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Öğe Battery thermal management of a novel helical channeled cylindrical Li-ion battery with nanofluid and hybrid nanoparticle-enhanced phase change material(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2023) Jilte, Ravindra; Afzal, Asif; Agbulut, Uemit; Shaik, Saboor; Khan, Sher Afghan; Linul, Emanoil; Asif, MohammadElectric vehicles (EVs) have emerged as a viable alternative to Internal Combustion (IC) engine-powered vehicles, and efforts have been directed toward developing EVs that are more reliable and safer to operate. The safe working of EVs necessitates the use of an efficient battery cooling system. In this paper, cooling of cylindrical type Li-ion battery embedded with helical coolant channels is proposed. The effects of nanoparticles on removing heat from the battery cooling system have been investigated for four different nanoparticle concentrations: 0, 2, 5, and 10% of Al2O3 in the base fluid. Two cases of base fluids are considered: phase change material kept in a concentric container surrounding battery volume and coolant water circulated through liquid channels attached to the outer walls of the PCM (phase change material) cylindrical container. This study presented the three configurations (i) base case PCM-WLC: battery cooling system with a cylindrical enclosure filled with RT-42 phase change material. (ii) base case nePCM-WLC: battery cooling system filled with nano-enhanced phase change material. (iii) nePCM-LC: battery cooling system with helical liquid channels and filled with nanoenhanced PCM. The nanofluid was circulated through the liquid passages connected to the PCM container. Results showed using the helical channels, the nePCM-LC arrangement efficiently removes accumulated heat from the phase change material and provides better battery cooling than straight rectangular channel-based BTMS (battery thermal management system).Öğe An enhancement in diesel engine performance, combustion, and emission attributes fueled with Eichhornia crassipes oil and copper oxide nanoparticles at different injection pressures(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2022) Khan, Osama; Khan, Mohd Zaheen; Khan, Emran; Bhatt, Bhupendra Kumar; Afzal, Asif; Ağbulut, Ümit; Shaik, SaboorCurrent scenario of crude oil exhaustion and price rise has motivated researchers to opt and explore other forms of energy which are renewable and sustainable in nature. Waste plant oils have significant potential to become a viable alternative to petro-diesel fuel for transportation and manufacturing purposes. Esterification of unrefined waste oils has significantly addressed the issues mainly occurring due to highly viscous nature of the oil. This analysis aims to conduct a controlled study to examine the impact of injection pressure on the engine parameters amalgamated with copper (III) oxide composites as a nanofuel additive. Biofuel obtained from waste plants (Eichhornia Crassipes) is amalgamated with plain diesel in a 30:70 ratio and copper (III) oxide (Cu2O3) as nano-additive. It is essential to operate the engine over a wide range of injection pressures (180, 200, and 220 bar) for furnishing maximum efficiency when mixed with 90 ppm nano-additive volume fraction. The current analysis shows that the injection of nano-additives raises the injection pressure leads to enhanced engine combustion characteristics, including a maximum peak pressure and a faster heat release rate. At 220 bar, injection pressure with a 90-ppm volumetric fraction of nano-additives yielded superior results in comparison with its counterpart blends. The inclusion of nano-additives for increased injection pressures decreases emissions of hydrocarbon, oxides of nitrogen, and soot particles. Thus, biofuels engines benefit by enhanced injection pressure and decreased emission levels by successfully amalgamating copper (III) oxide as nano-additives. Combined effect of high pressure and nano-additive fuel furnishes a maximal progression of 3.5% in combustion efficacy and a 14% drop in BSEC with reduction of 14% in HC, 15% in NOx, and 15% in smoke.Öğe Experimental analysis on the impacts of soil deposition and bird droppings on the thermal performance of photovoltaic panels(Elsevier, 2023) Shaik, Saboor; Vigneshwaran, Pethurajan; Roy, Abin; Kontoleon, Karolos J.; Mazzeo, Domenico; Cuce, Erdem; Saleel, C. AhamedPhotovoltaic (PV) systems are capable of meeting the urgent demand for power production for both domestic and commercial purposes. PV systems possess serious drawbacks as their perfor-mance is heavily influenced by environmental variables like wind, radiation, shadow, dust, and soil accumulation. The current work examines the performance of solar PV panels in the presence of soil and dust at various tilt angles. A solar PV simulator was used, and experiments were conducted for a hot-dry climate location (Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India, 12.91 degrees N, 79.1325 degrees E), to evaluate the performance of solar PV panels under varying dust deposition. A total of seven different samples, such as black soil, desert soil, red soil, alluvial soil, laterite soil, coal dust, and bird droppings, were selected and dispersed over the surface of the PV panel at various weights of 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 g. The physical characteristics of the dust samples have been emphasized as being essential in determining how effectively the PV panel functioned. Bird droppings were shown to have the greatest influence on PV panel efficiency because of their tendency to stick to the panel surface due to moisture content, but coal dust, independent of tilt angle, was found to have the least effect. Coal dust was determined to have the least impact of all soil types since it is quickly blown away and does not stick to the surface. Bird droppings accounted for about 46.42 %-89.18% of the efficiency loss, which was determined to be high, whereas coal dust accounted for less than 13% of the efficiency loss. Furthermore, it was revealed that considered tilt angles (0O and 12.91O) have a minor influence on the PV's overall performance.Öğe Experimental and numerical analysis of the thermal performance of pebble solar thermal collector(Cell Press, 2024) Naik, N. Channa Keshava; Priya, R. Krishna; Agulut, Umit; Gurel, Ali Etem; Shaik, Saboor; Alzaed, Ali Nasser; Alwetaishi, MamdoohIn this work, pebbles of higher specific heat than the conventional absorber materials like aluminium or copper are proposed as a absorber in the solar flat plate collector. The proposed collector are integrated into the building design and constructed with masonry. Tests were conducted by varying the operating parameters which influence its performance, like the flow rate of the heat-absorbing medium, and the tilt of the collector using both coated and uncoated pebbles. The maximum temperature difference that could be measured for a conventional absorber was approximately 8 degrees C for a flow rate of 0.6 L/min. While for a coated and uncoated absorber, it was 7 degrees C and 5.5 degrees C respectively. This difference decreased with an increase in flow rates from 0.6 L/min to 1.2 L/min. For all the flow rates, it was observed that the average difference in efficiency between the coated and the conventional absorber collector is 5.82 %, while the difference between the coated and uncoated absorber collector is 15.68 %. Thus, it is very much evident that by replacing the conventional absorber with the proposed coated pebble absorber, the overall loss in efficiency is just 5.82 %, but the advantages are enormous. Along with the experimental study, numerical analysis was also carried out with CFD modeling. The numerical results agreed well with experimental results with the least error. Therefore, CFD simulation can be further used to optimize the design of the collector.Öğe Hybrid optimization and modelling of CI engine performance and emission characteristics of novel hybrid biodiesel blends(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2022) Viswanathan, Vinoth Kannan; Kaladgi, Abdul Razak; Thomai, Pushparaj; Ağbulut, Ümit; Alwetaishi, Mamdooh; Said, Zafar; Shaik, SaboorDifferent meta-heuristic optimization algorithms have been used in a variety of fields due to their intelligent behavior and fast convergence. However, use of these algorithms in the engine behavior optimization is very-limited. The development of so-called hybrid optimization technique when these algorithms are combined with experimental design technique is an upcoming method in the field of renewable energy. Hence in this research, meta-heuristic optimization algorithms and experimental design methods were combined to optimize the engine behavior. Additionally, artificial neural networks (ANN) were employed to forecast the performance and emission behaviors of a CI engine running on a novel hybrid biodiesel blend of Cucurbita pepo. L (pumpkin) and Prosopis juliflora, mixed with a novel Elaeocarpus ganitrus (Rudraksha) additive. To assess the success of the ANN, four statistical benchmarks (R-2, and MSE) were used. Experiments were designed according to Design of Experiments (DOE) rules with performance and emission parameters as outputs. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to find the effect of interaction factors. Single objective and multi-objective optimization using highly efficient hybrid RSM-particle swarm optimization (RPSO) and dragon fly algorithm (RMODA) were employed to optimize the response of the obtained RSM equations. The outcomes demonstrated that RSM and ANN were excellent modelling techniques for these kinds of situations, with good accuracy. In addition, ANN's prediction performance (R-2 = 0.978 for BTE) was somewhat better than RSM's (R-2 = 0.960 for BTE). On the other hand, the PJB20 blend with 5 mL additive increased BTE by 52.8% and reduced BSFC by 34.9% at maximum load. The smoke opacity was lowered by 7.1% when compared to pure diesel, without any engine modifications. CO2 emission was seen to be shortened by 19.14%. Finally, it can be concluded that this novel biodiesel can be possibly utilized in CI engines with no modification and the engine characteristics can be controlled by optimization and prediction models.