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Öğe Exogenous N-Acetylcysteine alleviates heavy metal stress by promoting phenolic acids to support antioxidant defence systems in wheat roots(Academic Press Inc Elsevier Science, 2019) Çolak, Nesrin; Torun, Hülya; Gruz, Jiri; Strnad, Miroslav; Ayaz, Faik AhmetN-acetylcysteine (N-Acetyl L-cysteine, NAC) is a thiol compound derived from the addition of the acetyl group to cysteine amino acid. NAC has been used as an antioxidant, free radical scavenger, and chelating agent for reducing the deleterious effects on plants of biotic and abiotic environmental stresses. It can also relieve heavy metal (HM) toxicity, although its alleviating mechanism remains unknown. In this study, we compared HM-stressed (Cu, Hg, Cd and Pb, 100 mu M each) wheat seedlings without NAC treatment and in combination with NAC (1 mM). In comparison to HMs alone, NAC treatment in combination with HMs (Cu, Cd, Hg and Pb, respectively) stimulated root growth (1.1-, 1.5-, 10.5- and 1.9-fold), and significantly increased fresh (1.3-, 1.5-, 4.3- and 1.4-fold) and dry (1.2-, 1.5-, 2.5- and 1.2-fold) mass. Combination treatment also led to significant reductions in HM concentrations (1.3-, 1.4-, 4- and 1.1-fold, respectively). GSH (1.1 - 1.8-fold), TBARS (1.4 - 2.7-fold) and H2O2 (1.6 - 1.8-fold) contents in treatment with HMs alone were significantly mitigated by the NAC combination. Some of the antioxidant enzyme activities increased or reduced by some HM treatments alone were stimulated by a combination of NAC with HMs, or remained unchanged or changed only insignificantly, supported by the phenolic pool of the plant. Ferulic, p-comaric and syringic acids were the major phenolic acids (PAs) in the roots in free, ester, glycoside and ester-bound forms, and their concentrations were increased by HM treatments alone, in comparison to the control seedlings, while PAs concentrations were relatively reduced by NAC in combination with HMs. These results indicate that NAC can alleviate HM toxicity and improve the growth of HM-stressed wheat seedlings by coordinated induction of the phenolic pool and the antioxidant defence system.Öğe GAMMA-AMINO BUTYRIC ACID METABOLISM UNDER HIGH TEMPERATURE STRESS IN TWO LICHEN SPECIES(Corvinus Univ Budapest, 2018) Çekiç, F. Özlem; Sağlam, N. Gören; Torun, H.; Yiğit, E.; Ünal, D.High temperature stress is a major environmental stress factor for all photosynthetic organisms. Some lichen species could have the ability of tolerance against global warming. In the present study, we investigated the effects of high temperature on GABA metabolism in two different lichen species Evernia prunastri and Usnea sp.. Evernia and Usnea sp. were collected from unpolluted locations in Bilecik, TURKEY. Evernia and Usnea sp. were kept at 45 degrees C for 0, 24 and 48 h. We analyzed GABA content, glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) activities and also chlorophyll and MDA contents in the thalli of the lichens. The chlorophyll degradation and lipid peroxidation data indicated that E. prunastri thalli showed tolerance to high temperature while Usnea sp. thalli were found to be sensitive under these conditions. GABA content was enhanced by high temperature stress in E. prutastri thalli, while GAD and GDH activities were decreased. According to our results, we can suggest that GABA accumulation in lichen thalli could occur via different metabolic pathways.