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Öğe Atmospheric Cd, Cr, and Zn Deposition in Several Landscape Plants in Mersin, Turkiye(Springer Int Publ Ag, 2022) Işınkaralar, Kaan; Koç, İsmail; Erdem, Ramazan; Şevik, HakanThe principal problem in dense cities is air pollution and the damage to the environment caused by air pollution. Roadside landscape plants are exposed to air pollutants, especially in small urban centers caused by congested traffic, heating, and industrial enterprises. According to the type of landscape plants, being a good biomonitor varies according to their absorbing capacity of air pollutants. Chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), and zinc (Zn) are the leading pollutants originating from emissions. They are selected and negatively affect several landscape plants in high concentrations. This study aimed to determine their concentration changes according to organ and washing status by commonly used 14 landscape species in parks. The heavy metal holding capacity of 14 species used was compared; chromium, cadmium, and zinc concentrations changed significantly depending on the factors evaluated to adsorb them. The ranking of the accumulation levels was determined as Zn > Cr > Cd and was detected at higher levels in unwashed organs than in the others. Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (A. Murr.) Parl. was shown better biomonitoring features on heavy metal accumulation among all species. Its unwashed leaves' deposited Cd, Cr, and Zn were 154 ppb, 6400 ppb, and 39,940 ppb, respectively.Öğe The change in biocomfort zones in the area of Mug?la province in near future due to the global climate change scenarios(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2023) Çetin, Mehmet; Şevik, Hakan; Koç, İsmail; Çetin, İlknur ZerenIt is inevitable that the global climate change, which has important effects on the climate throughout the world, would have significant effects on the biocomfort zones. Hence, how global climate change will change the biocomfort zones should be determined and the data to be obtained should be used in urban planning projects. In the current study, SSPs 245 and SSPs 585 scenarios were taken as a basis, and the potential effects of global climate change on the biocomfort zones in Mugla province, Turkiye were investigated. Within the scope of the present study, the current status of biocomfort zones in Mugla and their possible conditions in years 2040, 2060, 2080, and 2100 were compared using DI and ETv methods. At the end of the study, it was estimated that, ac-cording DI method, 14.13% of Mugla province are in cold zone, 31.96% in cool zone, and 53.71% in comfortable zone. According to the SSPs 585 scenario, together with the increase in temperature, the cold and cool zones will totally disappear in year 2100, comfortable zones will decrease to 31.22%, and approx. 68.78% of the province will be in hot zone. According to the calculations made using ETv method, Mugla province currently consists of moderately cold zones by 2%, quite cold zones by 13.16%, slightly cold zones by 57.06%, and mild zones by 27.79%. Based on the SSPs 585 scenario for the year 2100, it is projected that Mugla will consist of slightly cool zones by 1.41%, mild zones by 14.42%, and comfortable zones by 68.06%, besides warm zones by 16.11% which are not present at this moment. This finding suggests that especially the cooling costs will increase and the air-conditioning systems to be used will negatively affect the global climate change through the energy consumption and the gases used.Öğe Changes That May Occur in Temperature, Rain, and Climate Types Due to Global Climate Change: The Example of Düzce(2021) Koç, İsmailGlobal climate change is defined as a process that affects all living things and ecosystems globallyand is claimed as the most critical problem of the current century. Turkey, which is shown as oneof the most affected countries by this process, is among the “countries at risk.” It is stated that thetemperature will increase throughout the country until 2100, and this increase may reach 6 ºC. Inorder to determine the possible effects of global climate change, it is necessary to predict how theclimate structure and basic parameters may change. From this point