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Öğe Comparing the biological properties and chemical profiling of chestnut bee pollen and bee bread collected from Anatolia(Springer, 2023) Sonmez, Emine; Kekecoglu, Meral; Sahin, Huseyin; Bozdeveci, Arif; Karaoglu, Sengul A. L. P. A. Y.Bee bread (BB) and bee pollen (BP) are accepted as functional food and considered in medical properties due to its important bioactive components. These bee products show different biological properties, but researches on these aspects have not been clear yet. In present study, Anatolian BB and BP extracts were analyzed for the first time for their pollen type, total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid content (TFC), and antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. Samples were analyzed for their antimicrobial efficacy by the agar well diffusion and MIC methods. HPLC analysis was used to identify the compounds in the BB and BP samples. Antioxidant activity was measured by the FRAP and DPPH methods. As a result of microscopy for pollen identification, Fagaceae family was dominant. Phenolic compound analysis showed that the amounts of p-coumaric acid and rutin were found to be the highest in BB and BP, respectively. Stronger antioxidant activity was obtained from BP. MIC values of BB were range from 250 to 12.5 mu g/mL. The most susceptible bacterium was Mycobacterium smegmatis. The extract of BP was effective on all gram-negative bacteria with doses range from 250 mu g/mL to 500 mu g/mL. The lowest MIC value was detected with the concentration of 12.5 mu g/mL against M. smegmatis. Anatolian BB and BP could be considered as a functional foods due to antioxidant activity and may be beneficial in the management and treatment of pathogenic bacteria because of high antimicrobial activity.Öğe Determination of Anatolian Honeybee Biodiversity by Wing Characters(Univ Estadual Feira Santana, 2023) Kekecoglu, Meral; Bir, Songul; Acar, Merve KamburIn this study, we report that there were five different subspecies and three different ecotypes defined so far in Turkiye, which has a rich biodiversity in terms of honeybee subspecies. However, recently, it has been thought that the current biodiversity is in danger of extinction due to the commercial queen bee supply and the migratory beekeeping activities from a single source. This study uses the morphometric method to reveal the current status of honeybee biodiversity in Turkiye. For this purpose, a total of 3186 worker bees were studied by samplings from 19 different provinces to represent the honeybee races and ecotypes distributed in Turkiye. We made wing preparations and established 19 landmarks on the right forewings using the BAB BsPro200 program. The program automatically obtained the wing's metrics' angle, length, and index values via these 19 landmarks. We used Discriminant function analysis to determine intragroup and intergroup variations by taking the colony averages from data obtained from 31 morphological characters. Given the canonical discriminant function analysis and UPGMA dendrogram, Zonguldak, Duzce, Sakarya, Artvin, Ardahan, and Trabzon constituted a group, and Edirne, Kilis, Van, and Isparta formed a separate group. Hakkari, Kahramanmaras, and Ordu provinces formed a separate line together. On the other hand, the group centers of Kars and Kirklareli, two different ends of Turkiye, overlapped and formed a close line with Isparta. As a result, this study revealed that, although the protection measures taken at the local level effectively protected the honeybee biodiversity, these measures are insufficient.Öğe Determination of the dose-dependent toxic effects of mad honey on mouse liver using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2020) Cakmak-Arslan, Gulgun; Haksoy, Humeyra; Goc-Rasgele, Pinar; Kekecoglu, MeralMad honey (MH) is obtained from Rhododendron plants, which are extensively grown in some regions of the world such as Europe, North America, Tropical Asia and Turkey. Although it has been known that MH induces adverse effects in the body due to grayanotoxin (GTX) in it, it is widely used for some medical purposes by the public. In this study, the effects of MH (25, 50 and 75 mg/kg) and GTX-III (0.01 mg/kg), which is the pure form of the most toxic type of the GTXs in MH, were investigated on the mouse liver at molecular level via Attenuated Total Reflection-Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. The results showed that 25 and 50 mg/kg of MH didn't cause any significant alterations in the liver tissue except a decrease in the glycogen amount. However, significant differences were observed between 75 mg/kg MH and GTX-III treated groups and control group. For example, the amounts of saturated lipids, nucleic acids and proteins increased in the 75 mg/kg MH and GTX-III treated groups. A decrease in the ratios of unsaturated/saturated lipid, CH2/lipid and carbonyl/lipid and an increase in the ratio of CH3/lipid were observed after the administration of 75 mg/kg MH and GTX-III, all of which may be a consequence of lipid peroxidation. Moreover, 75 mg/kg MH and GTX-III caused a decrease in the membrane order, an increase in the membrane fluidity and some important changes on the secondary structure