Öğe Distribution of Water Loss via Evapotranspiration in a Pistachio Tree Orchard under Drip Irrigation and Non-Irrigation Conditions(Czech Academy Agricultural Sciences, 2015) Özmen, Selçuk; Kanber, Rıza; Steduto, Pasquale; Ünlü, Mustafa; Aydın, Yusuf; Diker, KenanThe present study aimed to measure the distribution of water loss via evapotranspiration (ET) in a pistachio tree orchard under drip irrigation and non-irrigation conditions at the experimental orchard of the Pistachio Research Institute, Gaziantep, Turkey. The experimental design consisted of a 10 x 10 m(2) grid system constructed of PVC pipes spaced 2 in apart (horizontally and vertically) that was placed around each tree for the drip irrigation condition (water applied every 7 days) and the non-irrigated condition. Moisture content was measured using the neutron scattering method for both treatments. Water loss via ET was estimated based on the soil water balance method, which included measurement of soil moisture, precipitation, and irrigation. Total water loss via ET under drip irrigation conditions was 518 mm vs 220 mm under non-irrigated conditions. Water loss via ET for the total soil profile and individual layers under non-irrigated conditions was higher at the four outer corners of each 10 x 10 m(2) grid than under irrigated conditions. Moreover, water loss via ET was the highest at the grid system pipes closest to the two laterals under irrigation conditions. In addition, the total percentage of water loss via ET was the highest at the 60-80-cm and 20-40-cm soil layers under drip irrigation and non-irrigation conditions, respectively, and the total percentage of water loss via ET was the lowest at the 40-60-cm and 0-20-cm soil layers under drip irrigation and non-irrigation conditions, respectively. Lastly, it could be considered that root density increased as water loss via ET increased.Öğe The effects of deficit irrigation on nitrogen consumption, yield, and quality in drip irrigated grafted and ungrafted watermelon(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2015) Özmen, Selçuk; Kanber, Rıza; Sarı, Nebahat; Ünlü, MustafaThe aim of this study is to determine the effects of deficit irrigation on nitrogen consumption, yield, and quality in grafted and ungrafted watermelon. The study was conducted in cukurova region, Eastern Mediterranean, Turkey, between 2006 and 2008, and employed 3 irrigation rates (full irrigation (I-100) with no stress, moderate irrigation (DI70), and low irrigation (DI50); DI70 and DI50 were considered deficit irrigation) on grafted (CTJ, Crimson Tide+Jumbo) and the ungrafted (CT, Crimson Tide) watermelon. The amount of irrigation water (IR) applied to the study plots were calculated based on cumulative pan evaporation that occurred during the irrigation intervals. Nitrogen consumption was 16% lower in CTJ plants than in CT plants. On the other hand, consumption of nitrogen was 28% higher in DI50 plants than in DI70 plants while it was 23% higher in DI50 plants than in I-100 plants. By grafting, the average amount of nitrogen content in seeds, pulps and peels for CTJ was 30, 43 and 56% more than those of CT, respectively. The yield and the quality were not significantly affected by the deficit irrigation. In this respect, grafting of watermelon gave higher yield, but, it had a slight effect on fruit quality. The highest yield values of 16.90 and 19.32 kg plant(-1) in 2008 were obtained with I-100 and in CTJ plants, respectively. However, DI50 treatment could be taken into account for the development of reduced irrigation strategies in semiarid regions where irrigation water supplies are limited. Additionally, the yield increased by applying CTJ treatment to the watermelon production.Öğe The Effect of Rhododendron Honey on Mice Liver Tissue(Soc Chilena Anatomia, 2016) Kükner, Aysel; İlter, Gizem; Söyler, Gizem; Rasgele, Pınar Göç; Kekeçoğlu, Meral; Kambur, MerveRhododendron honey, made by bees from rhododendron pollen, contains a toxic substance called grayanotoxin. Depending on the dose, the poisonous honey can result in serious effects such as cardiac arrhythmia, fibrillation, and myocardial infarction. