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Öğe Alternative fuel production from waste plastics and their usability in light duty diesel engine: Combustion, energy, and environmental analysis(Elsevier Ltd, 2023) Mohan, Revu Krishn; Sarojini, Jajimoggala; Rajak, Upendra; Verma, Tikendra Nath; Ağbulut, ÜmitGreen biofuels have long been touted as a potential solution to society's reliance on fossil fuels and pollution emission problems. Commercially available renewable fuels like waste plastics oil alternative (P) made from waste plastic oil could take the place of fossil fuels, especially in diesel engines. Binary alternatives and diesel blends that partially replace diesel can be used in diesel engines without requiring major modifications. A four-stroke diesel engine used in the experiment was fed waste plastics oil alternative (up to 40% volumetric content), and diesel (D) mixes. Each binary blend is stabilised by a volumetric concentration and is composed of varying oil proportions. The investigations, therefore, relate partial diesel replacements to assessments of engine performance and mix combustion under various load conditions (25–100%), speeds (1200–1800 rpm), and compression ratios (15–19). Results showed that alternative-diesel mixtures up to 40% can still operate reliably. Thermal efficiency was somewhat lower than for diesel which was 100%. The experiment revealed higher fuel use, smoke, and NO emissions. The conclusion of the present research states that waste product oils can compete with fossil fuels in terms of engine performance, combustion, and emission characteristics when utilized in light-duty engines. © 2022 Elsevier LtdÖğe Effects of high-dosage copper oxide nanoparticles addition in diesel fuel on engine characteristics(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2021) Agbulut, Umit; Saridemir, Suat; Rajak, Upendra; Polat, Fikret; Afzal, Asif; Verma, Tikendra NathThis paper examines the effect of adding high dosage of copper oxide (CuO) nanomaterials (<77 nm) directly to conventional diesel fuel. The performance of the fuel with CuO added is assessed using a single cylinder, naturally aspirated, direct injection, air-cooled diesel engine. Examined were the char-acteristics of combustion and emissions for blends of 1000 and 2000 ppm CuO nanoparticles. The CuO blends were tested in the speed range between 2000 and 3000 rpm at intervals of 250 rpm. The CuO nanoparticles have the potential to accelerate the process of combustion by supplying molecules of oxygen and acting as a catalyst. The CuO enhances the thermal conductivity of the test fuels and in-creases heat dissipation from the combustion chamber. Experimental results show exhaust gas tem-perature (EGT) is reduced as well as unburnt hydro-carbons (HC) and oxides of carbon and nitrogen (CO and NOx). For CuO additions of 1000 and 2000 ppm, CO emissions fell by 14.6% and 20.8%, HC emissions by 6.2% and 13.4%, and NOx emissions by 4%, and 4.7%. Both blends of CuO increased the heating value of the diesel fuel. Brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) dropped by 4.5% and 8% while brake thermal efficiency (BTE) increased by 5.5% and 14.6% for 1000-CuO and 2000-CuO, respectively. On the other hand, nanoparticles accelerated the chemical reactions and the ignition delay (ID) period was shortened by 3.03% and 5.45% for CuO additions of 1000, and 2000 ppm, respectively. It was also observed that CuO nanoparticles up to 2000 ppm can be suspended in diesel fuel without clogging the filter on the injection system. (c) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Energy recovery from waste plastic oils as an alternative fuel source and comparative assessment of engine characteristics at varying fuel injection timings(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2023) Mohan, Revu Krishna; Sarojini, Jajimoggala; Agbulut, Umit; Rajak, Upendra; Verma, Tikendra Nath; Reddy, K. ThirupathiThe present study deals with the experimental results of diesel engine behaviors when using waste plastics oil blend (WPB) as a substitute at volumetrically 20%, 40%, and 100% to conventional diesel fuel. In order to conduct the engine testing, a direct-injection diesel engine with a typical 17.5 of CR and 210 bar was used (higher fuel injection pressure). In the current study, the load on the engine is altered from 0% to 100% at intervals of 25%, and the advanced fuel injection time (AFIT) is changed from 17.5 degrees to 25.0 degrees at intervals of 2.5 degrees. It is shown that the pursuit of optimal AFIT instants enhanced engine performance and permitted more advantageous energy conversions from waste plastics in comparison to those of conventional diesel. While it has been found that blending waste plastic oil with diesel at low concentrations improves engine combustion, performance, and production physiognomies, it has also been found that increasing the concentration of waste plastic oil in the test fuels has a negative impact on the engine characteristics. The WPB20D80 displays a maximum brake thermal efficiency of 26.1% at 22.5 AFITs and 1500 rpm, which is 2.6% higher than the WPB0D100. On the other hand, a reduction of 0.6% in brake-specific fuel consumption is noticed by WPB20D80. In contrast, diesel has a 2.6% higher NOx emission at 22.5 AFITs with 1500 rpm. WPB20D80 was found to have a reduction of 6.3% in smoke level when compared to diesel at 1500 rpm. In the conclusion, the present work shows that waste plastic oils at low concentrations can be used as a fuel substitute for diesel engines, and this case presents a promising solution to waste management.