of proteins indicating protein denaturation. In addition, Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) confirmed these findings. These results revealed that MH induces significant dose-dependent toxic effects in the structure and function of the liver tissue. This study also showed that ATR-FTIR spectroscopy provides a rapid and sensitive monitoring of the changes induced by a toxic compound on biological tissues at molecular level. (c) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe An evaluation of the chemical content and microbiological contamination of Anatolian bee venom(Public Library Science, 2021) Tanugur-Samanc, Asli Elif; Kekecoglu, MeralBee venom is a natural substance produced by worker bees. The aim of this research paper is to determine the characteristics of Anatolian bee venom by evaluating its chemical content and microbiological properties. Physical, chemical and microbiological analyses were performed on 25 bee venom samples from different areas of Anatolia, Turkey. Data obtained by 3-replicate studies were evaluated with normality and one-way and two-way ANOVA / Tukey tests. Chemical analyses of the bee venoms revealed average melittin, apamin, and phospholipase A2 contents of 40.57%, 2.12% and 13.67%, respectively. The results suggest that Anatolian bee venom has a high phospholipase A2 content compared to the previous literature. The results for apamin content were similar to those reported in other countries. Melittin content was within the range of standard values. Bee venom samples were also observed to have a high sugar content, associated with pollen and nectar contamination. Total aerobic mesophilic bacteria counts revealed no microbial development in 11 samples of bee venom. Staphylococcus aureus was not detected in any sample. A low microbial load was associated with a high phospholipase A2 content in the bee venom composition, thus contributing to its antimicrobial character. This study presents an examination of Anatolian bee venom in terms of chemical content and microbial quality. The examination of other components in addition to phospholipase A2, melittin and apamin in future studies, together with an analysis of antimicrobial properties will further our understanding of Anatolian bee venom.Öğe Investigation of genotoxic effects of rhododendron honey using three mammalian bioassays in vivo(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2021) Rasgele, Pinar Goc; Gokalp, Fulya Dilek; Kaya, Salih Tunc; Kekecoglu, Meral; Acar, Merve KamburRhododendron honey (RH) is obtained from the rhododendron plants are grown in many regions around the world, causes poisoning in humans due to the grayanotoxin (GTX) compound in its structure. It is used by the public as a therapeutic for some diseases. It was aimed to study the genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of RH in mouse bone-marrow and sperm cells by using three mammalian bioassays. 25, 50 and 75 mg kg(-1) concentrations of RH given to male mice via gavage for 24 and 48 h treatment periods and its active ingredient Grayanatoxin (GTX-III) 0.01 mg kg(-1) by i.p. injection. Chromosome aberrations (CA), polychromatic erythrocytes (PCE)/normochromatic erythrocytes (NCE), micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCE) and sperm abnormalities were investigated. The results demonstrated that all the tested concentrations of RH significantly induced total abnormal cell frequency including chromosomal breaks for two time periods. In the MN assay, 75 mg kg(-1) RH and 0.01 mg kg(-1) GTX-III significantly increased % MNPCE and significantly reduced PCE/NCE ratios after 24 and 48 h treatments on mice demonstrating potential genotoxic and cytotoxic effect. Although there was a concentration-related increase in the percentage of total sperm abnormalities, this increase was not statistically significant compared to control. As a result, microscopic genotoxicity and cytotoxicity marker tests showed that RH and its active ingredient GTX-III have potential genotoxic and cytotoxic effect on mice bone marrow cells. It is understood that RH that is used to treat some diseases by public, should be handled carefully and used in a controlled manner.Öğe Investigation of Propolis as a Green Inhibitor of SAE 1010 Carbon Steel Corrosion in 3.5% NaCl Environment(Amer Chemical Soc, 2020) Rizvi, Marziya; Gerengi, Husnu; Yildiz, Mesut; Kekecoglu, Meral; Pehlivan, Mustafa MertThe anticorrosion performance of ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP) on SAE 1010 carbon steel specimens dipped in 3.5% NaCl was evaluated by advanced electrochemical and surface morphological assessments. The adsorption of EEP on the surface of the specimens investigated was delineated by an optical profilometer (OP), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) before and after immersion in aqueous solution of 3.5% NaCl. The electrochemical feedback assisted by PDP, EIS, and DEIS of the inhibited electrodes was compared with that of the uninhibited electrodes, and EEP's role in the formation of a protective barrier was identified. All the qualitative and quantitative data thus obtained establish EEP as a potential inhibitor for the SAE 1010 carbon steel corrosion in NaCl solution.