of view, this study is aimed todetermine the change of temperature and precipitation, climate types (according to De Martonne,Lang, and Emberger climate classification) which are the most critical climate parameters until2050 and 2070 in Düzce, one of the important cities of our country. The current situation andpossible changes in 2050 and 2070 have been compared using RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios. Asa result of the study, the temperature, precipitation, and related climate types would changesignificantly throughout the province of Düzce, and this change will show itself as a significanttemperature increase and change in precipitation regime. In addition, a shift in climate types towardscontinental climate types is predicted until 2070. In order to avoid the destructive effects of globalclimate change, it is recommended to take measures on a sectoral basis.Öğe Combined effects of water stress and fertilization on the morphology and gas exchange parameters of 3-year-old Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir(Springer Heidelberg, 2023) Koç, İsmail; Nzokou, PascalThree-year-old (plug + 2) containerized Fraser fir (Abies fraseri [Pursh] Poir.) seedlings were treated to various irrigation and fertilization regimes in a greenhouse factorial experiment. We assessed physiological and growth responses to these two factors' single and combined effects. Irrigation significantly (P < 0.05) affected relative height (RHG) and ground-level diameter growth (RDG) and some physiological parameters, including stomatal conductance (gs), stem water potential, net photosynthetic rate (Anet), intrinsic water use efficiency (WUE), transpiration rate (E), and photosynthetic pigments concentrations (Chls). Fertilization had only a significant effect on RDG. The increased fertilizer rates decreased some physiological parameters, including Anet, gs, and E, while increased fertilizer rates increased Chls and total nitrogen concentration (TKN). Chls and carotenoids usually increased through the treatment periods. The irrigation and fertilization interaction did not significantly affect RHG and RDG; however, the interaction significantly affected (P < 0.05) Anet, gs, E, and WUE. The interaction did not affect the TKN and Chls (P > 0.05). As a result, fertilization affected plant growth positively but caused some adverse effects on a few plant physiological functions, such as photosynthesis and Chls and carotenoid concentrations in plants under water stress. In our study, plant water status was the most critical parameter for growth and physiological processes compared to fertilization. Plants have the best responses to water stress in terms of physiological parameters under the interaction of low fertilization and increased irrigation. Under water-stress (375 ml irrigation per week), the medium fertilized (5.0 g N-1) treatment would be proposed as best morphologically and physiologically for 3-year-old Fraser fir seedlings.Öğe Comparison of the Gas Exchange Parameters of Two Maple Species (Acer negundo and Acer pseudoplatanus) Seedlings under Drought Stress(2022) Koç, İsmailIn this study, two-year-old bare-root Acer negundo and Acer pseudoplatanus seedlings were grown indoors (control vs. drought-stressed) and outside the hoop house to examine leaf gas exchange parameters in the late growing period. Besides morphological features, several gas exchange parameters, such as net photosynthetic rate (Anet), transpiration rate (E), stomatal conductance (gs), intercellular CO2 to ambient CO2 (Ci/Ca), water use efficiency (WUE=Anet/E), intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE=Anet/gs) were measured. As a result, A. pseudoplatanus seedlings had a higher stem height growth. A. negundo had a higher Anet, and a lower iWUE and Ci/Ca than A. pseudoplatanus. Seedlings grown under control treatment had a higher Anet, gs, E, and a lower iWUE, WUE, and Ci/Ca values than other treatments. In conclusion, there was no significant difference between the two Acer species in terms of gas exchange parameters. However, it can be said that A. negundo and A. pseudoplatanus are drought resistant.