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of the poisonous RH of the Black Sea Region on the liver. Male mice were divided into five groups of twelve mice each, two being the control groups (distilled water) and the others being the rhododendron honey (RH) groups (25, 50, and 75 mg/kg) and 0.01 mg/kg grayanotoxin (GTx) groups. Liver tissues were collected 24 and 48 h later. The sections were stained with hematoxylin, eosin and PAS, then the histopathological score was performed. Significant statistical differences were observed between the RH and control groups in terms of congestion, steatosis, sinusoid dilatation, and inflammation. The control group demonstrated a normal liver structure in the light microscopy, while the GTx-applied 24 h group exhibited expansions in the sinusoids and congestion. Higher levels of congestion, steatosis, and inflammatory cells were seen in the GTx-applied 48 h group. In the same group, giant cells consisting of many nuclei were observed in the sinusoids. The results of the 25 mg RH-applied groups were similar in 24 and 48 h, histopathological score levels were increased slightly, congestion and steatosis were prominent in the 48 h group. Dense steatosis was seen in the hepatocytes around the vena centralis in 50 mg/kg RH-applied 48 h group. Congestion, steatosis and an increase in inflammatory cells were observed in the hepatocytes in the 75 mg/kg RH-applied 24- and 48 h groups. PAS (+) stained hepatocytes were decreased in the RH-and GTx-applied groups. The toxic effects of the rhododendron honey were observed in the mice liver tissue with respect to dose and time.Öğe SOIL TEMPERATURE ACTIVITY ON SOIL WATER CONTENT UNDER ORGANIC AND CONVENTIONAL MANAGEMENTS IN HAZELNUT ORCHARD(Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2016) Özmen, SelçukThe aim of this study is to investigate soil temperature activity on soil water content under organic and conventional managements at the hazelnut orchards. Soil temperature (ST) and soil water content (SWC) variations under organic and conventional managements at the hazelnut orchards were continuously monitored by using high frequency ECH2O-5TE probes connected to a 5 channel Em50 data logger during data collection in the growing season of 2014. Investigations were performed at four different soil layers (0-30, 30-60, 60-90 and 90-120 cm) under the selected tree canopy area for each management during the data collection. In five days of post-rainfall episode in July 2014, organic management become more effective on regression relationships of ST influences on SWC at all soil layers except 0-30 cm layer when compared with conventional management in hazelnut orchards. The highest value of liner regression equation between SWC and ST was obtained at 30-60 cm soil layer (R-2=0.95) under organic management of that episode. On the other hand, the highest values of linear regression equation between organic and conventional managements in hazelnut orchards for SWC and ST were acquired at 0-30 cm soil layer (R-2=0.98; p < 0.01) in ten days of post-rainfall episode in August and at 30-60 cm soil layer (R-2=0.98; p > 0.01) in five days of post-rainfall episode in July for, respectively. Therefore, organic management at hazelnut orchards could be evaluated as a valuable alternative for such areas where hazelnut trees are grown by rainfed.Öğe Responses to Irrigation onto Apple Tree Grown under the Farmer Condition: A Case Study of Duzce Region(Univ Namik Kemal, 2016) Özmen, SelçukThis study aimed to investigate response of "Granny Smith" apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) tree to irrigation under farmer condition in Duzce Region. In this study, some physiological measurements, such as leaf water potential (LWP), stomatal conductance (g(s)) and photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) on the apple trees, were performed weekly before irrigation in the selected period during the irrigation season. Concurrently, in irrigation season, soil water content (SWC) in the different soil layers (0-30 cm, 30-60 cm, 60-90 cm, and 90-120 cm) was also monitored at the apple orchard. Study results showed that SWC was fluctuated between field capacity (FC) and permanent wilting point (PWP) during irrigation