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Öğe EVALUATION OF KILN-DRYING SCHEDULES FOR WILD CHERRY WOOD (CERASUS AVIUM)(Univ Bio-Bio, 2013) Korkut, Süleyman; Ünsal, Öner; Kocaefe, Duygu; Aytin, Ayhan; Gökyar, AslıWild cherry wood (Cerasus avium) lumber with a nominal thickness of 5 cm from Duzce region in Turkey was dried through conventional kiln drying using two different programs which are unprotective drying schedules, and protective drying schedules. The aim was to obtain the most desirable kiln schedule for keeping the wood quality at an appropriate level up to final moisture content of 12 +/- 2% was reached. Intensity of warping (twist, bow, cup, crook) occurrence, superficial, internal and end checks, residual stresses, drying rate, and moisture gradient in the dried woods were measured, and the results were analyzed. The results showed that there was a more homogeneous moisture profile, fewer occurrences of superficial checks, and absence of internal checks in the protective drying schedules due to low warping values compared to the unprotective drying schedules. Therefore, it seems that protective drying schedules might be recommended as optimum program for wild cherry lumber drying at commercial scale from Duzce region.Öğe EVALUATION OF PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WILD CHERRY WOOD HEAT-TREATED USING THE THERMOWOOD PROCESS(Univ Bio-Bio, 2015) Korkut, Süleyman; Aytin, AyhanThe aim of this study is to determine the change of some physical properties (oven-dry density, weight loss, swelling and anti-swelling efficiency) and mechanical properties (compression strength parallel to grain, bending strength, modulus of elasticity in bending, janka-hardness (cross-section, radial, tangential), impact bending strength and tension strength perpendicular to grain) of wild cherry woods after heat treatment under different durations. Specimens are exposed to temperature levels of 212 degrees C for time spans of 1,5 and 2,5 h. Based on the findings in this study, the results showed that oven-dry density, swelling, compression strength parallel to grain, bending strength, modulus of elasticity in bending, janka-hardness (Cross-section, Radial, Tangential), impact bending strength and tension strength perpendicular to grain values decreased with increasing treatment time.Öğe Examination of forest products trade between Turkey and European Union countries with gravity model approach(Academic Journals, 2010) Akyüz, Kadri Cemil; Yıldırım, İbrahim; Balaban, Yasin; Gedik, Tarık; Korkut, SüleymanThe success of getting in the foreign trade forms one of the basic stones of economic development for countries. The current and potential trading volume among countries and determining the main factors affecting trade are quite important. The trade currents of the European Union (EU) countries and Turkey in the forest products industry field were analyzed by the gravity model in this study. For this reason, the panel data method was used for 2000 - 2006 periods. The results show the existence of a high degree of trade integration between Turkey and EU. The estimated gravity models explained 63% of the variation regarding the volume of bilateral trade flows in the EU and Turkey. Furthermore, it was determined that GDP had a positive effect on the amount of foreign trade while distance had a negative effect; and Turkey has lower trading volume with the EU countries than its potential regarding the forest products industry field.Öğe EXAMINING THE EFFICIENCY OF MECHANIC/ENZYMATIC PRETREATMENTS IN MICRO/NANOFIBRILLATED CELLULOSE PRODUCTION(Univ Bio-Bio, 2018) Tozluoğlu, Ayhan; Poyraz, Bayram; Candan, ZekiThere is still a need to improve the production sequences of micro fibrillated and nano fibrillated celluloses to obtain more economic and better quality products. The aim of this study was to improve the production efficiency and quality of micro fibrillated and nano fibrillated celluloses by examining the enzyme (xylanase endo-1,4-) employed in pretreatment sequences. Fairly homogeneous nano fibrillated cellulose with a width of 35 +/- 12 nm was produced in this study. Sequences employed to produce micro fibrillated and nano fibrillated celluloses decreased the cellulose crystallinity of bleached kraft pulp and lower total crystalline index and lateral order index values were observed for micro fibrillated and nano fibrillated celluloses in FTIR examinations. Lower crystallinities were also defined by C-13-NMR (46,2 ppm) which was substantiated with C6 peaks in the amorphous domain. Sequences to produce micro fibrillated and nano fibrillated celluloses resulted in shorter fiber dimensions with less ordered cellulose structure leading lower thermal degradation that reveal main polymer chain source from cellulose units. