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Öğe Blends of scum oil methyl ester, alcohols, silver nanoparticles and the operating conditions affecting the diesel engine performance and emission: an optimization study using Dragon fly algorithm(Springer Heidelberg, 2021) Afzal, Asif; Agbulut, Umit; Soudagar, Manzoore Elahi M.; Razak, R. K. Abdul; Buradi, Abdulrajak; Saleel, C. AhamedThe effect of the addition of different proportions of silver (Ag) nanoparticles and alcohols in milk scum oil methyl ester on the performance of engine and emission are studied. B20 blend is added with 5% of ethanol, n-butanol, and iso-butanol as ternary additives for the experimental analysis from no load to full load. Furthermore, at a fixed load, operating conditions such as injection pressure (12 and 15 bar) and injection timing (23 degrees and 26 degrees) are varied without and with the addition of 0.8 vol% of Ag (silver) nanoparticles to the fuel blends. Also, the concentrations of Ag nanoparticles are increased from 0.2 to 1 vol% and comparisons are made with diesel and B60 blend. Mathematical models are developed for selected features of engine performance which fits with the experimental values for the purpose of optimization using the Dragon fly algorithm (DA) by considering these models as the objective functions. The concentration of nanoparticles lowers the BSFC significantly and helps in reducing the emission with an increased percentage. Using full biodiesel, 16.6% reduction in BTE was obtained, while use of alcohols prevented this reduction approximately by 5%. A highest of 4.6% improvement was obtained with the addition of Ag nanoparticles. 4.5% reduction in HC and 13% in NOx emission using nanoparticles are obtained. The DA algorithm provided the same optimized value at the end of 30 iterations in different cycles of execution. Nanoparticle addition and use of pressure in the range of 20 bar gives the lowest emission from the engine.Öğe Energetic, exergetic, and thermoeconomic analyses of different nanoparticles-added lubricants in a heat pump water heater(Elsevier, 2022) Yıldız, Gökhan; Ağbulut, Ümit; Gürel, Ali Etem; Ergün, Alper; Afzal, Asif; Saleel, C. AhamedThe heat pumps are frequently used in domestic and industrial applications for hot water supply. The present paper aims to thermodynamically investigate the impacts of the nanoparticle-addition into the lubricants on the energetic, exergetic, and thermoeconomic aspects of a heat pump. In the experiments, air to the water heat pump is separately charged with various metal oxide-based nanoparticles (Al2O3, CuO, and TiO2)-added oils at a constant mass fraction of 0.5%. Polyolester (POE) and 134a are used as a lubricant, and refrigerant, respectively. The mass flow rates of the water passed through the condenser are varied from 10 to 25 g/s with an interval of 5 g/s. In the results, it is observed that the thermal conductivity value noteworthy increases with the presence of nanoparticles in POE. The highest increment in thermal conductivity is found to be 39% for POE + CuO in comparison with that of pure POE. Furthermore, with nanoparticles addition, it is noticed that the COP value generally improves, and the highest improvement for COP value is noticed to be 8% for POE + TiO2 nanolubricant at the mass flow of 25 g/s. Furthermore, exergy efficiency enhances by 3.6%, 1.8%, and 4.5% for POE + Al2O3, POE + CuO, and POE + TiO2, respectively. The lowest heating cost is calculated to be 3.465 c/kWh at 20 g/s flow rate for POE + Al2O3. In conclusion, this paper clearly reports that usage of nanoparticles along with lubricants is presenting better energetic, exergetic, and thermoeconomic results rather than the usage of lubricant alone in the heat pumps.Öğe Experimental analysis on the impacts of soil deposition and bird droppings on the thermal performance of photovoltaic panels(Elsevier, 2023) Shaik, Saboor; Vigneshwaran, Pethurajan; Roy, Abin; Kontoleon, Karolos J.; Mazzeo, Domenico; Cuce, Erdem; Saleel, C. AhamedPhotovoltaic (PV) systems are capable of meeting the urgent demand for power production for both domestic and commercial purposes. PV systems possess serious drawbacks as their perfor-mance is heavily influenced by environmental variables like wind, radiation, shadow, dust, and soil accumulation. The current work examines the performance of solar PV panels in the presence of soil and dust at various tilt angles. A solar PV simulator was used, and experiments were conducted for a hot-dry climate location (Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India, 