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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12684/6906

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ESENIAS and DIAS Networks and Highlights of the 7th ESENIAS Workshop with Scientific Conference 'Networking and Regional Cooperation towards Invasive Alien Species Prevention and Management in Europe'
(Inst Zoology, Bas, 2017) Trichkova, Teodora; Tomov, Rumen; Vladimirov, Vladimir; Kalcheva, Hristina; Uludağ, Ahmet
Recently, the introductions and spread of invasive alien species (IAS) in Europe have increased and different regions are affected by their impact (East and South Europe, Danube Region). Two new regional networks have been created and developed: the East and South European Network for Invasive Alien Species (ESENIAS) and the Danube Region Invasive Alien Species Network (DIAS). Information about the establishment, structure, mission and activities of the two networks is presented. ESENIAS promotes awareness raising and capacity building initiatives at yearly workshops, conducts scientific research and exchanges and disseminates IAS information and research results by the ESENIAS Internet portal (www esenias.org) and by joint publications. The largest project implemented by the ESENIAS countries is the ESENIAS-TOOLS project funded by the Financial Mechanism of the European Economic Area 20092014. Currently, DIAS focuses on the completion of the DIAS strategy and work plan, as well as on the implementation of the Danube-IASapp project funded by the European Commission. The 7th ESENIAS Workshop with Scientific Conference 'Networking and Regional Cooperation Towards Invasive Alien Species Prevention and Management in Europe', co-organised by the Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, ESENIAS and DIAS, was held on 28-30 March 2017, in Sofia, Bulgaria. The scientific outcomes of the Conference are reviewed here under the following topics: 1) Alien species trends in the ESENIAS countries: Introduction and establishment success; 2) Alien species trends in the ESENIAS countries: Range expansion; 3) Vectors and pathways of introduction and spread of alien species in the ESENIAS countries; 4) Invasive alien species traits; 5) Invasive alien species impact in the ESENIAS countries; and 6) Invasive alien species prevention and management.
HABITAT USE BY TIT SPECIES IN THE YUVACIK WATERSHED, TURKEY
(Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2018) Beşkardeş, Vedat; Keten, Akif; Arslangündoğdu, Zeynel; Anderson, James T.
Tits are small insectivorous passerines inhabiting much of Turkey; spatially distributed due to habitat selection. The objective of the current study was to document habitat preference of the tit community in the Yuvacik Watershed in northwestern Anatolian. We tested the hypothesis that tits abundance changed based on habitat types. We sampled a total of 12 plots from 4 habitat types (deciduous forest, coniferous forest, scrub-shrub, and farmland) monthly during 2007. We recorded four (4) tit species: Blue tit Cyanistes caeruleus, Coal tit Periparus ater, Great tit Parus major, and Marsh tit Poecile palustris; 354 individual birds were counted during 12 surveys. Tits were influenced by habitat types in Yuvacik watershed. Coal tit are adapted to coniferous forests. Great tit and Blue tit were distributed widely in coniferous forests, scrub-shrub areas, and farmlands. Marsh tit was associated primarily with deciduous woodland. Elevation, cover percentage, and vegetation height influenced positively the abundance of total and individual species. Three parameters (elevation (m), canopy cover (%), and maximum habitat height (m)) showed differences among habitat types for tit species. Coniferous forests and deciduous forests exhibited similar characteristic, as did scrub-shrub areas and farmlands. Tit species are resident and reproduce in the Yuvacik watershed. Hedgerows in farmland, and mature habitats should be protected and sustained to enhance breeding success of tits.