season. The value of SWC didn't reach up to 50%, which is the allowable depletion value at the soil of apple orchard, except some high rainy days. LWP, gs and PAR were increased by increasing of SWC in all soil layers. The strongest relationship for all correlations in all soil layers was obtained in 30-60 cm soil layers. It was found that LWP had strong relationships with PAR (R-2=0.84) while LWP(similar to)g(s) relationships were weak (R-2=0.53). Finally, by considering the all results in this study, it may be concluded that a proper irrigation scheduling was needed for such as apple orchards even though precipitation was frequently and unevenly happened in the summer.Öğe Responses of Hazelnut Trees to Organic and Conventional Managements in the Dryland(Springer, 2018) Özmen, SelçukHazelnut trees (Corylus avellana L.) give yields without any more reduction under dryland. However, it is not known how plant water status and gas exchanges response to organic management under the dryland. In an attempt to answer this question, such responses, which are leaf water potential (LWP), stomatal conductance (g(s)) and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) of hazelnut trees, were studied under organic and conventional managements in the dryland conditions. It was also investigated possible effects of those parameters on organic and conventional hazelnut trees vs. SWC and atmospheric stress (i. e., air vapour pressure deficit-VPD). Organic hazelnut trees had slightly higher ET and yield, and lower SWC than conventional hazelnut trees. However, generally, slightly higher LWP and g(s) values were obtained for conventional hazelnut trees while the value of VPD was higher in organic hazelnut orchards. LWP, PAR, g(s) response to SWC and VPD and relationships between each others were generally imperceptibly higher in organic hazelnut trees than conventional hazelnut trees but no stronger responses and relationships. Plant canopy measurements were mostly parallel with the results obtained values of ET, yield, SWC and VPD. Precipitation during the year influenced both hazelnut orchards managements to have higher yield and keep life alive. However, it could be emphasized that hazelnut trees under organic and conventional hazelnut managements required supplement irrigation to avoid summer water stress, and for providing fruit fulling and accumulation of reserves for the following year. Finally, it can be conclude that organic farming is a good alternative for hazelnut orchards in dryland.Öğe Quantification of Leaf Water Potential, Stomatal Conductance and Photosynthetically Active Radiation in Rainfed Hazelnut(Springer, 2016) Özmen, SelçukHazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) is mostly grown in rainfed condition in Turkey as well as other some countries in the world without more yield reduction. However, there is not enough information about how to give yield without more reduction in rainfed hazelnut orchard. In an endeavor to search this question, quantifications of leaf water potential (LWP), stomatal conductance (g(s)) and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) of hazelnut tree were investigated in rainfed hazelnut orchard in the summer of 2013 and 2014. Additionally, possible effects of those quantifications on rainfed hazelnut trees vs. soil water content (SWC) was investigated. Results of this study exhibited that yearly ET (evapotranspiration) of rainfed hazelnut trees was higher in 2014 than 2013 even though seasonal ET of rainfed hazelnut trees was higher in 2013 than 2014. Hence, yield, LWP and g(s) were higher in 2014 than 2013 but PAR and SWC (even all the study season) were mostly higher in 2013 than 2014. Moreover, relationships of LWP, g(s) and PAR and responses of LWP, g(s) and PAR to SWC were non stronger. These differences could be attributed differences of climate variability such as precipitation and temperature during the observed period throughout the season in the studied years. However, rainfed hazelnut trees may be required supplement irrigation in dry summer, such as year of 2013, to avoid summer water stress. Finally, it can be concluded that hazelnut trees can be grown well and give normal yield for the areas which have about 950 mm precipitation.