Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Hedefleri (SKH) Bağlamında Aracı Şehirler
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2020
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Aracı Şehirler (Intermediary Cities), en genel tanımı ile nüfusu 50.000 ve birmilyon arasında olan şehirlerdir. Orta Ölçekli Kentler (Mid Size Cities) veyaİkincil Şehirler (Secondary Cities) olarak da ifade edilirler. Bu çalışmadaerişilen kaynaklarda farklı kullanımlar nedeniyle her üç kavrama da yerverilmiştir. Aracı Şehirler, kırsal alanların kentsel alanlardaki hizmetlerlebağlantısında birincil bir rol oynamaktadır. 2015 yılında, Birleşmiş MilletlerSürdürülebilir Kalkınma Hedefleri kabul edilmiştir. 2019 Yılında yayınlananOn Birinci Kalkınma Planı’nda ise sürdürülebilir kalkınma amaçları yeralmaktadır. Aracı Şehirler, Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Hedeflerinin (SKH)uygulanabilirliği için ideal alanlar olarak kabul edilmektedir.Çalışmada, Türkiye’de aracı şehirler için bir yol haritası ve stratejibelirlenmesi amacıyla, aracı şehirler için geliştirilen kent politikaları, yasalmevzuat ve strateji belgeleri Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Hedefleri bağlamındaincelenmiştir. Kavramsal çerçevede Aracı Şehirler ele alınarak, kentseldinamikleri, yerel kalkınmada üstlendikleri rol ve taşıdıkları potansiyelincelenerek Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Hedefleri bağlamında Aracı Şehirleriçin yol haritası ve stratejilerin ortaya konulması hedeflenmiştir.Aracı Şehirlerin nüfus yoğunlukları, işlevsel özellikleri, bulunduklarıbölgede ekonomik kalkınmayı destekleyici yönleri, yaşam endeksleriyayınlanmış ulusal ve uluslararası raporlar ve araştırmalar ışığında ortayakonulmuştur.Sonuç olarak, tüm bu çalışmalar aracı şehirlerin sadece demografik açıdandeğil, yaşam kalitesi, refah durumu, temiz ve yeşil çevre, eğitim olanakları,konut imkanları, istihdam olanakları, ticari faaliyetleri gibi işlevler ile önplana çıktığını ve sürdürülebilir kalkınmada önemli rol ve sorumluluklarıolduğunu göstermiştir.ÖzetAracı şehirler, genel kabul gören yaklaşıma göre nüfusu 50 bin ile 1 milyonarasında olan kentlerdir. Bulundukları bölgede hem metropoliten kentlerhem de küçük ölçekli kentler arasında geçiş kentleri olarak sürdürülebilirkalkınmayı desteklerken aynı zamanda, ölçekleri itibariyle yaşam kalitesi,refah durumu, temiz ve yeşil çevre, eğitim olanakları, konut imkanları,istihdam olanakları, ticari faaliyetler gibi yaşam standartlarını yükselten,kentsel hizmetlerin etkin ve vatandaş odaklı yapılmasını kolaylaştıran bir işleve de sahiptirler. Bu açıdan, dünya genelinde olduğu gibi Türkiye’de desayıca fazla olan aracı şehirler, kapsadıkları coğrafi alan ile de oldukçabüyük bir öneme sahiptirler.Çalışmanın amacı, aracı şehirlerin sürdürülebilir kalkınmada anahtar görevigördüğü kabulü ile, bu bağlamda strateji ve politikaların geliştirilmesi, yasaldüzlemde ele alınması ve mevcut belgelerdeki hedeflerin uygulamayageçirilmesinin gerekliliğinin ortaya konulmasıdır.