Öğe Investigation of nano composite heat exchanger annular pipeline flow using CFD analysis for crude oil and water characteristics(Elsevier, 2023) Kumar, R. Ramesh; Karthik, K.; Elumalai, P. V.; Alshahrani, Saad; Agbulut, Umit; Saleel, C. Ahamed; Shaik, SaboorThis study focuses on the dual-core annular process of crude oil and water. The crude oil exhibits non-Newtonian behavior with high viscosity. The heat transmission flow in pipeline locations is complex. In this process, the cooled water passes through the annular core, experiencing turbulence effects, while the crude oil flows in a laminar manner. The influence of the non-Newtonian behavior is investigated in terms of pipe angles and deformations. In the valve, the inlet velocity flow is set at 1.75 m/s. The flow is executed in downhill orientations in high-velocity locations. The simulation results show CFD variations with a velocity of 3.5 m/s, pressure of 2.33 MPa, pressure gradients of 1.33 MPa, and Reynolds numbers of 1.38 MPa. This study is being conducted for a horizontal pipeline. The CFD solution solvers investigate the volumetric flow characteristics of the fluid as well as the temperature effects. The maximum heat energy has been reduced, resulting in unique flow directions.Öğe Melting numerical simulation of hydrated salt phase change material in thermal management of cylindrical battery cells using enthalpy-porosity model(Elsevier, 2023) Afzal, Asif; Jilte, Ravindra; Samee, Mohammed; Agbulut, Umit; Shaik, Saboor; Park, Sung Goon; Alwetaishi, MamdoohBattery thermal management using different cooling techniques is rapidly growing. Understanding the proper cooling and melting process when phase change materials (PCM) are used is of prime importance in this area. Hence, a transient thermal-fluid and melting process of hydrated salt PCM enclosed in a battery module with six cylindrical cells is numerically investigated to understand the melting process of the PCM. Four structural models S1, S2, S3, and S4 are constructed for the present numerical simulation. The battery cell wall is kept at a constant temperature of 35celcius, while the rectangular enclosure walls are assumed to be insulated. A finite volume scheme -based CFD (computational fluid dynamics) software is used to simulate the melting process of hydrated salt PCM. In order to capture the phase change phenomenon from solid to liquid, an enthalpy-porosity equation is solved. The temporal temperature distribution, liquid fraction, velocity and enthalpy are analyzed. The results obtained by the numerical computation suggest that the battery cell arrangement used in S1 and S2 model at the initial time step gives better space for temperature distribution and liquid fraction up to the time step of 420 s, while S3 and S4 model after a time interval of 420 s provide better scope for temperature distribution and complete melting of hydrated PCM.Öğe Parametric optimization of an impingement jet solar air heater for active green heating in buildings using hybrid CRITIC-COPRAS approach(Elsevier France-Editions Scientifiques Medicales Elsevier, 2024) Kumar, Raj; Kumar, Sushil; Agbulut, Uemit; Guerel, Ali Etem; Alwetaishi, Mamdooh; Shaik, Saboor; Saleel, C. AhamedThis work aimed to optimize the parameters of discrete multi-arc shaped ribs (DMASRs) in a solar air heating system (SAHS) through multi-criteria decision-making techniques. In the experiment, the roughness parameters of DMASRs were varied to find the best parameter combination for optimal SAHS performance. The relative rib height (Hr /H) was varied from 0.025 to 0.047 , and the relative rib pitch (Pr /H) was varied from 0.58 to 3.1. The results obtained for the Nusselt number and friction factor, which determine the performance of the SAHS system, depend on the geometrical parameters of the roughness. The parameters of DMASRs did not show any discernible trend. Hence, a multi-decision criteria approach that uses criteria importance through inter-criteria correlation (CRITIC) and complex proportional assessment (COPRAS) hybrid techniques was employed to determine the best parameter combination for optimal performance. The novel aspect of this study includes the use of a hybrid method (experimental and analytical) to optimize the performance of SAHS roughened with DMASRs hindrance promoters and predictions of outcomes using a hybrid CRITIC-COPRAS approach. The experimental and analytical examination through the use of the hybrid CRITIC-COPRAS approach is an essential component of this research that contributes to the optimization of the design parameters of such SAHS. The finding demonstrated that when Re = 19000, Pr/H = 1.7, and Hr/H = 0.047 were reached, the SAHS obtained an optimal thermohydraulic performance of 4.1.