12.91 degrees N, 79.1325 degrees E), to evaluate the performance of solar PV panels under varying dust deposition. A total of seven different samples, such as black soil, desert soil, red soil, alluvial soil, laterite soil, coal dust, and bird droppings, were selected and dispersed over the surface of the PV panel at various weights of 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 g. The physical characteristics of the dust samples have been emphasized as being essential in determining how effectively the PV panel functioned. Bird droppings were shown to have the greatest influence on PV panel efficiency because of their tendency to stick to the panel surface due to moisture content, but coal dust, independent of tilt angle, was found to have the least effect. Coal dust was determined to have the least impact of all soil types since it is quickly blown away and does not stick to the surface. Bird droppings accounted for about 46.42 %-89.18% of the efficiency loss, which was determined to be high, whereas coal dust accounted for less than 13% of the efficiency loss. Furthermore, it was revealed that considered tilt angles (0O and 12.91O) have a minor influence on the PV's overall performance.Öğe Investigation of nano composite heat exchanger annular pipeline flow using CFD analysis for crude oil and water characteristics(Elsevier, 2023) Kumar, R. Ramesh; Karthik, K.; Elumalai, P. V.; Alshahrani, Saad; Agbulut, Umit; Saleel, C. Ahamed; Shaik, SaboorThis study focuses on the dual-core annular process of crude oil and water. The crude oil exhibits non-Newtonian behavior with high viscosity. The heat transmission flow in pipeline locations is complex. In this process, the cooled water passes through the annular core, experiencing turbulence effects, while the crude oil flows in a laminar manner. The influence of the non-Newtonian behavior is investigated in terms of pipe angles and deformations. In the valve, the inlet velocity flow is set at 1.75 m/s. The flow is executed in downhill orientations in high-velocity locations. The simulation results show CFD variations with a velocity of 3.5 m/s, pressure of 2.33 MPa, pressure gradients of 1.33 MPa, and Reynolds numbers of 1.38 MPa. This study is being conducted for a horizontal pipeline. The CFD solution solvers investigate the volumetric flow characteristics of the fluid as well as the temperature effects. The maximum heat energy has been reduced, resulting in unique flow directions.Öğe Optimization of Thermal and Structural Design in Lithium-Ion Batteries to Obtain Energy Efficient Battery Thermal Management System (BTMS): A Critical Review(Springer, 2021) Fayaz, H.; Afzal, Asif; Samee, A. D. Mohammed; Soudagar, Manzoore Elahi M.; Akram, Naveed; Mujtaba, M. A.; Saleel, C. AhamedCovid-19 has given one positive perspective to look at our planet earth in terms of reducing the air and noise pollution thus improving the environmental conditions globally. This positive outcome of pandemic has given the indication that the future of energy belong to green energy and one of the emerging source of green energy is Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). LIBs are the backbone of the electric vehicles but there are some major issues faced by the them like poor thermal performance, thermal runaway, fire hazards and faster rate of discharge under low and high temperature environment,. Therefore to overcome these problems most of the researchers have come up with new methods of controlling and maintaining the overall thermal performance of the LIBs. The present review paper mainly is focused on optimization of thermal and structural design parameters of the LIBs under different BTMSs. The optimized BTMS generally demonstrated in this paper are maximum temperature of battery cell, battery pack or battery module, temperature uniformity, maximum or average temperature difference, inlet temperature of coolant, flow velocity, and pressure drop. Whereas the major structural design optimization parameters highlighted in this paper are type of flow channel, number of channels, length of channel, diameter of channel, cell to cell spacing, inlet and outlet plenum angle and arrangement of channels. These optimized parameters investigated under different BTMS heads such as air, PCM (phase change material), mini-channel, heat pipe, and water cooling are reported profoundly in this review article. The data are categorized and the results of the recent studies are summarized for each method. Critical review on use of various optimization algorithms (like ant