Forest fires and birds
(Kastamonu Univ, Orman Fak, 2017) Baysal, İsmail; Uçarlı, Yasin; Bilgili, Ertuğrul
Aim of study: To present and discuss the behavior of some bird species and their habitat use during and after forest fires, and propose some suggestions for decision makers for forestry activities and management planning where forest fire intensively occur in forested areas. Area of study: Several forest fires that took place in different regions in Turkey in the last 10 years have been discussed. Some experimental fires conducted over the years were also included in the study. Material and Methods: Concerning the active forest fires; fire type, fuel type, characteristics of fire behavior were noted; head fire, flank and back fire observations were made and, after fire field observations and investigations were recorded. During and after the fire, bird species were observed in the field, identified and its behavior were recorded using binoculars, cameras and a video camera. Main results: Behavior of birds during and after fires were reported and discussed. It was observed that birds exploited the area instantaneously due to the sudden increase of food supply during the fire, and continued to utilize the area as the habitats became more suitable especially after fires. Research highlights: Fire affects living and non-living components of forest ecosystems. Birds are an important living component of the ecosystems that are both directly affected by fires and indirectly affected by changes in their habitats. Developmental stage (juvenile or mature), feeding habits and habitat use of birds are critical characteristics that are referred to in relation to the identification of benefits and losses due to fires.
Forest Fires and Forest Management Plans
(Kastamonu Univ, Orman Fak, 2016) Baysal, İsmail; Bilgili, Ertuğrul; Başkent, Emin Zeki
This study discusses the rationality of the integration of forest fires into forest management planning. Forest ecosystems change and evolve constantly. Natural disasters like fire, insects, hurricanes and human interventions are the most important determinants of this change and development occurring in forest ecosystems. Being extremely unpredictable and stochastic events as to when and where to occur and how much area to affect, forest fires are the most important sources of risk and uncertainty. The distinguishing parameters of ecosystem dynamics in forests with frequent fire occurrence such as species diversity, age class distributions, patch dynamics and succession are closely related with fire regime components such as fire intensity, fire severity, fire season, fire frequency and fire cycle. Investigation, understanding and integration of these relationships and interactions into the planning is crucial for sustainable management of forest ecosystems.
Fire development from a point source in surface fuels of a mature anatolian black pine stand
(Tubitak Scientific & Technical Research Council Turkey, 2007) Küçük, Ömer; Bilgili, Ertuğrul; Baysal, İsmail
A total of 28 line and 24 point-source fires were ignited under varying weather and fuel loading conditions in Anatolian black pine (Pinus nigra J.F.Arnold subsp. nigra var. caramanica (Loudon) Rehder) stands. Relationships between the rate of fire spread and fuel and weather conditions were determined with correlation and regression analyses. The rate of fire spread ranged from 0.12 to 1.20 m min(-1) in line fires. In the ignition, transition, and steady state phases of point-source fires, the rate of fire spread ranged from 0.04 to 0.78 m min(-1), from 0.11 to 0.59 m min(-1), and from 0.08 to 0.99 m min-1, respectively. Surface fuel loading ranged from 1.27 to 2.45 kg m(-2) for line fire and from 1.56 to 2.67 kg m(-2) for point-source fire. The results showed that the rate of fire spread was closely related to wind speed and fuel moisture content for line and point-source fires. The linear prediction for wind conditions estimates that equilibrium spread rates may be achieved within 25 min after the ignition of point-source fires.
Effects of anatomical and chemical properties of wood on the quality of particleboard
(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2013) Baharoğlu, Mehmet; Nemli, Gökay; Sarı, Bünyamin; Birtürk, Turgay; Bardak, Selahattin
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of anatomical and chemical structures of wood on the quality properties of particleboard containing different mixture of wood species. Urea-formaldehyde adhesive was used as a binder for manufacturing of test panels. Anatomical and chemical properties of wood species, and physical and mechanical properties particleboards were evaluated. The anatomical and chemical structures were found to be effective on the all of the properties of particleboards. Panels made from the particles including more amount of pine wood had highest mechanical strength properties and lowest thickness swelling values. Cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin contents, acidity and solubility values (in hot-cold water, dilute alkali and alcohol benzene) of wood significantly affected all of the properties of particleboards. The physical and mechanical properties of particleboards showed statistically differences related to the length, thickness and number of the cells and fibers. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Effect of boron and phosphate compounds on physical, mechanical, and fire properties of wood-polypropylene composites
(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2012) Ayrılmış, Nadir; Akbulut, Turgay; Dündar, Türker; White, Robert H.; Mengeloğlu, Fatih; Büyüksarı, Ümit; Avcı, Erkan