Öğe POTENTIAL GENOTOXICITY OF ACETAMIPRID AND PROPINEB SINGLY OR IN COMBINATION IN CULTURED HUMAN PERIPHERAL BLOOD LYMPHOCYTES BY USING MN ASSAY(Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2015) Muranlı, Fulya Dilek Gökalp; Rasgele, Pınar Göç; Kekeçoğlu, Meral; Kanev, Martin; Özdemir, KezbanAcetamiprid, a neonicotinoid insecticide, and Propineb, a dithicarbamate fungicide, are used in agriculture singly or in combination with other pesticides. The aim of the study is to investigate the single and combined genotoxic effect two pesticides on cultured human lymphocytes by using the Micronucleus (MN) assay. The lymphocytes were treated with three different concentrations of pesticides singly and in combination (a mix), Acetamiprid (0.625, 1.25, 2.5 mu g mL(-1)) Propineb (12.5, 25, 50 mu g mL(-1)) and Acetamiprid+Propineb (0.625+12.5, 1.25+25, 2.5+50 mu g mL(-1)), for 24 and 48 hours. MN frequency significantly increased at a 48-hour exposure period when the lymphocytes were exposed to the combined pesticides. The data demonstrated that these pesticides may have a synergistic effect and may have potential genotoxic activity in cultured human lymphocytes. Also, it was shown that when they are combined and exposed to lymphocytes these pesticides have a cytotoxic effect.Öğe Phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity in different-colored and non-pigmented berries of bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.)(Elsevier Science Bv, 2017) Çolak, Nesrin; Primetta, Anja K.; Riihinen, Kaisu R.; Jaakola, Laura; Gruz, Jiri; Strnad, Miroslav; Ayaz, Faik AhmetBilberries and their products are popular worldwide and represent a very interesting source of dietary antioxidants. Berries of eight different-colored and non-pigmented bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) samples from Finland were evaluated in terms of antioxidant capacity and total phenolic compounds (range, 220.06 - 3715.21 mg/100 g dw) and total monomeric anthocyanin (range, 206.18 - 867.52 mg/100 g dw) contents. Delphinidin (range, 5915.93-18108.39 mu g/g dw) was the major anthocyanin moiety, while sinapic acid was the major phenolic acid in the free form (range, 0.01 - 6.06 mu g/g dw), and p-coumaric acid in the ester (range, 26.39 - 110.78 mu g/g dw), glycoside (range, 15.83 - 57.73 mu g/g dw) and ester-bound (range, 2.32 - 14.20 mu g/g dw) forms. The white colored berry samples did not contain any anthocyanins, but the colored berries did contain them. Antioxidant capacity was much higher in colored (pink to blue/black) berry samples than in the white sample, and it was more related to the total phenolic concentration rather than to the anthocyanin concentration. This is the first time that these different-colored berry phenotypes of bilberry (V. myrtillus L.) have been analyzed within the same study.Öğe Nutrient profiles of the hybrid grape cultivar 'Isabel' during berry maturation and ripening(Wiley, 2017) Kurt, Aynur; Torun, Hülya; Çolak, Nesrin; Seiler, Gerald; Ayaz, Sema Hayırlıoğlu; Ayaz, Faik AhmetBACKGROUND: The hybrid grape cultivar 'Isabel' (Vitis labrusca x V. vinifera) is widely grown in the Black Sea region of Turkey and constitutes an important part of the diet of its inhabitants. Phenological and ampelographic studies of the grape have previously been performed, but there are no data concerning nutrient composition. Its nutrient content needs to be investigated to ascertain its potential economic and nutritional uses in the region. RESULTS: The concentrations (range, g kg(-1) fresh weight) of major soluble sugars (fructose 2.08-79.70; glucose 3.71-66.74) increased and those of organic