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis results showed that the initial and maximum storage modulus of the nano fibrillated and micro fibrillated celluloses films were improved by 114% and 101%, respectively. The storage modulus of micro fibrillated and nano fibrillated celluloses films were 4,96 GPa and 2,66 GPa at temperature of 235 degrees C, respectively.Öğe Evaluating pretreatment techniques for converting hazelnut husks to bioethanol(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2013) Çöpür, Yalçın; Tozluoğlu, Ayhan; Özkan, MelekThis study examined the suitability of husk waste for bioethanol production and compared pretreatment techniques with regard to their efficiencies. Results showed that 4% NaBH4 (90 mm) delignified the highest amount of lignin (49.1%) from the structure. The highest xylan solubility (77.9%) was observed when samples were treated with 4% NaOH for 90 min. Pretreatment with NaOH and NaBH4, compared to H2O2 and H2SO4, resulted in selective delignification. The highest glucan to glucose conversion (74.4%) and the highest ethanol yield (52.6 g/kg husks) were observed for samples treated with 2% NaOH for 90 min. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Essential wood oil of Cupressus sempervirens varieties (horizontalis and pyramidalis)(Istanbul Univ-Cerrahapasa, 2019) Uçar, Mualla Balaban; Uçar, Güneş; Özdemir, HasanThe essential oils isolated from the woods of Cupressus sempervirens var. horizantalis and var. pyramidalis harvested from natural and cultivated locations in Turkey were characterized by GC-MS analyses. Fifty-one compounds, representing 91.9-95.7% of the oil composition, were identified. The oils obtained from two varieties wood exhibited quite similar composition. Sapwood and heartwood oils were mainly composed of oxygenated monoterpenes (43.7-72.4%), sesquiterpenoids (8.7-36.5%) and diterpenoids (2.2-10.4%). The major compounds were carvacrol methyl ether (38.2-62.6%), alpha-cedrol(15.7-34.3%), manool (1.75-9.83%), terpinen-4-ol acetate (0.82-4.15%) and bornylacetate (0.26-4.62%). Compared to other Cupressus species, Cupressus sempervirens wood can be classified as a carvacrol methyl ether rich species. As a result, the wood oil of Cupressus species can be characterized by the presence of two compounds: a-cedrol and carvacrol or carvacrol methyl ether.Öğe ENZYMATIC DIGESTIBILITY OF TOMATO, PEPPER, AND EGGPLANT STALKS MIXTURE(North Carolina State Univ Dept Wood & Paper Sci, 2012) Çöpür, Yalçın; Özyürek, Ömer; Tozluoğlu, Ayhan; Kütük, SelvaTurkey annually produces 26 million tons of vegetables and is the third-biggest vegetable producer. After harvest, the waste of vegetable stalks lacking of economic value is burnt or left in the fields, causing environmental pollution. The aim of this study was to examine bioethanol production of a mixture of tomato, pepper, and eggplant stalks using an alternative chemical, sodium borohydrate (NaBH4) in a chemical pretreatment step. Both steam-exploded (SE) and dry-milled (DM) stalks were chemically pretreated and enzymatically hydrolyzed in this study. Results showed that SE stalks had better enzymatic digestibility compared to DM. NaOH treatment removed the highest amount of lignin (17.1%; SE, 2%, 90 min) but also glucose (21.5%; SE, 2%, 90 min) from the structure. On the other hand, NaBH4 removed the highest lignin in proportion to glucose for both SE and DM samples. Enzymatically hydrolyzed stalks gave the highest sugar yields of 30.1% (o.d.-dry matter) for the SE sample when it was pretreated with 2% NaOH for 30 min.Öğe Electro-oxidation of cytostatic drugs: Experimental and theoretical identification of by-products and evaluation of ecotoxicological effects(Elsevier Science Sa, 2018) Barışçı, Sibel; Türkay, Özge; Ulusoy, Ebru; Şeker, Mine Gül; Yüksel, Ebubekir; Dimoglo, AnatoliMethotrexate (MTX) and Capecitabine (CPC) as mostly used cytostatic drugs were degraded by electro-oxidation process in this study. Ti/IrO2-RuO2 electrode was used to provide anodic oxidation. The effect of change of current density, initial pH of the solution and supporting electrolyte concentration on electro-oxidation of cytostatic drugs was evaluated. Current density of 30 mA/cm(2), neutral pH and supporting electrolyte concentration of 200 mg L-1 were determined as optimum operational parameters. After oxidation process, the transformation by-products of cytostatic drugs were identified by LC-MS-MS analysis. Density functional theory (DFT) modelling was performed and the calculations were given in harmony with analytic results. In addition, toxicity evaluation on the electro-oxidation was assessed due to the possible toxic effect of the metabolites after treatment process. Indeed, the transformation by-products of MTX showed toxic effects after treatment, however; the metabolites CPC did not cause toxicity although lower removal efficiency.