural resources has resulted from the gradual expansion in human population and the demand for additional settlements and related human activities. These factors, when combined with potential risks put pressure on nature, resulting in events that led to disasters. The effects of these events are increasingly felt, and the damage they cause has brought. The effects of these events are increasingly felt, and the damage they cause has brought a series of studies to the forefront. As a result of the disasters that occurred, the Hyogo Framework for Action, adopted in 2005, highlighted the concept of resilience in disaster management. Later, in 2015, it was decided to further enhance and advance resilience studies with the Sendai Disaster Risk Reduction Framework Action Plan. The aim of this study is to contribute to disaster resilience studies at the local level and to examine, measure, and evaluate resilience in a city that has experienced a disaster. The study area has been determined as the 56 central neighborhoods of Düzce Province, which have experienced various disasters in the past and continue to face them. This area has been divided into two parts: the neighborhoods before and after the 1999 earthquake, and their resilience levels have been evaluated in relation to each other. In the measurement and evaluation study, the Basic Resilience Indicators for Commuities (BRIC), an indicator set that examines a geographical area at any scale, was used. Four dimensions (ecological, social, economic, spatial infrastructure) adapted to this area were selected, along with 16 indicators within these dimensions. The dimensions and indicators were weighted by evaluating expert surveys, employing the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), and considering expert opinions. First, the obtained data was used to analyze the indicators, which were then categorized spatially as high, medium, and low. Overlay analysis was used to produce dimension maps by multiplying indicators by their coefficients. The dimensions were also used to create the overall resilience synthesis map using the same method. As a result, in terms, the places that were neighborhoods before the 1999 earthquake were found to have lower resilience than the places that were neighborhoods after the 1999 earthquake. In terms of dimensions, places that were neighborhoods before the 1999 earthquake were strong in terms of economic resilience, while they were weak in terms of ecological, social and spatial infrastructure. This study has shown that the experiences learned from the disaster make the newly created neighborhoods stronger. However, there is a need for disaster-oriented measures to be taken and implemented by the actors in the administration in terms of ecological, social and spatial infrastructure resilience in places that have experienced and been damaged by the disaster.
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
Peyzaj Mimarlığı, Landscape Architecture