acids (tartaric acid 0.05-6.60; malic acid 2.38-9.92) decreased in the skin and pulp during ripening. The major fatty acid was linoleic acid in the skin (50.13), pulp (18.11) and seed (704), while the main minerals (dry weight) were potassium (2.70-19.70), followed by phosphorus (0.53-3.40) and calcium (0.42-5.90) in the parts. CONCLUSION: Berry maturation and ripening significantly influenced the concentrations of sugars and organic acids the most in the skin and pulp, but did not significantly affect the concentrations of fatty acids and minerals in the 'Isabel' grape. Our findings also suggest an optimal harvest time in terms of levels of the nutrients. (C) 2016 Society of Chemical IndustryÖğe Comparison of Phenolics and Phenolic Acid Profiles in Conjunction with Oxygen Radical Absorbing Capacity (ORAC) in Berries of Vaccinium arctostaphylos L. and V. myrtillus L.(De Gruyter Open Ltd, 2016) Çolak, Nesrin; Torun, Hülya; Gruz, Jiri; Strnad, Miroslav; Subrtova, Michaela; İnceer, Hüseyin; Ayaz, Faik AhmetCaucasian blueberry (Vaccinium arctostaphylos L.) and bilberry (V. myrtillus L.), both native to Turkey, were evaluated for their total phenolics (TP) and anthocyanin (TAC) contents. Individual compositions of free phenolic acids and phenolic acids liberated from ester and glycoside forms were analyzed using UPLC-MS/MS. Berry extracts of each species were separated into three different fractions (sugar/acid, polyphenolic and anthocyanin) by solid phase extraction (SPE). The anthocyanin fractions of each species had the highest level of TP and TAC contents and ORAC values. Each species contained 10 phenolic acids representing each fraction, but in different quantities. The phenolic acids liberated from the esters and glycoside forms were caffeic acid and p-coumaric acid. The fractions containing phenolic acids liberated from ester and glycoside forms had a higher antioxidant capacity than that from free phenolic acids. The data suggest that both berries have potential as good dietary sources of phenolic antioxidants.Öğe COMPARATIVE INFLUENCES OF ORGANIC AND CONVENTIONAL HAZELNUT ORCHARD ON THE SOIL WATER CONTENT, ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY, AND TEMPERATURE IN WESTERN BLACK SEA REGION OF TURKEY(Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2016) Özmen, SelçukThe present study aimed to investigate the comparative influences of organic and conventional hazelnut orchard on soil water content (SWC), electrical conductivity (SEC), and temperature (ST) in Western Black Sea Region of Turkey. SWC, SEC and ST variations were monitored hourly between 3 July and 3 September 2014 at four soil layers (0-30, 30-60, 60-90 and 90-120 cm) under the canopy of selected trees for the both orchards by using ECH2O-5TE probe. The results show that the values of SWC and SEC at each soil layer were higher in conventional treatment of hazelnut orchard than organic treatment used hazelnut orchard during Julian days. However, organic treatment of hazelnut orchard has higher ST values at each soil layer except at 0-30 cm soil layer. It can be concluded that the hazelnut orchard under the organic treatment consumes more water from soil or has higher evapotranspiration rates. Therefore, organic agriculture could be a productive alternative for development of reduced irrigation strategies in the regions in higher rainfall.