Physical, mechanical, and fire properties of the injection-molded wood flour/polypropylene composites incorporated with different contents of boron compounds; borax/boric acid and zinc borate, and phosphate compounds; mono and diammonium phosphates were investigated. The effect of the coupling agent content, maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene, on the properties of the composites with fire-retardant was also investigated. The composites with the zinc borate had the highest dimensional stability and strength in the bending, tensile, and izod impact, followed by the monoammonium phosphate, borax/boric acid, and diammonium phosphate treatments. The treatments produced modest improvements in fire performance as indicated by reductions in the heat release rates. Best results were achieved with the phosphate treatments. The Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy elemental mapping of the samples revealed that the outer surface of the wood fibers was coated by some crystalline deposits of the fire-retardants. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
UTILIZATION OF OLIVE MILL SLUDGE IN THE MANUFACTURE OF FIBERBOARD
(North Carolina State Univ Dept Wood & Paper Sci, 2010) Ayrılmış, Nadir; Büyüksarı, Ümit
The objective of this research was to investigate the utilization of olive mill sludge (OMS) as an alternative to wood in the manufacture of the medium density fiberboard (MDF). The MDF panels were manufactured using standardized procedures that simulated industrial production at the laboratory. Six panel types were made from various mixtures of hardwood fiber/dried OMS flour, 100/0, 90/10, 80/20, 70/30, 60/40, and 50/50 (by weight) percents, respectively. With increasing OMS flour content, the flexural properties of the panels, modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity, decreased by 31.0% and 29.2% as compared to panels without OMS flour, respectively. However, the water resistance was improved by the addition of the OMS flour up to 20 wt % content. For example, the thickness swelling and water absorption values of the panels containing 20% OMS flour were 17.3% and 59.5%, while they were found for the panels without OMS flour as 21.5% and 75.6%, respectively. The findings obtained in the study showed that the OMS was capable of serving as lignocellulosic raw material in the manufacture of the MDF.
Termite resistance of solid wood and plywood treated with quaternary ammonia compounds and common fire retardants
(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2011) Terzi, Evren; Taşçıoğlu, Cihat; Kartal, S. Nami; Yoshimura, Tsuyoshi
The ability of termites to attack solid wood and plywood treated with quaternary ammonia compounds and common fire retardants was evaluated. The plywood and solid-wood specimens treated with either monoammonium phosphate (MAP), diammonium phosphate (DAP), ammonium sulfate (AS), didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (DDAC), or didecyl dimethyl ammonium tetrafluoroborate (DBF) were subjected to termite resistance tests using the subterranean termites Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki under laboratory conditions. The lowest mass losses and the highest termite mortalities were obtained for the solid-wood and plywood specimens treated with DDAC and DBF. Higher termite mortalities were seen in the plywood specimens treated with the fire retardants when compared to the solid-wood specimens. The MAP, DAP, and AS treatments lowered the mass losses in both solid-wood and plywood specimens in comparison with control specimens; however, DBF and DDAC protected specimens well against termite attack at both concentration levels tested. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Spatial harvest scheduling for oak coppices conversion into high forest involving wood production management
(Univ Austral Chile, Fac Ciencias Forestales, 2018) Çağlayan, İnci; Yeşil, Ahmet; Zengin, Hayati; Ünal, Murat Engin
Oak forests in northern Turkey have been largely managed as coppice. Nevertheless, in parallel with the decrease in demand of firewood and charcoal, the coppices, having no social demand or regional pressure, have been converted into high forests since 2006. Because of this new regulation, a potential need has arisen to schedule forest harvests activities, which is based on the natural regeneration in those forests. The objective of this research was to develop a spatial forest planning process to schedule new harvests activities in coppices conversion into high forests. In the proposed study, four different planning strategies were used to estimate the most appropriate period for regeneration. Constraints essentially included those related to the need for an even flow, adjacency and to adhere to a maximum opening size. The scheduling process employed a mixed integer linear programming to schedule harvest activities and to maximize amount of harvested volume in planning horizon. The process was employed for the development of 100-year planning horizon for a Sergen forest range in the Thrace region of northern Turkey that was 3,448.8 ha in size. For obtaining various spatial data and solving the mathematical model, ArcMap and GAMS programs were used, respectively. Results showed that the value of the objective function in the case study forests could significantly increase when there is no constraint under the proposed harvesting plans in strategy 1 (3,652,072.8 m(3)). The amounts of wood production were similar in strategy 2 (3,547,613.5 m(3)) and strategy 4 (3,547,393.5 m(3)).