colony, genetic, particle swarm, response surface, NSGA-II, etc.) for design parameter optimization are presented and categorized for different BTMS to boost their objectives. The single objective optimization techniques helps in obtaining the optimal value of important design parameters related to the thermal performance of battery cooling systems. Finally, multi-objective optimization technique is also discussed to get an idea of how to get the trade-off between the various conflicting parameters of interest such as energy, cost, pressure drop, size, arrangement, etc. which is related to minimization and thermal efficiency/performance of the battery system related to maximization. This review will be very helpful for researchers working with an objective of improving the thermal performance and life span of the LIBs.Öğe Parametric optimization of an impingement jet solar air heater for active green heating in buildings using hybrid CRITIC-COPRAS approach(Elsevier France-Editions Scientifiques Medicales Elsevier, 2024) Kumar, Raj; Kumar, Sushil; Agbulut, Uemit; Guerel, Ali Etem; Alwetaishi, Mamdooh; Shaik, Saboor; Saleel, C. AhamedThis work aimed to optimize the parameters of discrete multi-arc shaped ribs (DMASRs) in a solar air heating system (SAHS) through multi-criteria decision-making techniques. In the experiment, the roughness parameters of DMASRs were varied to find the best parameter combination for optimal SAHS performance. The relative rib height (Hr /H) was varied from 0.025 to 0.047 , and the relative rib pitch (Pr /H) was varied from 0.58 to 3.1. The results obtained for the Nusselt number and friction factor, which determine the performance of the SAHS system, depend on the geometrical parameters of the roughness. The parameters of DMASRs did not show any discernible trend. Hence, a multi-decision criteria approach that uses criteria importance through inter-criteria correlation (CRITIC) and complex proportional assessment (COPRAS) hybrid techniques was employed to determine the best parameter combination for optimal performance. The novel aspect of this study includes the use of a hybrid method (experimental and analytical) to optimize the performance of SAHS roughened with DMASRs hindrance promoters and predictions of outcomes using a hybrid CRITIC-COPRAS approach. The experimental and analytical examination through the use of the hybrid CRITIC-COPRAS approach is an essential component of this research that contributes to the optimization of the design parameters of such SAHS. The finding demonstrated that when Re = 19000, Pr/H = 1.7, and Hr/H = 0.047 were reached, the SAHS obtained an optimal thermohydraulic performance of 4.1.Öğe PCM embedded square channel receiver for effective operation of Net Zero Emission/Energy PDC building heating system(Elsevier, 2023) Sathish, T.; Saravanan, R.; Jeyanthi, C. Esther; Sabariraj, R. V.; Hemachandu, P.; Agbulut, Umit; Saleel, C. AhamedNet Zero Emission / Energy recommends reducing energy consumption to zero (use of renewable sources) and ensuring no pollution and emissions. Parabolic Dish Collector (PDC) is such a device, which utilizes the Solar energy (Zero Cost of Energy) for heating (Zero Emission of Carbon gases) by converting solar energy into heat transfer fluids (HTF). The recent researches PDC receiver's efficiency improvement by different designs or arrangement inside the receiver as well as different types of phase change materials (PCMs) incorporated to it. This investigation aims to improve the PDC by involving the square channel type solar receiver as an alternate receiver and embedding it with the PCM for building heating applications. The thermal performance of 14 m2 square-channeled PDC was investigated with and without PCM embedded conditions. For embedding PCM of Paraffin wax, 3 kg was used in thermal storage in this experiment. The square-channeled receiver recorded the lowest receiver surface temperature and the highest discharge water temperature. Black coating is employed to reduce the heat loss from the receiver substance.The average energy and exergy efficiencies are around 65.8 % and 6.8 %, respectively, at a flow velocity of 0.07 kg/s. As PCM maintains a constant temperature, the solar receiver can hold its internal temperature around triple times higher than the conventional PDC (without PCM case). Hence it was experimentally ensured that PCM-filled PDC (solar receivers) is suitable for heating applications in domestic and industrial buildings.