Öğe How impregnation with boron compounds affects the surface hardness of some varnishes(Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2011) Atar, Musa; Keskin, Hakan; Korkut, Süleyman; Korkut, Derya SevimPurpose - The purpose of this paper is to investigate how impregnation with boron compounds affects the surface hardness of varnished wood materials. Design/methodology/approach - Test samples were prepared from Scotch pine, Oriental spruce, and Uludag fir, which met the requirements of ASTM D 358. These samples were impregnated with boric acid (Ba) and borax (Bx) using a vacuum technique, according to ASTM D 1413 guidelines. After impregnation, surfaces were coated with cellulosic, synthetic, polyurethane, water-based, acrylic, and acid-hardening varnishes in accordance with ASTM D 3023 guidelines. Surface hardnesses of specimens after the varnishing process were determined, in accordance with ASTM D 4366 guidelines. Findings - Surface hardness was greatest for samples of spruce treated with Ba and polyurethane varnish, and lowest for samples of Scotch pine treated with Bx and synthetic varnish. With regard to wood type, impregnation material, and varnish type, surface hardness was greatest for Oriental spruce impregnated with Ba and polyurethane varnish and lowest for Scotch pine impregnated with Ba and synthetic varnish. Thus, impregnation with boron compounds increased the surface hardness of the varnished wood. Research limitations/implications - A protective coating (such as varnish) has limited resistance to external effects and the lifetime of the coating will be determined by the type and severity of conditions to which it is exposed. Practical implications - Types of varnishes, wood materials, and impregnation chemicals affect surface hardness and can influence the usefulness of wood materials, where surface hardness values are important. Originality/value - The study results reported in the paper help address the lack of research in this field and should be informative, in particular, for manufacturers and consumers in the furniture and decoration sector.Öğe How organizational culture and perceived organizational support could decrease turnover intention?(Bilgesel Yayincilik San & Tic Ltd, 2009) Çakar, Nigar Demircan; Yıldız, SibelHow organizational culture and perceived organizational support could decrease turnover intention? In this study, data obtained from 256 employees from textile industry were used to investigate the relationship between organizational culture and turnover intent, and the mediating role of perceived organizational support in this relationship. Exploratory factor analysis of organizational culture items reveals that organizational culture has five dimensions namely, power distance, internal uncertainty avoidance, external uncertainty avoidance, individualism-collectivism and masculinity-femininity. This study serves as an important guide for those who aim to increase employee performance and decrease turnover intent in an important sector for Turkey. Multiple regression analyses suggest that power distance, internal uncertainty avoidance, external uncertainty avoidance and individualism-collectivism have significant effects on perceived organizational support. Turnover intent is related solely to internal uncertainty avoidance. Perceived organizational support acts as the partial mediator in the relationship between internal uncertainty avoidance and turnover intent.Öğe Harnessing Knowledge on Very Important Pharmacogenes CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 Variation for Precision Medicine in Resource-Limited Global Conflict Zones(Mary Ann Liebert, Inc, 2016) Barlas, İbrahim Ömer; Sezgin, Orhan; Dandara, Collet; Türköz, Gözde; Yengel, Emre; Cindi, Zinhle; Şardaş, SemraPharmacogenomics harnesses the utility of a patient's genome (n=1) in decisions on which therapeutic drugs and in what amounts should be administered. Often, patients with shared ancestry present with comparable genetic profiles that predict drug response. However, populations are not static, thus, often, population mobility through migration, especially enmasse as is seen for refugees, changes the pharmacogenetic profiles of resultant populations and therefore observed responses to commonly used therapeutic drugs. For example, in the aftermath of the Syrian civil war since 2011, millions have fled their homes to neighboring countries in the Middle East. The growing permanence of refugees and mass migrations is a call to shift our focus in the life sciences community from old models of pharmaceutical innovation. These seismic social changes demand faster decisions for population-to-population bridging, whereby novel drugs developed in or for particular regions/countries can meet with rational regulatory decisions/approval in world regions impacted by migrant/refugee populations whose profiles