Öğe Determination of heavy metal levels using Betulapendula Roth. under various soil contamination in Southern Urals, Russia(Springer, 2022) Isinkaralar, K.; Koç, İsmail; Kuzmina, N. A.; Menshchikov, S. L.; Erdem, R.; Arıcak, B.Heavy metals are hazardous to environmental and human health. Metals contained in the solid fraction of emissions are fixed in the soil absorbing complex and tend to bioaccumulate in plants, which can be used both to diagnose the level of contamination of forest biogeocenoses and to study the laws of the processes of absorption of contaminants in the soil-plant system. The research aims to determine the degree of pollution in Betula pendula Roth. from emissions from Combine Magnesite (magnesite ore processing and mining plant activity area in Russia) at 1, 3, 10, and 100 km far from the emission source, which experimental plots created in the 1980s. Soil samples were collected from these sites, and 1- and 2-year-old branches and leaf specimens were collected from B. pendula individuals. The lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), and iron (Fe) concentrations in soil and organs of B. pendula by the soil depth, washing, organ type, and organ age were determined. As a result, the variations in element concentrations by organs at all the distances and distances for all the organs were significant (p < 0.05). Metal concentrations were higher in the subsoil and leaf collected from 2-year-old branches. These results were interpreted as the higher values in the leaves of 2-year-old branches exposed to heavy metals in the air for a longer time, and the heavy metal concentrations in the subsoil increased due to the decomposition of these leaves. The movement of heavy metals, such as Pb and Cr, in soil was minimal.Öğe Determining the 180-year Change of Cd, Fe, and Al Concentrations in the Air by Using Annual Rings of Corylus colurna L(Springer Int Publ Ag, 2022) Key, Kübra; Kulaç, Şemsettin; Koç, İsmail; Şevik, HakanHeavy metals (HMs), among the components of air pollution that is one of the utmost critical concerns our world has faced, are one of the biggest threats to living organisms. The plants, as a biomonitor, offer the most effective solution in tracking the change of HM concentration on earth and taking them under control. This paper aimed to evaluate the differences in cadmium (Cd), iron (Fe), and aluminum (Al) concentrations by using the annual rings of a 180-year-old Corylus colurna L. tree, which was cut in late 2020. Moreover, HMs in outer and inner bark were also compared to the values found in wood, and the direction-based change in the concentrations of these HMs was examined. As a result, the concentrations statistically differed between wood and barks for all three elements only in the north side p < 0.001), and bark samples had higher Cd, Fe, and Al element concentrations than wood. When examining the annual rings, the highest values were commonly observed in the western and northern sides, and there were notable differences between the directions in the same term. The difference is thought to be the effects of highway and steel and iron facility located at the nearest point. In conclusion, the results showed that the use of the species and monitoring method employed in this study were very appropriate for tracking the variation in Cd, Fe, and Al concentrations, and these HMs have almost no transfer between organs and cells of the Corylus colurna.Öğe Determining the Near-Future Biocomfort Zones in Samsun Province by the Global Climate Change Scenarios(Kastamonu Univ, 2022) Koç, İsmailAim of study: This study aimed to determine the current and future (present, 2040, 2060, 2080) climate changes in the study area within the scope of climate change scenarios (SSPs 245 and SSPs 585) of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project.Area of study: The study area is Samsun province.Material and methods: The current climate data were obtained from the measurements performed by 24 meteorology stations. Using the measurement data of the period 2000-2020 obtained from these data, the climate maps were prepared with the Inverse Distance Weighted method were used for this study. The biocomfort index formulas were applied to these maps, and biocomfort maps were obtained.Main results: Today's average minimum and maximum temperature changes around 7-24 degrees C in the area. According to the two scenarios, the temperature will change between 13-19 degrees C from 2040 to 2080 and then stay constant in the first scenario while it will increase up to 19-25 degrees C in the second scenario during 2080-2100. As a result, the area will have much warmer, and there might be warm zones in Samsun in 2100.Highlights: The biocomfort zones in Samsun province would remarkably change soon, especially the cooling costs, and will negatively contribute to global climate change due to energy consumption and gases used by air-conditioning systems.