Öğe Pore size variation of nano-porous material fixer on the engine bowl and its combined effects on hybrid nano-fuelled CI engine characteristics(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2023) Sathish, T.; Agbulut, Umit; Muthukumar, K.; Saravanan, R.; Alwetaishi, Mamdooh; Shaik, Saboor; Saleel, C. AhamedEnvironmental research is currently one of the most significant and pertinent fields of studies. Due to CI engi-nes' unique nature, they are widely used in densely populated cities for a variety of purposes. However, due to their improper combustion for various acceptable reasons at the engine cylinder, they considerably pollute the environment. This study prepared hybrid nano fuel from waste cooking oil by adding Al2O3 (aluminum oxide) and MWCNT (multi-wall carbon nanotubes) particles and adding ZnO (zinc oxide) nanoporous material fixture in the combustion chamber as an attachment for enhancing combustion efficiency to meet the aim of mitigating the CI engine emissions significantly. The research was evaluated in a 5.2 kW CI engine, and the ZnO nano-porous material is fixed to the combustor. Four distinct pores per inch (PPI) nanoporous materials of pore counts such as 60, 45, 30, and 15 PPI were considered to test the fuels such as diesel and hybrid nanofuel. The hybrid nano-fuel was created from the WCO biodiesel by mixing nanoparticles of MWCNT and Al2O3 nanoparticles in the ultra-sonicator. The experiments were carried out at different engine loads from no load to full load with a 25% step -up. The performance of the results was compared with conventional diesel fuel with and without ZnO nano-porous material fixtures and ZnO nano-porous material fixtures with different PPI. The result exhibited that the nanoparticles-added biodiesel fuel in 15 PPI has produced less NOx emission, CO emission, and heat release rate by 55.2%, 7%, 26.5%, and 22.67%, respectively, and this combination also exhibited an improvement of 2.62% in the brake thermal efficiency. Finally, the present work proves that better engine characteristics are generally obtained as the pore size of nanoporous materials in the engine bowl gets smaller, and the hybrid nanoparticles usage in the biodiesel fuel ensures more efficient engine combustion, performance, and emission characteristics.Öğe Production of oxy-hydrogen gas and the impact of its usability on CI engine combustion, performance, and emission behaviors(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2023) Dewangan, Ashish; Mallick, Ashis; Yadav, Ashok Kumar; Islam, Saiful; Saleel, C. Ahamed; Shaik, Saboor; Agbulut, UmitThe greenhouse gases in the environment emitted from emissions of IC engine raises great concern for the survival of human beings, and it has a detrimental effect on the environment. There is a significant requirement to switch the energy source towards renewable as much as possible. From this viewpoint, oxy-hydrogen (HHO) gas was produced and tested in a CI engine. The HHO gas was supplied as a secondary fuel into the combustion chamber at the flow rates of 0-6 Litres/min (LPM) in the interval of 1 LPM through the intake manifold with the air along with biodiesel derived from novel feedstock Bauhinia variegate, injected at the blending percentage of 20%. The experiments were conducted at a constant crankshaft speed of 1500 rpm and varying load from 0 to 100% with intervals of 25%. The addition of biodiesel with conventional diesel fuel causes a decrease in brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and an increase in the brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) of the engine owing to its lower calorific value. This shortcoming has been overcome by inducting HHO gas at the intake manifold, resulting in an improved BTE and BSFC due to its high flame speed and high heating value leading to improved combustion. The result also indicates that the fuel enriched with HHO reduces significant exhaust emissions of carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbon except for NOx. The combustion characterization reveals that mixing HHO gas in biodiesel blends increases the peak in-cylinder gas pressure and heat release rate. The ideal flow rate of HHO was found at 3 LPM for maximum combustion, performance characteristics and minimum emissions characteristics, except NOx which continuously rises with increasing flow rate. The study reveals that the use of bauhinia variegate biodiesel in CI engines worsens the engine characteristics, but the induction of HHO gas can be a very promising renewable fuel to improve the worsening engine characteristics in terms of com-bustion, performance, and environmental issues.