Öğe Morphometric and mtDNA Variability Reveals Beekeeping Influences on Duzce Honeybee Populations(Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Univ Rektorlugu, 2023) Bir, Songul; Kekecoglu, MeralIn this study, the variability of Duzce honey bee populations using morphometric, restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequence analysis of five different regions of mitochondrial DNA were studied. 1440 worker honey bee samples were collected from colonies in distant apiaries located eight district of Duzce provinces. Worker bees were dissected and twelve morphometric characters related to length of proboscis, legs and front wings of samples were measured. A mitochondrial DNA fragment containing non-coding CoxI-CoxII, 16srDNA, ND5, Cytb and CoxI regions were amplified and analyzed with nineteen different restriction endonuclease enzymes. Non-coding CoxI-CoxII gene was digested by DraI, XbaI ve HinfI enzymes and revealed two and three different haplotypes with these enzymes respectively. There were no variation in SspI, XhoI, HinfI and DraI restriction pattern of CoxI gene region of mtDNA. 16srDNA with HincII and SspI revealed two different types for each enzymes. Cytb was revealed two types of patterns with DraI, although ND5 gene revealed no variation for SspI, DraI ve HincII enzymes. Some samples, which were shown variation by RFLP were subjected to sequence analysis for each mitochondrial DNA fargment. Consequently genetic analysis revealed a compatible variation with morphometric analysis. Surprisingly, genetic introgression to common and unique haplotypes was determined due to foreign queen beeÖğe New Morphometric Approach to Discriminate Honey Bee (Apis mellifera L.) Populations in Turkiye(Univ Namik Kemal, 2023) Kekecoglu, Meral; Bir, Songül; Acar, Merve KamburToday, 29 subspecies have been defined, each of which is adapted to a certain set of environmental characteristics, spreading all over the world except Antarctica. Many morphological and morphometric features have been used to classify honey bees from the past to the present. It has been reported that features such as length, angle and indices coming from the front wings are very efficient for classification. In recent studies, various programs have been developed and automatic classification has been attempted through the images of bee wings. This study aimed to determine the naturally occurring honey bee biodiversity in Turkiye by measuring 7 areas (A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7) on the right front wing. For this purpose, a total of 3392 worker bee samples were collected from 143 colonies in 19 provinces of Turkiye. The photographs of the prepared preparations were taken at 1X magnification with the BAB camera system connected to the BAB STR45 stereozoom microscope. The measurements of 7 areas on the right front wings of honey bee populations distributed in Turkiye were made automatically in the BAB Bs200ProP program. Colony averages of the raw data of the area measurements of each province were taken and the results were evaluated with Discriminant Function Analysis (DFA) in the SPSS.15 package program. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was applied to separate the groups to determine the variation within and between groups. As a result of this study, the minimum total area was seen in Van at 4.51 and the maximum total area was seen in Ardahan at 5.76. The average size of the measured areas decreased from the north-east to the south of Turkiye. Area measurements on the forewing were found to be a marker for distinguishing Anatolian (A. m. anatoliaca) and Caucasian (A. m. caucasica) honey bees.Öğe Türkiye’nin Batı Karadeniz Bölgesinde Düzce İli Yığılca İlçesinde Üretilen Propolisin Fenolik İçeriğinin Araştırılması(Oktay YILDIZ, 2018) Rasgele, Pınar Göç; Kekecoglu, MeralSon yıllarda tüketici bilincinin artmasıyla birlikte, gıda, ilaç, kozmetik gibi pek çok sektörde doğal ürünlerin kullanımı önem kazanmıştır ve Propolis bu doğal ürünlerden biridir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, tıbbi ve biyolojik yararlığı nedeniyle, Türkiye'nin batı Karadeniz Bölgesinde yer alan Düzce İli Yığılca ilçesinde üretilen propolis örneklerinin kimyasal bileşimlerini araştırmaktır. Düzce Üniversitesi Arıcılık Araştırma, Geliştirme ve Uygulama Merkezi'ndeki (DAGEM) ve farklı arılıklardaki kovanlara yerleştirilen plastik propolis tuzaklarından ham propolisler toplandı. Etanolik propolis ektraktı hazırlandı ve diyot dizisi detektörü (HPLC-DAD) ile yüksek performanslı sıvı kromatografisi kullanılarak analiz edildi. Sonuçlar göstermiştir ki; Biochanin, Gallik Asit, CAPE, Pinostrobin ve Pinobankstin dominant olarak bulunmaktadır ve bu bileşenler flavonoid grubuna aittir. Tüm örneklerin farklı seviyelerde farklı biyoaktif bileşimler içerdiği gözlenmiştir. Aynı bölgeden alınan örneklerde bile kimyasal içeriğin farklı olduğu gözlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, propolisin kimyasal içeriği flora, coğrafi konum, bal arısı alt türleri, çözücü gibi birçok faktöre bağlı olmasına rağmen, aynı bölgeden elde edilen propolis örneklerinin de içeriği ve özellikleri farklı olabilir. Bu nedenle arıcılıkta propolis standardizasyonu için kimyasal bileşiğin anlaşılması önemlidir.