are dynamic, such as in the Eastern Mediterranean region at present. Thus, it is important to characterize and report on the prevalence of pharmacogenes that affect commonly used medications and predict if population changes may call for attention to particular differences that may impact health of patients. Thus, we report here on four single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) variations in CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 genes among Mersin-Turkish healthy volunteers in the Mersin Province in the Eastern Mediterranean region that is currently hosting a vast number of migrant populations from Syria. Both CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 are very important pharmacogene molecular targets. We compare and report here on the observed SNP genetic variation in our sample with data on 12 world populations from dbSNP and discuss the feasibility of forecasting the pharmacokinetics of drugs utilized by migrant communities in Mersin and the Eastern Mediterranean region. This study can serve as a catalyst to invest in research in Syrian populations currently living in the Eastern Mediterranean. The findings have salience for rapid and rational regulatory decision-making for worldwide precision medicine and, specifically, pharmacogenovigilance-guided bridging of pharmacokinetics across world populations in the current era of planetary scale migration.Öğe Fungicide and insecticide properties of cardboard panels made from used beverage carton with veneer overlay(Academic Journals, 2010) Şen, Selim; Ayrılmış, Nadir; Candan, ZekiThis study evaluated fungicide and insecticide properties of the cardboard substrate panels overlaid with beech veneer. The experimental cardboards from recycled food and beverage carton containers having approximately 75% paperboard, 20% low density polyethylene ( LDPE), and 5% aluminum foil were overlaid using four types of adhesives; polyurethane (PU), phenol-formaldehyde(PF), urea-formaldehyde(UF) and melamine-urea formaldehyde (MUF). The cardboard specimens overlaid with veneer using polyurethane adhesive had better mechanical properties and water resistance than those of the specimens made with other three types of adhesives. Brown rot fungus Coniophora puteana and white rot fungus Ceriporiopsis subvermisphora were used for the decay tests. The larvae of the Rhagium bifasciatum F. was used for the insect test. Wood veneer faced cardboards had significantly higher antifungal and insecticide properties than those of the control wood samples. The weight losses of the cardboard groups caused by C. puteana and C. subvermisphora were 0.43 - 0.83%. While UF-cardboard type board was the most affected group by the fungus, MUF-cardboard type was found as the most resistance group against larvae.Öğe Formic acid reinforced autohydrolysis of wheat straw for high yield production of monosugars and minimal lignin precipitation(Elsevier Science Bv, 2018) Özyürek, Ömer; van Heiningen, AdriaanWheat straw was pretreated at 150 degrees C for 100 min at a liquor-to-straw ratio of 6 L/kg (oven dry basis) straw using aqueous formic acid (FA) concentrations ranging from 0 to 15 g/L. The results showed excellent sugar and lignin mass balances for pretreatment, and precipitated lignin in the hydrolysate obtained at 15 g/L of FA decreased to 0.31 g/100 g straw compared to autohydrolysis (no FA) of 0.94 g/100 g straw. The average molecular weight of precipitated lignin decreased from 1970 g/mole for autohydrolysis to 710 g/mole at 15 g/L of FA. The monomeric sugar yield during pretreatment improved from 3.83 g/100 g for autohydrolysis to 23.5 g/100 g at 15 g/L FA.Öğe Fouling and boring organisms that deteriorate various European and tropical woods at Turkish seas(Academic Journals, 2010) Şen, Selim; Sivrikaya, Hüseyin; Yalçın, Mesut; Bakır, Ahmet Kerem; Öztürk, BilalThis study aims to investigate the diversity of fouling and boring organisms damaging wood material at Turkish coasts. Trials were carried out at six harbour sites throughout the seas surrounding Turkey. Various Euopean and tropical wood samples were hanged down at a depth of six meters in the sea for a period of one year. Identification of the organisms obtained from wood panels revealed the presence of five wood borer and 26 fouling species. Iskenderun harbour had the highest boring organism diversity (five species) and it was followed by Trabzon and Finike harbours (three species) and Bandirma, Eregli and Alacati harbours (two species). The two molluscan boring species, Teredo navalis and Lyrodus pedicellatus were observed at all harbour sites, but Nototeredo norvegica was at Trabzon and Iskenderun harbours only. Bankia carinata was obtained only at Iskenderun harbour and the crustacean wood borer Limnoria tripunctata was found at Finike and Iskenderun harbours. All native tree species, except for the olive, were significantly damaged by fouling and boring organisms.