Öğe Do Annual Rings Really Reveal Cd, Ni, and Zn Pollution in the Air Related to Traffic Density? An Example of the Cedar Tree(Springer Int Publ Ag, 2023) Çobanoğlu, Hatice; Şevik, Hakan; Koç, İsmailHeavy metals (HMs) in air pollution seriously threaten the environment. Although plant species are known as good biomonitors, it has not been determined which HM is absorbed by which plant and organs and how much traffic is caused. The objectives are to determine (a) if the HMs examined here are transferred between the annual tree rings and (b) originate from the traffic, and (c) the variation of these HMs' concentrations by wood, outer bark, and inner bark within these organs and density of the traffic. In this study, annual growth rings of Cedrus sp. tree located in Kastamonu city center, Turkiye, were used to determine the variation of cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), and zinc (Zn) by organ and traffic density through the last 39 years. As a result, Cd, Ni, and Zn concentrations in outer bark on the roadside were approx. 22.3, 9.6, and 2.5 folds of the concentration in the outer bark on the opposite side. Compared to the values obtained from wood, the concentrations obtained from outer bark were approx. 16.5 folds for Cd, 3.2 folds for Ni, and 5.1 folds for Zn. The results reveal that Cd, Ni, and Zn elements can diffuse into the air due to traffic, their accumulation potential in the cedar tree's woods is relatively high, and their transfer in the wood is limited. In conclusion, the usage potential of this species is high to monitor and reduce the change of Cd, Ni, and Zn in the air from the past to the present.Öğe Do Various Conifers Respond Differently to Water Stress? A Comparative Study of White Pine, Concolor and Balsam Fir(Kastamonu Univ, 2022) Koç, İsmail; Nzokou, PascalAim of study: Two-year-old containerized balsam and concolor fir and one-year-old Eastern white pine transplants were grown under variable watering regimes with the goal of identifying plant morphological and some physiological traits under water stress. Area of study: This experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at the Tree Research Center on the Michigan State University campus, East Lansing, Michigan. Material and methods: Relative root collar diameter (RRCD), height growth (RHG), and root length (RRL) were measured as growth parameters. Stem water potential (psi), stomatal conductance (gs), net photosynthetic rate (Anet), intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE=Anet/gs), foliar potassium ((K)+), and calcium (Ca+2) concentration were measured as physiological traits. Main results: Well-watered transplants had significantly higher RRCD, RHG, and RRL in fir species. Balsam fir and white pine transplants had a higher psi than concolor fir under severe stress. Fir species had higher Anet, gs, and a lower iWUE than white pine. White pine had a lower foliar K+ concentration, while balsam fir had the highest foliar Ca+2 concentration. Balsam fir had higher growth and Anet, gs, and iWUE under water stress due to their ability to maintain higher water uptake despite a reduced soil water content. Highlights: It is concluded that white pine has better drought tolerance because of the ability to withstand water stress through the mechanism of reduced photosynthetic activities and growth, minimize water loss, and increase water uptake.