Seed screening of three pine species for glyphosate sensitivity for forest restoration
(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2018) Türedi, Mustafa; Eşen, Derya; Çetin, Bilal
Austrian black pine (Pinus nigra J.F. Arnold), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), and maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Aiton) are commonly used in restoration practices in the Mediterranean base including Turkey. Direct seeding can secure desired level of tree establishment and survival on degraded sites wherever, favorable safe sites are scattered throughout the landscape. Glyphosate is a commonly used herbicide for weed control in forest, nursery and restoration sites worldwide, due to its broad-spectrum efficacy and considerably less toxicity on the environment compared to other chemicals. The present study screened the glyphosate phytotoxicity of three dominant pine species in Turkey during a seed germination trial, after seeds had been presoaked in 15 different dose-glyphosate solutions varying between 0 and 5%, v:v. Glyphosate applications damaged seed germination speed more than cumulative germination rate. As a systemic herbicide, glyphosate appeared highly phytotoxic to Austrian black pine. Scots pine showed an intermediate glyphosate phytotoxicity. Maritime pine was the least sensitive species, tolerating glyphosate at1% doses. In conclusion, glyphosate may be used at low doses on restoration sites seeded with maritime pine while it is not recommended to be used on degraded sites seeded with Austrian black pine and Scots pine.
Quantifying the effect of pine mistletoe on the growth of Scots pine
(Wiley, 2018) Bilgili, Ertuğrul; Öztürk, Murat; Coşkuner, Kadir Alperen; Baysal, İsmail; Serdar, Bedri; Yavuz, Hakkı; Usta, Yetkin
Mistletoe infection results in substantial growth losses in mistletoe-infected forests. This study reports and evaluates the results of retrospective analyses of radial growth of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) in relation to the level of infection of pine mistletoe (Viscum album ssp. austriacum). A total of 43 Scots pine trees were destructively sampled from different sites. Of these trees, 14 were uninfected and 29 were infected. Infection classes were determined using six-class dwarf mistletoe rating system (DMRS). All needle and mistletoe biomass were removed completely and weighed for each sampled tree. Subsamples from needles and all mistletoe biomass were taken to the laboratory for oven-dried weight determinations. Five-cm-thick wood discs were cut from the stem at the breast height (1.3m) to determine annual basal area increment for the last 25years. In addition to DMRS, new infection classes were created using mistletoe-to-needle biomass (MB/NB) ratio. The results showed that the radial growth losses could be as much as 41% to 64% at different infection levels. The rate of growth loss in relation to DMRS and MB/NB ratio was similar, but with a larger variability in DMRS values. The results showed that both DMRS rating and MB/NB ratio seem to be important for quantifying growth loss on Scots pine trees infected with mistletoe. The results of this study can also be invaluable in modelling the effects of mistletoe on the growth of Scots pine trees.
Mycorrhizal fungi status in organic farms of south Florida
(Mycosphere Press, 2017) Toprak, Bülent; Soti, Pushpa; Jovel, Erick; Alverado, Luis; Jayachandran, Krish
In the recent years, low input agriculture has gained high popularity and there is an emerging body of literature on the role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in organic farming and its potential use in low input agriculture systems. This study was conducted to analyse mycorrhizal status of several 31 different plants in organically managed farms in south Florida: organic farm at the Florida International University and the organic fruit, farm Possum Trot. Rhizosphere soil was analysed for mycorrhizal spores and soil nutrients, and plant roots were analysed for mycorrhizal colonization status. Possum Trot, which is a less disturbed site, had higher mycorrhizal spore density in the soil as compared to the organic farm at the Florida International University, which gets highly disturbed with student activities. However, plants at the Florida International University organic farm had higher degree of mycorrhizal colonization in the roots. Of the 31-plant species analysed, Cymbopogen nardus had highest root colonization (75%), while Spinacia oleracea had no signs of mycorhrizal colonization in the roots. Surprisingly, although very low, arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization was observed in roots of Eruca sativa and Chrysophyllum cainito which are normally reported as non-host plants of mycorrhizal fungi. Arbuscular mycorrhizal spore density showed a negative correlation with soil N, while it had a positive correlation with soil P. Though spores of Glomus, Gigaspora, Acaulospora and Scutellospora were found in our study. Glomus were the dominant genera in the rhizosphere of plants grown in the organic farms. Our results indicate that disturbance did not have much impact on the mycorrhizal colonization in the roots, but did have an impact on the rhizosphere spore density. The high occurrence of mycorrhizal fungi in the organic farms of south Florida and potential for the use in organic farm management is discussed.