Öğe Fixation, leachability, and decay resistance of wood treated with some commercial extracts and wood preservative salts(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2009) Şen, Selim; Taşçıoğlu, Cihat; Tırak, KamileBeech (Fagus orientalis) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) wood blocks were treated with some commercial extracts as well as water-based wood preservative salts at various concentrations to increase retention and fixation. The penetration, fixation. and antifungal properties of different treatment solutions were compared with statistical analysis. Retention levels of solutions were generally higher for Scots pine wood than beech wood. The highest retention levels were seen in wood treated with sumac leaf extract and oak valonia extract. Leaching tests indicated that both wood types treated with sumac extracts showed higher retention levels than wood treated with the other fruit and bark extract solutions. Adding 1% water-based wood preservative salts to valonia and sumac leaf extracts increased the retention levels. Concentrations of more than 1% did not contribute to retention either individually or with salt additions. Three percent and higher concentrations of wood-preserving salts accelerated and increased the amount of leaching. The results showed that the extract alone was resistant to leaching, Mycological tests showed that all extractives were significantly effective against wood decay. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Experimental Test of Heat Treatment Effect on Physical Properties of Red Oak (Quercus falcate Michx.) and Southern Pine (Pinus taeda L.)(Mdpi, 2014) Korkut, Derya Sevim; Hızıroğlu, SalimThe objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of heat treatment and compression on the swelling and surface roughness of Southern red oak (Quercus falcate Michx.) and Southern pine (Pinus taeda L.). Specimens were exposed to temperature levels of 110 degrees C or 200 degrees C for 8 h before they were compressed using 2.5 MPa pressure for 5 min. Swelling values of the control and heat-treated samples in three grain orientations were evaluated by soaking them in water for 48 h. A stylus method was employed to determine the surface characteristics of the samples. Three main roughness parameters, namely mean arithmetic deviation of profile (R-a), mean peak-to-valley height (R-z), and maximum roughness (R-max) were used to evaluate the effect of heat treatment on surface characteristics of the samples. Oak and pine specimens had 39.8% and 28.7% lower tangential swelling values, respectively, than those of control samples as a result of exposure to a temperature of 200 degrees C. Heat treatment did not make any significant difference on surface quality. Micrographs taken from cross sections of the specimens revealed that there was some cell distortion and modification due to heat treatment as well as compression. Combination of heat treatment and compression can be considered an alternative method to improve certain physical properties of these two species.Öğe Exploring reverse supply chain management practices in Turkey(Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2010) Erol, İsmail; Velioğlu, Meltem Nurtanış; Şerifoğlu, Funda Sivrikaya; Büyüközkan, Gülçin; Aras, Necati; Çakar, Nigar Demircan; Korugan, AybekPurpose This paper aims to examine the current state of reverse supply chain management (RSCM) initiatives in several Turkish industries. Design/methodology/approach This study is based on an exploratory research regarding RSCM activities of Turkish automotive, white goods, electric/electronics, and furniture industries. The sample consists of all the companies included in the Top-500 Industrial Enterprises List of The Assembly of the Istanbul Chamber of Industry (ISO). Findings The research findings show that the RSCM initiatives in the considered industries are still in a very early stage. Companies' involvement in product returns is mostly due to the legislative liabilities, and system inadequacies are emphasized as the most important reason for not being able to implement an efficient RSCM. Research implications/limitations This paper investigates the reverse supply chain practices of selected industries in Turkey and aims to enable researchers to use this study as a building block in understanding these practices and related problems. The limitation of this study is to solely include the medium and large-sized companies in the industries. Practical implications Reverse supply chain operations contribute to the economic sustainability by reducing waste and saving energy and material. In this research, an empirical study in the electronics, white goods, automotive and furniture industries is conducted, and potential research opportunities are discussed to streamline reverse supply chain activities in the industries. Hence, this study can be viewed as an attempt to increase the level of awareness on reverse supply chain issues. Originality/value No field study has been conducted to analyze reverse supply chain activities of the industries in Turkey. This research is a pioneering study and will provide a benchmark for the various research activities on related topics.