Öğe Examining Seed Germination Rate and Seedlings Gas Exchange Performances of Some Turkish Red Pine Provenances Under Water Stress(2021) Koç, İsmailWith climate change, global warming has increased adverse effects on living things in our country. In these adverse effects, water scarcity is the most crucial problem due to the increase in temperature and decrease in precipitation. Forests are the most affected ecosystem among others by water scarcity in our country. This study tried to determine the 5-year-old seeds and 1-year-old seedlings (produced from the same seeds) of some Turkish red pine provenance’ responses to different water stress levels. First, how the water stress levels (0, -0.2, -0.4, -0.6, -0.8 MPa) affect seed germination of these provenances was determined. Secondly, gas exchange parameters [net photosynthesis (Anet), stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration (E), and intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE)] under different water stress were determined in the seedlings obtained from these species' seeds. As a result of the germination test, Denizli-Çameli (DC) provenance had the highest rate (48%), while Maraş-Suçatı had the lowest rate (29%) under control treatment. The highest germination rate was obtained in Burdur/Bucak provenance (5%) under -0.2 MPa osmotic potential. For gas exchange parameters, Antalya/Gündoğmuş provenance had the highest Anet, gs values while DC provenance had the lowest Anet, gs, and E values when provenance is considered as a single factor. Besides, increasing in irrigation increased Anet, gs, and E while decreased the iWUE. The lowest seedling E under water stress can be explained because this species responds to the water shortage by closing its stomata. Among the Turkish red pine origins, DC provenance showed higher drought tolerance than others.Öğe Gas Exchange Parameters of 8-Year-Old Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir. Seedlings Under Different Irrigation Regimes(2022) Koç, İsmail; Nzokou, PascalEight-year-old Abies fraseri seedlings were grown under different irrigation regimes to determine how drought stress might affect the seedlings in terms of gas exchange parameters. In this study, net photosynthesis (Anet), transpiration rate (E), stomatal conductance (gs), intercellular CO2 (Ci), Ci to ambient CO2 (Ca) concentration ratio (Ci/Ca), intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE), and water use efficiency (WUE) were measured on August 11 and 27. Irrigation and measurement time were statistically significant on all gas exchange parameters except WUE for irrigation and measurement time and Anet for measurement time. E and gs were significant under the irrigation and measurement time interactions. In this study, increasing irrigation generally decreased Anet, and gs, while increased E, iWUE, and Ci/Ca. On August 27, A. fraseri had higher Anet, gs, E, Ci, Ci/Ca, and lower iWUE values than August 11. However, there was a robust positive correlation between gs and Anet, while a negative correlation between gs and iWUE in A. fraseri seedlings. In general, prolonged water deficiency leads plants to decrease Anet, gs, and E while iWUE increases, contrary to the current study. A well-developed and deeper root system, especially in plants under less or no-irrigation regimes, may alleviate drought stress effects in the long run and provide an advantage in leaf gas exchange parameters. In addition, the fact that soil moisture did not differ much between treatments, although irrigation levels were different, may explain the similar behavior among individuals measured in terms of gas exchange parameters.Öğe THE GAS EXCHANGE PARAMETERS OF Abies balsamea (L) MILL. AND Abies concolor SAPLINGS, GROWN UNDER VARIOUS WATER REGIME, EXPOSED TO EXTREME DROUGHT STRESS AT THE END OF THE GROWING SEASON(2021) Koç, İsmailTwo-year-old (plug+1) containerized Abies balsamea (L) Mill. and Abies concolor seedlings were grown under various irrigation in the greenhouse to examine gas exchange parameters end of the growing period when they were exposed to extreme drought stress. Relative height growth (RHG) and relative root collar diameter (RRCD) were measured next to gas exchange parameters, such as net photosynthetic rate (Anet), stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration rate (E), intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE=Anet/gs), and water use efficiency (WUE=Anet/E). As a result, A. balsamea seedlings had a higher RHG and RRCD than A. concolor. Species had a significant effect on leaf gas exchange parameters that A. balsamea