Öğe Use of modern algorithms for multi-parameter optimization and intelligent modelling of sustainable battery performance(Elsevier, 2023) Afzal, Asif; Buradi, Abdulrajak; Jilte, Ravindra; Sundara, Vikram; Shaik, Saboor; Agbulut, Umit; Alwetaishi, MamdoohThe focus of this computational work is to predict and optimize the battery thermal performance indicators for its sustainable operation using different meta-heuristic optimization algorithms and machine learning models. The contribution of this work is two-fold, first, the heat removal ability from battery indicated by average Nusselt number (Nuavg) and hotspots (MaxT) to avoid battery thermal runaway are optimized as single objective optimization (SOO) and as multi-level objective optimization (MOO) problem. Second, intelligent algorithms: Gradient boosting (GB) algorithm and Gaussian process regressor (GPR) algorithm are used for modelling of Nuavg and MaxT. For SOO, Multi-verse optimization (MVO) and Grey wolf optimization (GWO) algorithms are used for individual battery performance indicators. Similarly, the enhanced version of MVO and GWO for MOO (MMVO and MGWO) algorithms is customized. Each algorithm is operated for five cycles and 100 iterations in each cycle of execution. In GB algorithm the effect of different loss functions and in GPR algorithm the effect of parameter alpha (alpha) is analyzed. SOO gives highest fitness of Nuavg and lowest hotspots occurrence from both the algorithms with same converged positions of operating parameters. MMVO and MGWO relatively provide lower Nuavg with MaxT in the same range of SOO. The MOO provides different set of particle positions compared to SOO. MGWO algorithm has outperformed in providing the best non-dominated solution. The GB and GPR algorithm are good enough for the forecasting of battery thermal parameters. GPR is even accurate, however the range of alpha is important during training and testing. The best Nuavg obtained from SOO using MVO algorithm is around 82.06 while MaxT is 0.34. The same from GWO algorithm is 82.05 and 0.33 respectively. MGWO algorithm in MOO provides Nuavg and MaxT around 75.57 and 0.34 while MMWO provides 66.76 and 0.33 respectively. GPR algorithm gives accuracy as close as 98 % for MaxT while it gives 94 % accuracy for Nuavg. On the other hand GB algorithm gives 99 % and 97.5 % accuracy for MaxT and Nuavg respectively.Öğe Waste to fuel: Pyrolysis of waste transformer oil and its evaluation as alternative fuel along with different nanoparticles in CI engine with exhaust gas recirculation(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2023) Sathish, Thanikodi; Surakasi, Raviteja; Kishore, T. Lakshmana; Rathinasamy, Saravanan; Ağbulut, Ümit; Shaik, Saboor; Park, Sung GoonThe present research aims to produce the alternative fuel from waste electric transformer oil through two levels pyrolysis process with potassium hydroxide catalyst, enhance it by 150 ppm of 30-50 nm sized Zinc oxide and Cerium oxide nanoparticles and then tested with/without EGR method to achieve low exhaust emissions. The experiments were performed on a single-cylinder, four-stroke CI engine at varying engine loads from 0 to 100% with an increment of 25% at a fixed engine speed of 1500 rpm. The results obtained from the combined test fuels have been compared with reference (conventional) diesel fuel. The performance of fuels like Diesel, PBWTO, PBWTO/ZnO, PBWTO/CeO2, and with working conditions like PBWTO/ZnO +20% EGR and PBWTO/CeO2 +20% EGR were recorded respectively at full load conditions in which HC emission as 11, 19, 14, 13, 15 and 15 ppm, 32.9%, smoke opacity as 32.9%, 39.5%, 16.6%, 19.3%, 20.1%. WTO addition into diesel fuel increased the CO emission; however, it is reduced with the nanoparticle addition. That is, PBWTO/ZnO, PBWTO/CeO2, PBWTO/ZnO +20% EGR and PBWTO/CeO2 +20% EGR have produced 0.058%, 0.046%, 0.056%, and 0.043% of lesser CO emission than PBWTO fuel respectively. In particular, EGR ensured noteworthy NOx emissions. For example, D, PBWTO, PBWTO/ZnO, PBWTO/CeO2, PBWTO/ZnO +20% EGR and PBWTO/CeO2 +20% EGR have emitted 1248 ppm, 1427 ppm, 1484 ppm, 1156 ppm, 831 ppm and 821 ppm of NOx emission, respectively. Due to the lower calorific value, higher viscosity, and poor atomization of WTO-added test fuels, the engine per-formance worsened. Accordingly, under full load condition, BTE was found to be 30.12%, 27.35%, 25.44%, 26.04%, 24.67%, and 25.26%, and BSFC was calculated to be 342, 410, 456, 450, 470, and 459 g/kWh for D, PBWTO, PBWTO/ZnO, PBWTO/CeO2, PBWTO/ZnO +20% EGR and PBWTO/CeO2 +20% EGR, respectively. In the conclusion, it is well-noticed that waste transformer oil can be used as a fuel substitute in CI engines with no modification on the vehicular system, and the addition of nanoparticles is a very good solution to mitigate the high exhaust pollutants arising from the use of WTO substitutes.