Çalışmada öncelikle kavramsal çerçevede Aracı Şehir, İkincil Şehir ve OrtaÖlçekli Kent Kavramları açıklanmıştır. Aracı Şehir (Intermediary City)terimi ilk olarak 1970’lerin sonları ve 1980'lerin ortalarında ortaya çıkmıştır.Avrupa Birliği, aracı şehirleri 20.000 ila 500.000 arasında bir nüfusa sahipyerleşim birimleri olarak tanımlarken, Dünya Bankası (World Bank)maksimum nüfus limitini bir milyona çıkarmaktadır. Kuzey Amerika'da,aralığın 200.000 ila 500.000 olduğu; Pakistan'da 25.000 ila 100.000 veArjantin'de 50.000 ve 1 milyon arasında tanımlandığı görülmektedir (UNDESA, 2019: 8).Aracı şehirler dünya nüfusunun % 20'sine ve toplam kentsel nüfusun1/3’üne ev sahipliği yapmaktadır. Aracı şehirler sadece demografikbüyüklükleri ve coğrafi özelliklerine göre değil, aynı zamandagerçekleştirdikleri işlevlerle de ön plana çıkmaktadır. Aracı şehirler, kırsalalanlar ile kentsel alanlar arasında ve diğer kent merkezlerine ticarifaaliyetler, ürünlerin hareketliliği, verinin iletilmesi, inovasyonda öncü rolalma gibi konularda aracılık etmektedirler. Bölgesel kalkınmanıngerçekleştirilmesi yönünde ekonomik ve sosyal kalkınma için gerekli olanhizmetleri gerçekleştirmek, kurum ve kuruluşları tesis etmek ve yatırımfaaliyetlerini desteklemek aracı şehirlerin diğer önemli işlevlerindendir.Uluslararası Belgelerde Aracı Şehirlerin Önemi ve Etkinliğindenbahsedilmiştir. Uluslararası Mimarlar Birliği (UIA) Raporu, UNESCO veBirleşmiş Kentler ve Yerel Yönetimler Teşkilatı (UCLG) Çalışmaları,Birleşmiş Milletler Rio+20 Zirvesi ve 2030 Gündemi bu çalışmalardanbazılarıdır.Çalışmada, Türkiye’de Aracı Şehirler İle İlgili Politikalara da değinilmiştir.1961 Anayasası’nda, ekonomik, sosyal ve kültürel kalkınmayıgerçekleştirmek hedefiyle kalkınma planlarının yapılmasının devletin göreviolduğu belirtilmektedir (TBMM, 1961: Madde 41). 1982 Anayasası’nda isesosyal ve ekonomik gelişmeyi sağlamak, sağlıklı ve düzenli kentleşmeyigerçekleştirmek hedefinden bahsedilmektedir (TBMM, 1982: Madde 23).Aracı Şehirler Kalkınma Planlarında da yer almıştır. Üçüncü Beş YıllıkKalkınma Planı’nda Kentlerin kademelendirilmesi gündeme gelmiştir.Beşinci Beş Yıllık Kalkınma Planı’nda ilk defa “orta ölçekli kent”kavramından bahsedilmiştir. Son olarak Temmuz 2019’daCumhurbaşkanlığı Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı tarafından yayınlanan OnBirinci Kalkınma Planı’nda (2019-2023), göçün özellikle metropoller ile ekonomisi gelişme gösteren illerde yoğunlaşmasına dikkat çekilerek“kentlerin büyümesi, ekonomik ve sosyal gelişmenin yanında çevresel tedbirlerinalınmasını gerekli kılmaktadır” denilmektedir (Cumhurbaşkanlığı Strateji veBütçe Başkanlığı, 2019: 11).Türkiye’de yerel yönetimler mevzuatına bakıldığında kentsel büyüklüklerintanımlanmasında doğrudan nüfus ölçütünün esas alındığı görülmektedir.1924 yılında kabul edilen kentsel büyüklükleri sınıflayan en eski kanun, 442Sayılı Köy Kanunu’dur. Köy Kanunu’nun gerekçesinde Köy, Kasaba, Şehirve Büyük Şehir şeklinde 4 dereceli kent ölçeği de tanımlanmıştır.5216 Sayılı Büyükşehir Belediye Kanunu’nda ise Büyükşehir Belediyesikurulabilmesi için asgari nüfus şartı 750.000 olarak belirlenmiştir. Diğeryandan, 5393 Sayılı Belediye Kanunu’nda ise belediyeler görevlerilistelenirken 50.000 nüfus ölçütü kullanılmıştır. Yasal düzenlemelerde ortaölçekli kentler ve kentsel alanlara yönelik doğrudan tanımlamayapılmamakla birlikte, yasalardaki bazı ifadelerin dolaylı olarak alt ve üstnüfus sınırlarına işaret gösterdiği söylenebilir.