had a higher Anet, gs, and a lower iWUE than A. concolor. Increasing irrigation increased Anet and E. The interaction of species and time was statistically significant for gs and iWUE measurement. İncreasing prolonged drought decreased gs and did not change iWUE values for A. balsamea, while increased gs and reduced iWUE for A. concolor seedlings. Even though Anet, E, and WUE were not statistically significant under the interaction of species and time, there is a decreasing trend for A. balsamea on these parameters. In contrast, A. concolor had a decreasing trend on Anet, and WUE and an increasing trend for gs when the seedlings were exposed to extreme drought or extended the dehydration period were observed. A. balsamea had a better performance and drought tolerance than A. concolor when exposed to a prolonged drought.Öğe Havadaki Metal Kirliliğinin (Ca, Mg, Mn) Tespitinde Kent Merkezindeki Mavi Ladin (Picea pungens) Ağacının Yaprak ve Dallarının Biyomonitör Olarak Kullanılabilirliği(2023) Ateya, Taher Abdulai Alttaher; Bayraktar, Oğuzhan Yavuz; Koç, İsmailDünya özellikle son yüzyılda iklim değişikliği, küresel ısınma ve hava kirliliği gibi üç temel problemle karşı karşıya kalmıştır. Artan insan nüfusu daha fazla kentleşme ve endüstrileşme dolayısıyla hava kirliliğe sebep olmaktadır. Çeşitli sebeplerle doğaya salınan ağır metaller havada bulunan partikül maddelere tutunarak gerek insan gerekse de bitkiler için son derece zararlı olabilmektedirler. Bitki büyüme ve gelişmesi için gerekli olan makro ve mikro besin elementleri içerisinde kalsiyum (Ca), magnezyum (Mg) ve mangan (Mn) aynı zamanda bir ağır metaldir. Bazı ağır metaller düşük miktarları canlı toplulukları için son derece tehlikeli olmakta iken bitki için gerekli olan besin elementleri de belli eşik değerleri aştıkları zaman bitki için toksik bir etki yapmaktadırlar. Bundan dolayı Ca, Mg ve Mn elementlerinin bitki organlarındaki miktarlarının ve bu konsantrasyonlarının yıllar içerisindeki değişiminin tespiti son derece önemlidir. Ankara Ulus semtindeki bir mavi ladin (Picea pungens Engelm.) ağacından alınan dal ve yaprak örneklerinde analizler gerçekleştirilerek, Ca, Mg ve Mn konsantrasyonlarının bitki kısımlarına ve yıllara göre değişimleri incelenmiştir. Çalışma sonuçları Ca, Mg ve Mn metal konsantrasyonlarının bitki kısımları ve organ yaşına bağlı olarak önemli miktarda farklılaştığı tespit edilmiştir. Bu sonuç, Picea pungens ağacının dal ve yaprakları ağır metal konsantrasyonlarının izlenmesinde yani biyomonitör olarak kullanımına uygun olduğunu göstermektedir. Çalışmada tercih edilen yöntem, ağacı hayati bir tehlikeye sokmayan, sürdürülebilir bir metot olarak değerlendirilebilir.Öğe Küresel İklim Değişikliğinin Bolu’da Bazı İklim Parametreleri ve İklim Tiplerine Etkisi(2021) Koç, İsmailGünümüzün en önemli sorunu olan küresel iklim değişikliğinin dünyadaki tüm canlılar üzerinde doğrudan ya da dolaylı etkisi vardır. Bu çalışma kapsamında Bolu ilinin küresel iklim değişikliğine bağlı olarak sıcaklık, yağış ve bunlara bağlı olarak da iklim yapısında meydana gelebilecek değişikliklerin RCP 45 ve RCP 85 senaryoları kullanılarak günümüzdeki durum ile 2050 ve 2070 yıllarındaki durum karşılaştırılmış, bu süreçte sıcaklık ve yağış ile bunlara bağlı olarak De Martonne, Lang ve Emberger iklim sınıflandırmasına göre iklim tiplerindeki meydana gelebilecek değişiklikler belirlenmiştir. Çalışma sonuçları gelecek yıllarda Bolu il genelinde sıcaklık, yağış ve bunlara bağlı olarak iklim sınıflarında önemli ölçüde değişiklik olacağını göstermektedir. Bu değişikliğin özellikle sıcaklık artışı şeklinde olacağı ve bu durumun iklim tipinde çok sert değişikliklere sebep olacağı öngörülmektedir. Çalışma sonuçlarına göre De Martonne iklim sınıflandırmasına göre günümüzde il genelinin yaklaşık %43,94’ünde nemli ve %27,16’sında çok nemli iklim hüküm sürerken 2070 yılında RCP 45 senaryosuna göre ilin yaklaşık %33,49’u nemli ve %17,71’inde çok nemli, RCP 85 senaryosuna göre ise ilin yaklaşık %35,21’i nemli ve %8,97’si de çok nemli iklimin etkisi altında olacaktır. Benzer şekilde Lang iklim sınıflandırmasına göre günümüzde Bolu’nun sadece %0,71’inde kurak iklim hüküm sürerken 2070 yılında bu oran RCP 45 senaryosuna göre %18,17 ve RCP 85 senaryosuna göre ise %30,41 seviyesine çıkacaktır.