Öğe Bog bilberry phenolics, antioxidant capacity and nutrient profile(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2016) Çolak, Nesrin; Torun, Hülya; Gruz, Jiri; Strnad, Miroslav; Gutierrez, Isidro Hermosin; Ayaz, Sema Hayırlıoğlu; Ayaz, Faik AhmetPhenolics and nutrient profiles of bog bilberry (Vaccinium uliginosum L.) collected from high mountain pastures in northeast Anatolia (Turkey) were examined for the first time in this study. The major soluble sugar identified in the berry was fructose, following by glucose, and the main organic acid identified was citric acid, followed by malic acid. Eleven phenolic acids and 17 anthocyanin 3-glycosides were identified and quantified. Caffeic acid in the free and glycoside forms and syringic acid in the ester form were the major phenolic acids, and the major individual anthocyanin present in the berry was malvidin 3-glucoside (24%). The highest total phenolics and anthocyanin contents were obtained from the anthocyanin fraction in conjunction with the highest antioxidant capacity, followed by the polyphenolic and aqueous fractions, FRAP, ORAC and DPPH, in that order. Our findings can be used to compare bog bilberry with other Vaccinium berries and to help clarify the relative potential health benefits of different berries. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Assessment of the genotoxicity of propineb in mice bone marrow cells using micronucleus assay(Allerton Press Inc, 2014) Rasgele, Pınar Göç; Muranlı, Fulya Dilek Gökalp; Kekeçoğlu, MeralPropineb, a dithiocarbamate fungicide, is commonly used for the control of disease in a wide range of crops in agriculture. The genotoxic effects of commercial formulation of propineb in bone marrow cells of mice was investigated in vivo by micronucleus (MN) assay. The three different concentrations of propineb (12.5, 25 and 50 mu g/mL; 0.01 mL per gram) were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) to mice for 24 and 48 h. The results of the MN assay indicated that propineb induced a significant increase in frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCE) at 25 and 50 mu g/mL concentrations for 24 h and at the highest (50 mu g/mL) concentration for 48 h when compared with negative control. Also significant reduction for the polychromatic erythrocyte/normochromatic erythrocyte (PCE/NCE) ratio which is indicative for bone marrow cytotoxicity was observed at the same concentrations for 24 and 48 h. These results lead us to the conclusion that propineb may have genotoxic and cytotoxic potential due to induction in the frequency of MN and a reduction in PCE/NCE ratio in the bone marrow cells of mice.Öğe Assessing the Performance of Irrigation Schemes in Antalya Valley Located in Mediterranean Region of Turkey(Maik Nauka/Interperiodica/Springer, 2015) Özmen, Selçuk; Kaman, HarunThis study examined evaluation of the physical and financial performance criteria of 24 irrigation schemes in Antalya Valley located in the Mediterranean Region in Turkey between 2007 and 2012. In this study, physical and financial performances included irrigation ratio, sustainability of irrigated area and relative water supply ratios, and water fee collection efficiency and service area per personnel, were examined. The results of this study indicated that irrigation ratios of schemes are between 12 and 84%. The rate of sustainability in irrigated land of schemes was close to 1.0 except Caybogazi, Deniztepesi and Dosemealti schemes. The relative water supply of most of the schemes such as Aksu-North, Aksu Middle, Alara Left Bank, Caybogazi, Gazipasa, Karaman Duraliler, Koprucay Right Bank, Kumluca Birlik and Manavgat Right Bank is higher than 2.5 because they consumed more water. The water fee collection efficiency was between 28 and 100% while service area per personnel between 10.7 and 1834.8 ha/person in all schemes from studied area. However, irrigation ratios of some schemes are needed to be recovered. The water fee collection efficiency and service area per personnel in most of schemes are satisfactory.