Öğe Pore size variation of nano-porous material fixer on the engine bowl and its combined effects on hybrid nano-fuelled CI engine characteristics(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2023) Sathish, T.; Agbulut, Umit; Muthukumar, K.; Saravanan, R.; Alwetaishi, Mamdooh; Shaik, Saboor; Saleel, C. AhamedEnvironmental research is currently one of the most significant and pertinent fields of studies. Due to CI engi-nes' unique nature, they are widely used in densely populated cities for a variety of purposes. However, due to their improper combustion for various acceptable reasons at the engine cylinder, they considerably pollute the environment. This study prepared hybrid nano fuel from waste cooking oil by adding Al2O3 (aluminum oxide) and MWCNT (multi-wall carbon nanotubes) particles and adding ZnO (zinc oxide) nanoporous material fixture in the combustion chamber as an attachment for enhancing combustion efficiency to meet the aim of mitigating the CI engine emissions significantly. The research was evaluated in a 5.2 kW CI engine, and the ZnO nano-porous material is fixed to the combustor. Four distinct pores per inch (PPI) nanoporous materials of pore counts such as 60, 45, 30, and 15 PPI were considered to test the fuels such as diesel and hybrid nanofuel. The hybrid nano-fuel was created from the WCO biodiesel by mixing nanoparticles of MWCNT and Al2O3 nanoparticles in the ultra-sonicator. The experiments were carried out at different engine loads from no load to full load with a 25% step -up. The performance of the results was compared with conventional diesel fuel with and without ZnO nano-porous material fixtures and ZnO nano-porous material fixtures with different PPI. The result exhibited that the nanoparticles-added biodiesel fuel in 15 PPI has produced less NOx emission, CO emission, and heat release rate by 55.2%, 7%, 26.5%, and 22.67%, respectively, and this combination also exhibited an improvement of 2.62% in the brake thermal efficiency. Finally, the present work proves that better engine characteristics are generally obtained as the pore size of nanoporous materials in the engine bowl gets smaller, and the hybrid nanoparticles usage in the biodiesel fuel ensures more efficient engine combustion, performance, and emission characteristics.Öğe Production of oxy-hydrogen gas and the impact of its usability on CI engine combustion, performance, and emission behaviors(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2023) Dewangan, Ashish; Mallick, Ashis; Yadav, Ashok Kumar; Islam, Saiful; Saleel, C. Ahamed; Shaik, Saboor; Agbulut, UmitThe greenhouse gases in the environment emitted from emissions of IC engine raises great concern for the survival of human beings, and it has a detrimental effect on the environment. There is a significant requirement to switch the energy source towards renewable as much as possible. From this viewpoint, oxy-hydrogen (HHO) gas was produced and tested in a CI engine. The HHO gas was supplied as a secondary fuel into the combustion chamber at the flow rates of 0-6 Litres/min (LPM) in the interval of 1 LPM through the intake manifold with the air along with biodiesel derived from novel feedstock Bauhinia variegate, injected at the blending percentage of 20%. The experiments were conducted at a constant crankshaft speed of 1500 rpm and varying load from 0 to 100% with intervals of 25%. The addition of biodiesel with conventional diesel fuel causes a decrease in brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and an increase in the brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) of the engine owing to its lower calorific value. This shortcoming has been overcome by inducting HHO gas at the intake manifold, resulting in an improved BTE and BSFC due to its high flame speed and high heating value leading to improved combustion. The result also indicates that the fuel enriched with HHO reduces significant exhaust emissions of carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbon except for NOx. The combustion characterization reveals that mixing HHO gas in biodiesel blends increases the peak in-cylinder gas pressure and heat release rate. The ideal flow rate of HHO was found at 3 LPM for maximum combustion, performance characteristics and minimum emissions characteristics, except NOx which continuously rises with increasing flow rate. The study reveals that the use of bauhinia variegate biodiesel in CI engines worsens the engine characteristics, but the induction of HHO gas can be a very promising renewable fuel to improve the worsening engine characteristics in terms of com-bustion, performance, and environmental issues.
