Scale-Up of a Medicinal and Aromatic Plant-Based Shampoo Formulation: Physicochemical Quality, Microbiological Safety, and Stability Analyses
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Tarih
2026
Yazarlar
Dergi Başlığı
Dergi ISSN
Cilt Başlığı
Yayıncı
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
This study investigated the scale-up process of a plant-based shampoo formulation developed for dry and damaged hair, evaluating its quality, safety, and stability parameters across laboratory, pilot, and industrial production scales. The formulation comprised nonionic and amphoteric surfactants (decyl glucoside, coco glucoside, cocamidopropyl betaine), moisturizing and antistatic agents (D-panthenol, sodium lactate), plant-derived keratin, and essential oils of medicinal lavender and rosemary. The formulation was initially developed at a 100 mL laboratory scale. Following systematic optimization of process parameters—including mixing speed, mixing time, phase addition sequence, and mechanical stirring conditions—the formulation was successfully scaled to a 3,000 mL pilot scale and subsequently to a 40,000 mL industrial production scale. Physicochemical parameters including pH, viscosity, and density were monitored at each stage using calibrated instrumentation: a digital pH meter, a Brookfield-type rotational viscometer, and volumetric density calculations. Microbiological safety and antimicrobial efficacy assessments were conducted on the industrial-scale batch in accordance with relevant ISO standards. Microbiological analyses included total aerobic mesophilic microorganism enumeration and screening for Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans. Preservative system efficacy was evaluated via challenge testing per TS EN ISO 11930, with logarithmic reductions in microbial counts recorded. Accelerated stability studies encompassing varied temperature, centrifugation, and storage conditions confirmed consistent pH, viscosity, physical appearance, and microbiological integrity throughout. The results demonstrated that the formulation retained its physicochemical characteristics across all production scales while meeting microbiological safety requirements. These findings highlight the industrial scalability of naturally derived hair care formulations and emphasize the critical role of rigorous quality control protocols in cosmetic manufacturing.
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
Scale-up, Shampoo formulation, Medicinal and aromatic plants, Preservative efficacy, Herbal cosmetics, Process validation, Stability studies
Kaynak
Journal of Apitherapy and Nature
WoS Q Değeri
Scopus Q Değeri
Cilt
9
Sayı
2