Assessment of the behaviour and survival of nematodes under low oxygen concentrations
(Public Library Science, 2018) Kitazume, Hiromi; Dayı, Mehmet; Tanaka, Ryusei; Kikuchi, Taisei
Oxygen is required for the completion of almost all known metazoan lifecycles, but many metazoans harbour abilities to withstand varying degrees and periods of hypoxia. Caenorhabditis elegans, one of the most popular model organism is extensively used as a model for the study of hypoxia and anoxia biology and it has been found that this nematode is capable of tolerance to varying degrees of hypoxia. Considering the extremely high diversity of nematodes, the effects of low oxygen concentration and mechanisms of adaptation to oxygen depletion differ among species. In this study, we used a simple assay to examine anoxia tolerance in four nematode species, including three free-living and one plant parasitic nematode. We found that the plant parasitic nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus can survive more than 14 days under anoxic conditions. Comparisons of behaviour during anoxia induction and the repertoire of oxygen sensation genes among the tested species suggested the existence of different oxygen sensation systems between B. xylophilus and C. elegans, which quickly introduce suspended animation in response to oxygen depletion to survive long-term anoxia.
Nadir Endemik Bir Tür Üzerine Notlar: Rhaponticoides pythiae (Azn. & Bornm.) M.V.Agab. & Greuter / Yitiktülüşah
(2019) Sağıroğlu, Mehmet; Aslan, Serdar; Vural, Mecit
G.V. Aznavour tarafından Yalova’dan toplanan örneklere dayalı olarak bilim dünyasınaCentaurea pythiae olarak tanıtılan takson Türkiye Florası yazılırken, Centaurea amasiensisaltında sinonim olarak verilmiştir. Daha sonra ise bu tür yeniden canlandırılıpRhaponticoides pythiae olarak yeniden değerlendirilmiştir. Bu tür günümüze kadar uzun birsüre aranmış, ancak bir flora çalışması sırasında 2010 yılında yeniden toplanmıştır. Kocaeli,Safiye Köyü’nde çok kısıtlı bir alanda yetişen bu türün tehdit kategorisi CR (B2ab(i,ii,iii)olarak önerilmiştir.
Orman yangınları ve kuşlar
(2017) Baysal, İsmail; Uçarlı, Yasin; Bilgili, Ertuğrul
Çalışmanın amacı: Orman yangınları esnasında ve sonrasında bazı kuş türlerinin davranış biçimleri ve habitat kullanımlarının ortaya konulması ve tartışılması ile ülkemizde yangınların yoğun bir şekilde gerçekleştiği ormanlık alanlardaki ormancılık faaliyetlerinin gerçekleştirilmesinde ve planlamalara konu edilebilmesinde karar vericilere bazı önerilerde bulunmaktır. Çalışma alanı: Türkiye'nin farklı bölgelerinde son 10 yılda çıkmış bazı orman yangınları ele alınmış ve tartışılmıştır. Ülkemizde gerçekleştirilmiş deneme yangınları da ayrıca araştırmaya konu edilmiştir. Materyal ve Yöntem: Aktif orman yangınlarına yönelik; yangın türü, yanıcı madde tipi, yangın davranışı özellikleri ve baş yangını ile kenar ve arka yangınlarına ilişkin gözlem ve incelemeler not edilmiştir. Yangın esnasında ve sonrasında alanda gözlemlenen kuş türleri ve davranışları, dürbün, fotoğraf makinesi ve video kamera gibi cihazlarla kayıt altına alınmış ve tür tespitleri yapılmıştır. Sonuçlar: Çalışmada, kuşların yangınlara karşı göstermiş oldukları davranışlar ve habitat kullanımları yangın esnasında ve yangın sonrası için değerlendirilmiştir. Kuşların, yangın