Çalışma, Aracı Şehirlerde Yaşam Endeksleri verileri ile desteklenmiştir.Yaşam Endeksi sıralamaları, Konut, Çalışma Hayatı, Gelir ve Servet, Sağlık,Eğitim, Çevre, Güvenlik, Sivil Katılım, Altyapı Hizmetlerine Erişim, SosyalYaşam ve Yaşam Memnuniyeti endekslerinden oluşmaktadır. Edinilen TUİKverilerine göre, Türkiye’de orta ölçekli kentlerin birçoğunun Yaşam Endeksisıralamasının metropoliten kentlerin üstünde olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.2015 yılında, Birleşmiş Milletler genel kurulu tarafından kabul edilen“Gündem 2030: BM Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Hedefleri (SKH)”, 17 hedef ve169 alt hedeften oluşmaktadır. Yayınlanan metin içerisinde yer alan 11.Hedef “Sürdürülebilir Şehirler ve Yaşam Alanları” başlığını taşımaktadır.Hedefler ile şehirlerin yatırımlar, ticaret, kültür, bilim, nitelikli yaşam, sosyalgelişim ve daha birçok alanda odak noktası olarak kabul edildiklerinin altıçizilmektedir. Toplumların yaşam kalitesi, ulusal ekonomiler ve uluslararasıçevre üzerinde etkili olan Aracı Şehirler, özellikle sürdürülebilir kalkınmahedeflerinin uygulanabilirliği için ideal alanlar olarak kabul edilmektedir.BM tarafından kabul edilen bu evrensel hedefler, Temmuz 2019’daCumhurbaşkanlığı Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı tarafından yayınlanan OnBirinci Kalkınma Planı’nın hazırlanmasında da göz önüne alınmıştır. Planiçerisinde BM hedeflerinin oldukça kapsamlı bir şekilde ele alındığı veTürkiye için adapte edilebilir amaçların belirlendiği görülmektedir.“Yaşanabilir Çevre, Sürdürülebilir Şehirler” başlığı altında Bölgesel Gelişme,Şehirleşme, Konut, Kentsel Dönüşüm, Kentsel Altyapı, Kırsal Kalkınma,Çevrenin Korunması ve Afet Yönetimi gibi konularla ilgili stratejik hedefler,izlenecek yol haritası ve öneriler yer almaktadır (SBB, 2019). Çalışmada BMSürdürülebilir Kalkınma Hedefleri ile On Birinci Kalkınma Planı “Yaşanabilir Çevre, Sürdürülebilir Şehirler” hedefleri Aracı Şehirlerbağlamında karşılaştırılarak ele alınmıştır.Sonuç olarak, çalışmada incelenen belgeler çerçevesinde dünya geneli veTürkiye’de orta ölçekli kentlere yönelik geliştirilen politikalara kısa bir bakışsunulmaya çalışılmıştır. Orta ölçekli kentlere dikkat çekilerek, kalkınmabağlamında önemli rolleri ve sorumlulukları dile getirilmiştir. Orta ölçeklişehirlerde ekonomik faaliyetlerin ve istihdamın artırılması, yaşamkalitesinin iyileştirilmesi, kalkınmanın gerçekleştirilmesinde taşıdıklarıönem ifade edilmiştir. Bu bağlamda, orta ölçekli kentler ile ilgili strateji vepolitikaların geliştirilmesi, yasal düzlemde desteklenmesi ve mevcutbelgelerdeki hedeflerin uygulamaya geçirilmesi gerekmektedir.