Öğe Electrochemical treatment of anti-cancer drug carboplatin on mixed-metal oxides and boron doped diamond electrodes: Density functional theory modelling and toxicity evaluation(Elsevier Science Bv, 2018) Barışçı, Sibel; Türkay, Özge; Ulusoy, Ebru; Soydemir, Gülfem; Şeker, Mine Gül; Dimoglo, AnatoliThis study represents the electrooxidation of anti-cancer drug carboplatin (CrbPt) with different mixed metal oxide (MMO) and boron doped diamond (BDD) electrodes. The most effective anode was found as Ti/RuO2 with the complete degradation of CrbPt in just 5 min. The effect of applied current density, pH and electrolyte concentration on CrbPt degradation has been studied. The degradation of CrbPt significantly increased at the initial stages of the process with increasing current density. However, further increase in current density did not affect the degradation rate. While complete degradation of CrbPt was provided at pH 7, the degradation rates were 49% and 75% at pH 9 and 4, respectively. Besides, increasing supporting electrolyte (Na2SO4) concentration provided higher degradation rate but further increase in Na2SO4 concentration did not provide higher degradation rate due to excess amount of SO4-2 According to the DFT calculations, the formation of [Pt(NH3)(2) (H2O)(2)](2+) and [Pt(NH3)(2) (OH)(2)] takes place with molecular weights of 265 and 263 gmol(-1), respectively. Toxicity of treated samples at BDD and Ti/RuO2 electrodes has been also evaluated in this study. The results showed that Ti/RuO2 anode provided zero toxicity at the end of the process. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe Effects of wood preservatives in adhesive curing and changes in surface characteristics of treated wood(State Forest Products Research Inst, 2007) Taşçıoğlu, CihatThe effects of various wood preservative systems and treatment processes on mechanical and physical properties of wood material have been well documented. Particularly, bondability and wettability properties of wood surfaces are directly affected from surface energy and roughness. In this article, changes of surface energy components of preservative treated wood surfaces have been investigated. Preservative chemicals play important role on post-treatment surface energy values which depend on wood species, preservative type and retention value. The effects of wood preservative chemical presence on curing studies are also discussed through the Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and Infrared spectrometer (IR) techniques. Current literature was scanned for compatible adhesive preservative combinations. The compatibility was examined under the cyclic delamination tests for various adhesive systems against wood preservatives commonly in use. In addition, the development processes of some coupling agents to improve bondability of preservative treated wood were discussed. Furthermore, long-term durability issues of preservative treated and bonded glue lines were evaluated through changes in moisture content, alteration of pH and inhibition of condensation reaction. Finally, the surface energy values of some wood species treated with common wood preservative chemicals are also listed. The information may be useful to solve problems in treated wood bonding area as well as developing new chemical adhesive formulations for chemically and physically modified wood surfaces.Öğe EFFECTS OF THERMAL MODIFICATION ON SURFACE CHARACTERISTICS OF OSB PANELS(Slovak Forest Products Research Inst, 2010) Ünsal, Öner; Candan, Zeki; Büyüksarı, Ümit; Korkut, Süleyman; Babiak, MarianThermal modification is an effective process to improve dimensional stability of wood and wood composite panels. Wettability of wood based panels is also an important issue and has been affected from heat treatment process. In this study oriented strandboard (OSB) panels were subjected thermal modification process. Wettability and surface roughness properties of the panels were evaluated. The results obtained in this study showed that the thermal modification process improved surface roughness parameters of all the treated panels compared to untreated control panels. The contact angle (CA) values of the treated panels were clearly higher than the untreated panels. The thermally treated panels had a poorer wettability property when compared to the untreated panels. The panels having smoother surface had greater CA values.