esnasında ortaya çıkan ani besin kaynağı artışından anlık istifade ettikleri, yangın sonrasında ise genellikle daha uygun hale gelen bu habitatları daha fazla kullanmak için alanda bulundukları tespit edilmiştir. Araştırma vurguları: Yangınlar, orman ekosistemlerinde canlı ve cansız çevre üzerinde birçok etkiye sebep olmaktadır. Kuşlar, yangınlardan doğrudan ya da habitatlarında meydana gelen değişimler sebebiyle dolaylı olarak etkilenen önemli canlı gruplarındandır. Kuşların yangınlardan göreceği fayda ve zararın belirlenmesinde, yavru veya ergin olma durumu, beslenme alışkanlıkları, habitat kullanımları, yangının zamanı, boyutu ve türü gibi unsurlar kritik rol oynamaktadır
Orman Yangınları ve Orman Amenajman Planları
(2016) Baysal, İsmail; Bilgili, Ertuğrul; Başkent, Emin Zeki
Bu çalışma orman yangınlarının orman amenajmanı planlamalarına entegrasyonunu temel düzeyde ele almaktadır. Orman ekosistemleri sürekli bir değişim ve gelişim içindedir. Yangın, böcek ve fırtına gibi doğal afetler ile planlı ve plansız insan müdahaleleri, orman ekosistemlerinde meydana gelen bu değişimin ve gelişimin en önemli belirleyici unsurlarıdır. Nerede, ne zaman çıkacağı ve ne kadar bir alanda etkili olacağı bilinemeyen orman yangınları, planlamalardaki en önemli risk ve belirsizlik kaynaklarından biridir. Yangınların yoğun olarak görüldüğü orman ekosistemlerinde önemli orman dinamiklerini temsil eden tür çeşitliliği, yaş sınıfları dağılımı, parçalılık ve süksesyon gibi belirleyici ekosistem parametreleri, yangın şiddeti, yanıcı madde tüketimi, yangın mevsimi, yangın sıklığı ve yangın döngüsü gibi yangın rejimi bileşenleri ile çok sıkı ilişki ve etkileşim içerisindedir. Orman ekosistemlerinin doğaya uygun ve sürdürülebilir bir şekilde planlanmasında, sistemlerin iç dinamiklerinde yer alan bu ilişki ve etkileşimlerin araştırılması, anlaşılması ve planlara yansıtılması büyük önem arz etmektedir.
Current status, distribution, and conservation of brown bear (Ursidae) andwild canids (gray wolf, golden jackal, and red fox; Canidae) in Turkey
(2016) Ambarlı, Hüseyin; Ertürk, Alper; Soyumert, Anıl
Turkey has viable populations of many carnivore species of the Western Palearctic. Among those, ursids and canids are represented by brown bear (Ursus arctos) and 3 canid species, gray wolf (Canis lupus), golden jackal (Canis aureus), and red fox (Vulpes vulpes), respectively. Those species occur in major ecosystems of Turkey and experience a wide range of threats, and they are at the center of humanwildlife conflicts. However, due to a limited number of studies about their ecology and taxonomy, their current distributions, population sizes, and statuses are vague. In this study, we document the 4 species known data in terms of distribution range, population biology, phylogeography, threats and conflicts with people, and National Red List status in Turkey by reviewing the recent literature and national news about carnivores, data collection in field surveys, and interviews with local people, personnel of the Ministry of Forestry, and hunters in more than 50 provinces. Additionally, we also provide information about rabies cases in consideration with carnivore conservation. We finally recommend further studies to fill information gaps for wildlife conservation and management based on scientific evidence.