Intermediary Cities are cities with a population of between 50 thousand and one million, according to the generally accepted approach. Intermediary Cities, also called Medium-Sized Cities or Secondary Cities, play a primary role in linking rural areas with services in urban areas. In this study, all three concepts are included due to different uses in the sources accessed. Intermediary cities play a primary role in connecting rural areas with services in urban areas. In 2015, United Nations Sustainable Development Goals was adopted. In the 11th Development Plan published in 2019, includes sustainable development goals and strategic goals for cities, road map and recommendations. Intermediary Cities are recognized as ideal areas for the applicability of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In this study, urban policies, legislation and strategy documents developed for intermediary cities were examined in the context of Sustainable Development Goals in order to determine a road map and strategy for intermediary cities in Turkey. The objective of this study, to introduce the roadmap and strategies for intermediary cities in the context of Sustainable Development Goals by examining the Urban Dynamics, the role they take in local development and the potential they carry. The population densities of intermediary cities, their functional characteristics, supporting economic development in their region, life indexes have been revealed in the light of published national and international reports and researches. As a result, all these studies have shown that intermediary cities stand out not only from the demographic point of view, but also with functions such as quality of life, welfare status, clean and green environment, educational opportunities, housing opportunities, employment opportunities, commercial activities and have important roles and responsibilities in sustainable development. Summary Intermediary cities are cities with a population between 50 thousand and 1 million according to the generally accepted approach. While supporting the sustainable development as both transition cities between metropolitan cities and small-scale cities in the region they are in, at the same time, it is effective for urban services that increase the living standards such as quality of life, welfare status, clean and green environment, education opportunities, housing opportunities, employment opportunities, commercial activities. and they also have a function that makes it easier to be citizen-oriented. In this respect, Turkey as well as throughout the world, which means outnumber cities, with a large geographical area they cover are very important. The aim of the study is to develop the strategies and policies in this context, to address the necessity of implementing the targets in the existing documents and the implementation of the targets in the current documents, with the acceptance that the intermediary cities serve as a key in sustainable development. In the study, first of all, the concepts of Intermediary City, Secondary City and Medium-Sized City were explained in the conceptual framework. The term Intermediary City first appeared in the late 1970s and mid 1980s. While the European Union defines intermediary cities as settlements with a population of 20,000 to 500,000, the World Bank raises the maximum population limit to one million. In North America, the range is 200,000 to 500,000; It appears to be defined between 25,000 and 100,000 in Pakistan and 50,000 and 1 million in Argentina (UN DESA, 2019: 8). Intermediary cities host 20% of the world's population and 1/3 of the total urban population. Intermediary cities come to the fore not only according to their demographic size and geographical characteristics, but also with the functions they perform. Intermediary cities mediate between rural areas and urban areas and other urban centers in commercial activities, mobility of products, data transmission, and leading role in innovation. Other important functions of intermediary cities are to provide services required for economic and social development, to establish institutions and organizations and to support investment activities in order to realize regional development. The Importance and Effectiveness of Intermediary Cities is mentioned in International Documents. International Architects Association (UIA) Report, UNESCO and United Cities and Local Government Organization (UCLG) Studies, United Nations Rio +20 Summit and 2030 Agenda are some of these studies. In this study, policies related to intermediary cities in Turkey were also mentioned. It is stated in the 1961 Constitution that it is the duty of the state to make development plans to achieve economic, social and cultural development (TBMM (Grand National Assembly of Turkey), 1961: Article 41). In the 1982 Constitution, the goal of achieving social and economic development and achieving healthy and regular urbanization is mentioned (TBMM, 1982: Article 23). It was included in the Intermediary Cities Development Plans. In the Third Five-Year Development Plan, the staging of the cities has come to the agenda. The concept of "medium-sized city" was mentioned for the first time in the Fifth Five-Year Development Plan. Finally, in the Eleventh Development Plan (2019-2023) published by the Presidential Strategy and Budget Directorate in July 2019, attention has been drawn to the concentration of migration, especially in metropolises and provinces where the economy is developing, “the growth of cities necessitates environmental measures besides economic and social development (Presidential Strategy and Budget Directorate, 2019: 11). When the local governments legislation in Turkey is analyzed, it is seen that the population criterion is directly used in defining the urban sizes. The oldest law that classifies the urban sizes adopted in 1924 is the Village Law No. 442. The 4-degree urban scale in the form of Village, Town, City and Metropolitan City has also been defined under the grounds of the Village Law. In the Metropolitan Municipality Law No. 5216, the minimum population