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    Biosourced polymeric cryogels for future biomedical applications with remarkable antimicrobial activities and tribological properties
    (Elsevier, 2024) Gurel, Cansu Meltem; Bozbeyoglu, Naime Nur; Yardimci, Berna Kavakcioglu; Sarkaya, Koray; Mutlu, Dogukan; Akincioglu, Sitki; Dogan, Nazime Mercan
    Cryogels, known as a subclass of hydrogels, are promising biomaterials to use in various biotechnological fields. In recent years, applications of antimicrobial hydrogels with improved antimicrobial activities, high biocompatibility, and physicochemical stability have attracted attention as an alternative to using antimicrobial drugs against microbial interactions that may threaten human health, which may even result in death. In this paper, we investigated in detail the biological activities and tribological performances of the previously characterized 2hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA)-based amphiphilic cryogels (PHEMA-PLinaOH) (HC series) that contain hydroxylated polymeric linoleic acid (PLinaOH) as biosource. The biocompatibilities of these cryogels were examined against human embriyonic kidney (HEK293) cell line with MTT assay and acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EB) dual staining. The antimicrobial activities of the materials were extensively investigated against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA01 besides four different strains of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae BY4741 by using biofilms eradication, antibiofilm activity and colony forming unit assays. Additionally, the possible morphological changes in microbial cells were evaluated by taking FESEM images. The tribological performances of the cryogels were evaluated in terms of their applicability for future biomedical applications such as artificial articular cartilage or tissue scaffold. Our results showed that while the cryogels did not show significant inhibition on HEK293 cell viability and intensive live cell population was observed after AO/EB staining, they exerted remarkable antimicrobial activities against all studied bacterial and fungal strains. The morphological deformations including the decrease in EPS density and formation of holes were recorded for bacteria and yeast cells with FESEM images, respectively. Finally, it was determined that the increase in the fatty acid ratio contributes positively to tribological properties of the cryogels. All the results indicate that these polymeric cryogels might be considered potential biomaterials for future tissue-engineering studies.
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    Hydroxylated polymeric linolenic acid containing cytocompatible cryogels with antibiofilm activities
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2025) Alli, Abdulkadir; Sarkaya, Koray; Bozbeyoglu, Naime Nur; Altintas, Fatih; Yardimci, Berna Kavakcioglu; Alli, Sema; Kuzucu, Volkan
    Essential oils and their acids can possess various beneficial properties, such as antioxidant, antiviral, antifungal, and antibacterial activities. Therefore, we conducted a comprehensive examination of the biological activities of HEMA-based cryogels containing hydroxylated polymeric linolenic acid (PLinoOH). First, linolenic acid underwent autoxidation for three months to yield macroperoxide linolenic acid. This macro peroxide fatty acid, distinguished by its peroxide, epoxide, and hydroperoxide functional groups, reacted with diethanolamine to synthesize hydroxylated polymeric linolenic acid (PLinoOH). The resulting PLinoOH was then utilized to prepare the HEMA-based cryogel series. These cryogels were physically and chemically characterized. The cytocompatibility of the cryogel series and its potential genotoxic effects on cellular DNA were examined using human embryonic kidney cells. The antifungal and antibacterial effects of the cryogel series were evaluated against Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast and Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacterial strains. Additionally, total sugar, uronic acid, and protein analyses were performed to understand their effects on the exopolysaccharide substance in the biofilm structure. The fabricated cryogels exhibited considerable antibiofilm effects along with their remarkable biocompatibility. They showed varying effects were observed on the structure of exopolysaccharide substance according to the bacterial species and cell wall structure. Overall, these findings highlight the potentials of the fabricated cryogels as multifunctional biomaterials for combating microbial infections, with species-specific impacts on biofilm extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) composition.