Öğe Abnormal sperm morphology in mouse germ cells after short-term exposures to acetamiprid, propineb, and their mixture(Inst Medical Research & Occupational Health, 2014) Rasgele, Pınar GöçPesticides are one of the most potent environmental contaminants, which accumulate in biotic and abiotic components of ecosystems. Acetamiprid (Acm), a neonicotinoid insecticide, and Propineb (Pro), a dithiocarbamate fungicide, are widely used to control sucking insects and fungal infections on crops, respectively. The present study was undertaken to investigate the genotoxic effects of these compounds, individually and in mixtures, in mouse germ cells by using the sperm morphology assay. Mice were injected intraperitoneally with 0.625, 1.25, and 2.50 mu g mL(-1) of Acm, 12.5, 25, and 50 mu g mL(-1) of Pro, and their mixture at the same concentrations over 24 and 48 h. Acm did not significantly increase the percentage of abnormal sperm at any concentration. The frequency of abnormal sperm significantly increased after 24 and 48 h of exposure to 50 mu g mL(-1) of Pro. The mixtures of 2.50 mu g mL(-1) of Acm and 50 mu g mL(-1) of Pro induced sperm abnormalities antagonistically both after 24 and 48 h of exposure. Results suggest that Acm was non-genotoxic for mouse germ cells, while Pro may have been a germ cell mutagen due to the observed increase in the frequency of sperm abnormalities. However, to gain better insight into the mutagenicity and DNA damaging potential of both of these pesticides, further studies at molecular level should be done.Öğe Responses to Irrigation onto Apple Tree Grown under the Farmer Condition: A Case Study of Düzce Region(2016) Özmen, SelçukBu çalışma, Düzce yöresi ikliminde "Granny Smith" elma ağacının (Malus domestica Borkh.) çiftçi koşulları altındaki sulamaya tepkilerinin araştırılmasını amaçlamıştır. Bu çalışmada, sulama sezonu içerisinde elma ağaçlarında yaprak su potansiyeli (LWP), stoma iletkenliği (gs) ve fotosentetik aktif radyasyon (PAR) gibi bazı fizyolojik gözlemler ele alınan dönem içerisinde her sulamadan önce bir hafta aralıklar ile yapılmıştır. Eşzamanlı olarak, tüm sulama sezonu boyunca, elma bahçesinde farklı toprak katmanlarındaki (0-30 cm, 30-60 cm, 60-90 cm, 90-120 cm) toprak su içeriği (SWC) de izlenmiştir. Hasat sonrasında tüm gözlemler kendi arasında değerlendirilmiştir. Araştırma sonuçları, sulama sezonu içerisinde, SWC değerlerinin tarla kapasitesi (FC) ile solma noktası (PWP) arasında değiştiğini ortaya koymuştur. SWC değeri, aşırı yağışlı bazı günler hariç, elma bahçesi toprak profilinde tüketilmesine izin verilebilir %50'lik miktarına ulaşılamamıştır. LWP, gs ve PAR, tüm toprak katmanlarında, SWC'nin artışı ile artmıştır. Ele alınan tüm karşılaştırmalara ait en güçlü ilişki, elma bahçesinde tüm toprak katmanları içerisinde, 30-60 cm toprak katmanından elde edilmiştir. LWPgs arasındaki ilişkiler (R20,53) hafif iken LWPPAR arasındaki ilişkilerin (R20,84) güçlü olduğu saptanmıştır. Sonuçta, ele alınan tüm gözlemler doğrultusunda, yaz döneminde yağışın sık ve düzensiz olmasına rağmen, uygun bir sulama programına ihtiyaç olduğu anlaşılmıştır.Öğe Çam, Pamuk, Yayla Ve Ayçiçeği Ballarının Fizikokimyasal Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi(2016) Yıldız, İlker; Rasgele, Pınar Göç; Kekeçoğlu, MeralBu çalışma Ege bölgesinde üretilen çam, Akdeniz Bölgesinde üretilen pamuk, İç Anadolu Bölgesinde üretilen yayla (multifloral) ve Trakya'da bölgesinde üretilen ayçiçeği ballarının fizikokimyasal özelliklerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır.Fizikokimyasal analiz sonuçlarına göre çam balının ortalama nem oranı %17.120.09, asitlik 27.900.53 meq/kg, sakkaroz %0.440.08, früktozglikoz %56.370.54, früktoz/glikoz %1.150.01, iletkenlik 1.040.02 mS/cm, diastaz sayısı 15.510.50 DN ve 5-Hidroksimetilfurfural (HMF) değeri 4.630.31 mg/kg olarak bulunmuştur. Pamuk balında bu değerler sırasıyla %17.880.57, 13.921.11 meq/kg, %2.040.74, % 61.301.08, %1.190.02, 0.240.03 mS/cm, 10.920.64 DN, 3.860.04 mg/kg; yayla balında % 19.030.15, 26.921.17 meq/kg, %3.080.08, %70.710.69, %1.130.02, 0.320.03 mS/cm, 20.720.82 DN, 2.730.06 mg/kg; ayçiçeği balında ise sırasıyla %20.130.21, 30.810.78 meq/kg, %2.990.01, %72.690.39, 1.130.01, 0.440.01 mS/cm, 25.611.11, 2.580.03 mg/kg olarak belirlenmiştir. iki adet çam balı ve 2 adet pamuk balı hariç, alınan tüm bal örneklerinin, TGK 3036 Türk Gıda Kodeksinde belirtilen kriterlere uygun olduğu belirlenmiştir.