requirement for the establishment of the Metropolitan Municipality is 750,000. On the other hand, 50,000 population criteria were used in the Municipal Law No. 5393 when municipalities listed their duties. Although the regulations do not directly identify medium-sized cities and urban areas, some statements in the law indirectly point to the lower and upper population limits. The study was supported by Life Indices data in intermediary cities. Life Index rankings consist of Housing, Work Life, Income and Wealth, Health, Education, Environment, Security, Civil Participation, Access to Infrastructure Services, Social Life and Life Satisfaction indices. Acquired according to TUIK data, Turkey in medium-sized towns to the conclusion that many of the top metropolitan cities of Life Index rankings were achieved. “Agenda 2030: UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDG)”, adopted by the United Nations general assembly in 2015, consists of 17 targets and 169 subtargets. The 11th target in the published text has the title “Sustainable Cities and Living Spaces”. It is highlighted that the goals and cities are considered as focal points in investments, commerce, culture, science, qualified life, social development and many more. Intermediary Cities, which have an impact on the quality of life of communities, national economies and international environment, are considered as ideal areas especially for the applicability of sustainable development goals. These universal targets adopted by the UN were also taken into account in the preparation of the Eleventh Development Plan published by the Presidency Strategy and Budget Directorate in July 2019. UN targets in the Plan which dealt with quite extensively in Turkey and it is seen that determining can be adapted for the purpose. Strategic goals, roadmap and suggestions on topics such as Regional Development, Urbanization, Housing, Urban Transformation, Urban Infrastructure, Rural Development, Environmental Protection and Disaster Management are included under the title of “Livable Environment, Sustainable Cities” (SBB, 2019). In the study, UN Sustainable Development Goals and Eleventh Development Plan were addressed by comparing the objectives of "Livable Environment, Sustainable Cities" in the context of Intermediary Cities. As a result, the global framework documents examined, and medium enterprises in Turkey to develop policies for the city has attempted to present a brief overview. By drawing attention to medium-sized cities, important roles and responsibilities were expressed in the context of development. In medium-sized cities, the importance they bear in increasing economic activities and employment, improving the quality of life, and realizing development was expressed. In this context, it is necessary to develop strategies and policies related to medium-sized cities, support them at the legal level and implement the targets in the existing documents.
Intermediary Cities are cities with a population of between 50 thousand and one million, according to the generally accepted approach. Intermediary Cities, also called Medium-Sized Cities or Secondary Cities, play a primary role in linking rural areas with services in urban areas. In this study, all three concepts are included due to different uses in the sources accessed. Intermediary cities play a primary role in connecting rural areas with services in urban areas. In 2015, United Nations Sustainable Development Goals was adopted. In the 11th Development Plan published in 2019, includes sustainable development goals and strategic goals for cities, road map and recommendations. Intermediary Cities are recognized as ideal areas for the applicability of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In this study, urban policies, legislation and strategy documents developed for intermediary cities were examined in the context of Sustainable Development Goals in order to determine a road map and strategy for intermediary cities in Turkey. The objective of this study, to introduce the roadmap and strategies for intermediary cities in the context of Sustainable Development Goals by examining the Urban Dynamics, the role they take in local development and the potential they carry. The population densities of intermediary cities, their functional characteristics, supporting economic development in their region, life indexes have been revealed in the light of published national and international reports and researches. As a result, all these studies have shown that intermediary cities stand out not only from the demographic point of view, but also with functions such as quality of life, welfare status, clean and green environment, educational opportunities, housing opportunities, employment opportunities, commercial activities and have important roles and responsibilities in sustainable development. Summary Intermediary cities are cities with a population between 50 thousand and 1 million according to the generally accepted approach. While supporting the sustainable development as both transition cities between metropolitan cities and small-scale cities in the region they are in, at the same time, it is effective for urban services that increase the living standards such as quality of life, welfare status, clean and green environment, education opportunities, housing opportunities, employment opportunities, commercial activities. and they also have a function that makes it easier to be citizen-oriented. In this respect, Turkey as well as throughout the world, which means outnumber cities, with a large geographical area they cover are very important. The aim of the study is to develop the strategies and policies in this context, to address the necessity of implementing the targets in the existing documents and the implementation of the targets in the current documents, with the acceptance that the intermediary cities serve as a key in sustainable development. In the study, first of all, the concepts of Intermediary City, Secondary City and Medium-Sized City were explained in the conceptual framework. The term Intermediary City first appeared