Öğe Experimental investigation of performance, combustion and emission characteristics of a variable compression ratio engine using low-density plastic pyrolyzed oil and diesel fuel blends(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2022) Rajak, Upendra; Panchal, Manoj; Veza, Ibham; Ağbulut, Ümit; Verma, Tikendra Nath; Sarıdemir, Suat; Shende, VikasPlastic waste adversely affects millions of people and wildlife habitat in many parts of the world. Although it could be utilized as a promising source of alternative fuel, its progress is not as advance as biodiesel or bioalcohol. Accordingly, a base fuel (BF) was blended with plastic pyrolyzed oil (PPO) to comprehensively investigate the usability of this product as a fuel substitute in compression ignition engines. Three fuels, BF100PPO0, BF80PPO20, and BF0PPO100, were tested and compared in a single-cylinder, 4-stroke, water-cooled VCR DI-CI engine that ran at five different compression ratios (15.5, 16.5, 17.5, 18.5, 19.5) under low, medium, and high engine loads. In the results, it is noticed that except for the maximum rate of pressure rise and ignition delay, raising the compression ratio from 15.5 to 19.5 did not result in significant changes. The results showed that BF80PPO20 produced the maximum BTE (34.4 percent) at CR 15.5 under high engine load, while BF100PPO0 produced the lowest BSFC (738.29 g/kWh) at CR 16.5 under high load. In terms of emissions, CO2 levels were found to be essentially same for all tested fuels at the greatest load for all compression ratios. Furthermore, with CR 19.5, BF80PPO20 was able to produce the lowest smoke emissions at medium load. In addition, at CR 15.5 and low engine load, BF100PPO0 produced the lowest NOx emissions (64.3 ppm). Overall, based on the findings of this research, plastic waste oil mixed with diesel fuel at a rate of up to 20% can be utilised as a promising biofuel to improve diesel engine performance, combustion, and emissions.Öğe Influence of injection timing on performance, combustion and emission characteristics of a diesel engine running on hydrogen-diethyl ether, n-butanol and biodiesel blends(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2022) Chaurasiya, Prem Kumar; Rajak, Upendra; Veza, Ibham; Verma, Tikendra Nath; Ağbulut, ÜmitIn the present research, 5% hydrogen was added to 95%diesel fuel, diethyl ether (DEE), nbutanol (nB), and spirulina microalgae in this investigation (SMA). The fuels were then tested using a numerical tool and the Diesel RK-Model programme in a single cylinder CI engine. The results showed that the 5%H95%DEE blend consistently showed the highest level of specific fuel consumption (SFC) with increasing trend as the injection timings was advanced. In terms of brake thermal efficiency (BTE), all blends experienced decreasing trend except for 5%H95%nB. The addition of 5% hydrogen into 95% n-butanol gave relatively stable level of BTE for the entire injection timings. Furthermore, all blends witnessed relatively the same exhaust gas temperature (EGT) trend with only minor changes. Not much significance was observed from the most retarded to the most advanced injection timing. In terms of peak in-cylinder pressure, all the investigated blends saw increasing trend with the advancing injection timing. However, they experienced slight reduction at the most advanced fuel injection timing (FIT). Except for 5%H95%SMA, all blends show the highest peak in-cylinder pressure at 26.5 deg. before TDC. With regards to the ignition delay (ID), 5%H95%nB always gave the longest ID except at the 29.5 deg. before TDC, while the 5%H95%DEE consistently showed the shortest ID with nearly the same value for all Its at around 1.8-3.1 deg. Regarding the emissions, the use of n-butanol (5%H95%nB) consistently produced the lowest CO2, smoke, NOX, and particulate matter (PM) emissions throughout the entire injection timings. (c) 2022 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Modifying diesel fuel with nanoparticles of zinc oxide to investigate its influences on engine behaviors(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2023) Rajak, Upendra; Reddy, V. Nageswara; Agbulur, Umit; Saridemir, Suat; Afzal, Asif; Verma, Tikendra NathIn this paper, we used experimental and numerical methods to explore the effects of a diesel fuel blend con-taining zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles at three different concentrations (0.025%, 0.05%, and 0.1%) on the combustion, injection, performance, and emission characteristics of a diesel engine running at constant speeds of 2000 rpm, 2250 rpm, 2500 rpm, 2750 rpm, and 3000 rpm, with the engine operating at full load. The results of the experiments demonstrate that DF + 0.1% ZnO increases BTE by 11.7% at 2500 rpm, while decreasing SFC by 1.67%, exhaust gas temperature by 11.4%, and NOx emissions by 10.67%. The advanced injection time and load were kept same, but a 2.3% rise in cylinder pressure was achieved when ZnO nano additions to diesel fuel were used. Moreover, CO2 emissions were reduced by 7.6% compared to 2500 rpm. In conclusion, the results prove that the nanoparticle-added test fuels improve engine efficiency, and combustion yield by reducing exhaust pollutants, and the numerical results are in good agreement with the experimental results.Öğe Numerical and experimental investigation of hydrogen enrichment in a dual-fueled CI engine: A detailed combustion, performance, and emission discussion(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2022) Rajak, Upendra; Nashine, Prerana; Verma, Tikendra Nath; Veza, Ibham; Ağbulut, ÜmitAn effort has been made to simulation a compression ignition engine using hydrogen-diesel, hydrogen-diethyl ether, hydrogen-n-butanol and base diesel fuel as alternatives. The engine measured for the simulation is a single cylinder, four stroke, direct injection, diesel engine. During the simulation the injection timing and engine speed are kept constant at 23 degrees bTDC and 1500 rpm. Diesel-RK, a piece of commercial software employed for this project, can forecast an engine emission, performance and combustion characteristics. The examination of the anticipated outcomes reveals that adding hydrogen to diesel leads in a small increase in efficiency and fuel consumption. With the usage of hydrogen-blend fuels, the majority of dangerous pollutants in exhaust are greatly decreased. The shortest ignition delay was consistently given by 5H295DEE. The lowest CO2 (578.61 g/kWh) was given by 5H295nB at CR 19.5. Hydrogen blends increase NOx emissions more than base diesel fuel. In the case of smoke and particulate matter emission, the reduce tendency was seen. (C) 2022 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