Düzce kent merkezindeki yaya alanlarının görsel peyzaj kalitesinin belirlenmesi
(2015) Aytaş, İbrahim; Uzun, Serir
Yaya alanları, farklı özellikteki kentsel alanları birbirine bağlayan geçiş bölgesi niteliği taşımaları nedeniyle kentlerin görsel peyzaj kalitesinin ortay a konmasında belirleyici birer unsur olmaktadırlar. Bu çalışma, Düzce kent merkezindeki yaya alanlarının görsel peyzaj kalitesini ortaya koymak amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Gerçekleştirilen çalışmada uzman görüşüne dayalı bazı görsel peyzaj özellikleri (doğallık, yönetilebilirlik, tarihsellik) ile toplumun farklı kesimlerince anketler yoluyla değerlendirilmiş olan algı ve beğeni parametreleri arasındaki ilişki Pearson korelasyon analizi aracılığıyla incelenerek, psikofiziksel yaklaşım modeli bağlamında ele alınm ıştır. Analiz sonuçlarına göre; tüm faktörler arasındaki ilişkiler yüksek düzeyde anlamlı bulunmuştur (p 0,000 0,05). Algı ve beğeni faktörlerine en çok etki eden görsel peyzaj özelliğinin doğallık olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Gerçekleştirilen araştır ma sonucunda Düzce kent merkezindeki yaya alanlarının görsel peyzaj kalitesinin orta seviyede olduğu tespit edilmiştir ( min 1,64; max 3,60). Planlama ve tasarım çalışmalarında yaya alanlarının görsel peyzaj özellikleri dikkate alınmalı, bakım çalışmalarına gereken önem verilmeli ve bu sayede kentin görsel peyzaj kalitesi arttırılmalıdır.
Orman Yolu İnşaat Sürecinde Yaklaşık Maliyet ve Hakediş Değerlerinin Araştırılması
(2015) Gümüş, Selçuk; Türk, Yılmaz; Arıcak, Burak
Ülkemizde orman yolu yapım çalışmaları Orman Genel Müdürlüğünce (OGM) yürütülmektedir. OGM tarafından günümüze kadar yaklaşık 150000 km orman yolu yapımı gerçekleştirilmiştir. Yapılan değerlendirmeler sonucunda ülkemiz ormanlarının teknik ve ekonomik olarak sürdürülebilir şekilde yönetilmesi ve işletilebilmesi için 201000 km orman yoluna ihtiyaç olduğu belirtilmiştir. OGM tarafından gelecek yıllarda yaklaşık 51000 km yeni orman yolu yaptırılacaktır. Buna göre uzun bir süre daha orman yolu yapımı söz konusu olacaktır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, hali hazırdaki orman yolu yapım yönteminde karşılaşılan sorunları araştırmak ve bu sorunlara karşı alınabilecek önerileri sunmaktır. Çalışmanın yapıldığı alan Maçka Orman İşletme Müdürlüğüne bağlı Eğitim ve Araştırma Uygulama Ormanı Şefliğidir. Çalışmada 2.12 km uzunluğundaki 2 adet tali orman yolunda her 20 m de bir kazı şevi yüksekliği ve kazıda kalan yol genişliği ölçümleri yapılmıştır. Ayrıca pusula ile yolun başlangıç noktasından bitiş noktasına kadar aynı şekilde 20 m de bir yol ekseni üzerinde semt açısı okunmuştur. Yolların baş ve son noktalarından Konumsal Yer Belirleyici (Global Positioning Systems, GPS) ile koordinatlar alınmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda; ihaleye çıkılırken oluşturulan teknik hesaplamalar yani yaklaşık maliyet iş miktarları ile ölçümler sonucu elde edilen iş miktarları arasında (3269.88 m3) ve toplam yol uzunluğunda farklılıkların (220 m) olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bu durum yüklenici firmaların bazen haksız kazanç elde etmelerine, bazen de işin gerektirdiği teknik yapıların eksik olarak inşa edilmesine neden olmaktadır. Her iki durumda da idarenin kamu yararını kollaması konusunda bazı zorluklar yaşamaktadır. Orman yolu proje hazırlanması ve uygulamasının, oluşan farklılığı en aza indirmekte ve yol yapım çalışmalarına katkısı olabilmektedir. Günümüzde ulaşılan teknolojik gelişmelerle yol projelerinin hazırlanması ve uygulanması konularında büyük kolaylıklar sağlamıştır.

Güncel Gönderiler