in the late 1970s and mid 1980s. While the European Union defines intermediary cities as settlements with a population of 20,000 to 500,000, the World Bank raises the maximum population limit to one million. In North America, the range is 200,000 to 500,000; It appears to be defined between 25,000 and 100,000 in Pakistan and 50,000 and 1 million in Argentina (UN DESA, 2019: 8). Intermediary cities host 20% of the world's population and 1/3 of the total urban population. Intermediary cities come to the fore not only according to their demographic size and geographical characteristics, but also with the functions they perform. Intermediary cities mediate between rural areas and urban areas and other urban centers in commercial activities, mobility of products, data transmission, and leading role in innovation. Other important functions of intermediary cities are to provide services required for economic and social development, to establish institutions and organizations and to support investment activities in order to realize regional development. The Importance and Effectiveness of Intermediary Cities is mentioned in International Documents. International Architects Association (UIA) Report, UNESCO and United Cities and Local Government Organization (UCLG) Studies, United Nations Rio +20 Summit and 2030 Agenda are some of these studies. In this study, policies related to intermediary cities in Turkey were also mentioned. It is stated in the 1961 Constitution that it is the duty of the state to make development plans to achieve economic, social and cultural development (TBMM (Grand National Assembly of Turkey), 1961: Article 41). In the 1982 Constitution, the goal of achieving social and economic development and achieving healthy and regular urbanization is mentioned (TBMM, 1982: Article 23). It was included in the Intermediary Cities Development Plans. In the Third Five-Year Development Plan, the staging of the cities has come to the agenda. The concept of "medium-sized city" was mentioned for the first time in the Fifth Five-Year Development Plan. Finally, in the Eleventh Development Plan (2019-2023) published by the Presidential Strategy and Budget Directorate in July 2019, attention has been drawn to the concentration of migration, especially in metropolises and provinces where the economy is developing, “the growth of cities necessitates environmental measures besides economic and social development (Presidential Strategy and Budget Directorate, 2019: 11). When the local governments legislation in Turkey is analyzed, it is seen that the population criterion is directly used in defining the urban sizes. The oldest law that classifies the urban sizes adopted in 1924 is the Village Law No. 442. The 4-degree urban scale in the form of Village, Town, City and Metropolitan City has also been defined under the grounds of the Village Law. In the Metropolitan Municipality Law No. 5216, the minimum population requirement for the establishment of the Metropolitan Municipality is 750,000. On the other hand, 50,000 population criteria were used in the Municipal Law No. 5393 when municipalities listed their duties. Although the regulations do not directly identify medium-sized cities and urban areas, some statements in the law indirectly point to the lower and upper population limits. The study was supported by Life Indices data in intermediary cities. Life Index rankings consist of Housing, Work Life, Income and Wealth, Health, Education, Environment, Security, Civil Participation, Access to Infrastructure Services, Social Life and Life Satisfaction indices. Acquired according to TUIK data, Turkey in medium-sized towns to the conclusion that many of the top metropolitan cities of Life Index rankings were achieved. “Agenda 2030: UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDG)”, adopted by the United Nations general assembly in 2015, consists of 17 targets and 169 subtargets. The 11th target in the published text has the title “Sustainable Cities and Living Spaces”. It is highlighted that the goals and cities are considered as focal points in investments, commerce, culture, science, qualified life, social development and many more. Intermediary Cities, which have an impact on the quality of life of communities, national economies and international environment, are considered as ideal areas especially for the applicability of sustainable development goals. These universal targets adopted by the UN were also taken into account in the preparation of the Eleventh Development Plan published by the Presidency Strategy and Budget Directorate in July 2019. UN targets in the Plan which dealt with quite extensively in Turkey and it is seen that determining can be adapted for the purpose. Strategic goals, roadmap and suggestions on topics such as Regional Development, Urbanization, Housing, Urban Transformation, Urban Infrastructure, Rural Development, Environmental Protection and Disaster Management are included under the title of “Livable Environment, Sustainable Cities” (SBB, 2019). In the study, UN Sustainable Development Goals and Eleventh Development Plan were addressed by comparing the objectives of "Livable Environment, Sustainable Cities" in the context of Intermediary Cities. As a result, the global framework documents examined, and medium enterprises in Turkey to develop policies for the city has attempted to present a brief overview. By drawing attention to medium-sized cities, important roles and responsibilities were expressed in the context of development. In medium-sized cities, the importance they bear in increasing economic activities and employment, improving the quality of life, and realizing development was expressed. In this context, it is necessary to develop strategies and policies related to medium-sized cities, support them at the legal level and implement the targets in the existing documents.
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
Coğrafya, Tarih, Uluslararası İlişkiler, Siyasi Bilimler, Kamu Yönetimi
Kaynak
İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi
WoS Q Değeri
Scopus Q Değeri
Cilt
9
Sayı
1
