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Öğe Collective influence and optimization of 1-hexanol, fuel injection timing, and EGR to control toxic emissions from a light-duty agricultural diesel engine fueled with diesel/waste cooking oil methyl ester blends(Institution of Chemical Engineers, 2023) De Poures, Melvin Victor; Dillikannan, Damodharan; Kaliyaperumal, Gopal; Thanikodi, Sathish; Ağbulut, Ümit; Hoang, Anh Tuan; Mahmoud, Z.This study attempts to utilize a ternary blend comprising diesel, biodiesel, and 1-hexanol in a direct injection (DI) diesel engine. A response surface methodology (RSM) based optimization with the full factorial experimental design was used to optimize the fuel injection timing and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) with an objective to maximize the performance of the engine with minimum emissions. Three injection timings and three EGR rates were used. Multiple regression models developed using RSM for the responses were found to be statistically significant. Interactive effects between injection timing and EGR on responses for the blends were studied. From a desirability approach, a HX20 blend (diesel 50 v/v% + biodiesel 30 v/v% + 1-hexanol 20 v/v%) injected at lesser fuel injection timing and EGR rate delivered optimum emission and performance characteristics. Confirmatory tests validated the models to be adequate. With reference to diesel, at optimum conditions, there was a significant reduction in nitrogen oxides (NOx) emission with a marginal increase in smoke, hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions. Also, it was found that there was minimal loss in brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of the engine. With respect to waste cooking oil methyl ester operation, the blend reduced nitrogen oxides (NOx), smoke, carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions significantly with marginal loss in BTE. © 2023 The Institution of Chemical EngineersÖğe Forecasting of future greenhouse gas emission trajectory for India using energy and economic indexes with various metaheuristic algorithms(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2022) Bakır, Hüseyin; Ağbulut, Ümit; Gürel, Ali Etem; Yıldız, Gökhan; Güvenç, Uğur; Soudagar, Manzoore Elahi M.; Hoang, Anh TuanThe accelerating increment of greenhouse gas (GHG) concentration in the atmosphere already reached an alarming level, and nowadays its adverse impacts on the living organisms, environment, and ecological balance of nature have been well-understood. India is one of the top countries that contribute the most to global GHG emissions. Therefore, it is of great significance to forecast the future GHG trends of the country in advance and accordingly take measures against the parameters that cause these emissions, considerably. In this direction, the present research has centered on forecasting the greenhouse gas trajectory of India with various metaheuristic algorithms. In this framework, marine predators algorithm (MPA), lightning search algorithm (LSA), equilibrium optimizer (EO), symbiotic organisms search (SOS), and backtracking search algorithm (BSA) are used for modeling the future GHG emission trajectory of India. Accordingly, the significant economic and energy indicators of India such as renewable energy generation, electricity generation from coal, electricity generation from gas, electricity generation from oil, gross domestic product, and population between 1990 and 2018 are collected to make a nexus with GHG emissions. As GHG emissions, CO2, CH4, F-gases, N2O, as well as total GHG emissions are separately forecasted by the year 2050. To make a better comparison, each GHG emission data in the last year five years is used for the testing phase of the algorithms, and then statistically discussed in terms of R2, MBE, rRMSE, and MAPE benchmarks. In the results, it is found that the R2 value changes between 0.8822 and 0.9923 for CO2, 0.2855-0.9945 for CH4, 0.9-0.9904 for F-gases, 0.4655-0.9964 for N2O, and 0.9016-0.9943 for total GHG emission, and the results in terms of rRMSE are very satisfying for all algorithms. In the study, it is forecasted that the two greenhouse gas emissions with the highest increase rate in 2050 will be between 2.5 and 2.87 times for CO2 emissions and between 2.8 and 3.5 times for F-gases, compared to today's data. According to the results of the present paper, the total GHG emission for India is forecasted to be 2.1-2.4 times higher in the year 2050 as compared to today. Given all forecasting results together, it is seen that the MPA algorithm generally gives the best results according to the statistical metric results, while the LSA algorithm generally gives the worst results. Consequently, the present paper strongly reports that the decision-makers and policy-makersÖğe Hydrogen Production by Water Splitting with Support of Metal and Carbon-Based Photocatalysts(American Chemical Society, 2023) Hoang, Anh Tuan; Pandey, Anand; Chen, W.-H.; Ahmed, S.F.; Ni?eti?, S.; Ng, K.H.; Said, ZafarHydrogen energy is environmental-friendly and considered an attractive alternative to fossil fuels. Among the feasible technologies for hydrogen generation, photocatalysis-derived hydrogen from water splitting is considered to be the optimal solution for meeting long-term sustainability and increased energy demands. In this context, various photocatalytic genres are proposed, with metal and carbon-supported photocatalysts demonstrating greater comprehensiveness and potential for addressing solar-driven hydrogen production from water. Several important aspects of the aforementioned photocatalytic genres are reviewed in the present work in an effort to provide pertinent researchers with new horizons for more advanced performance. The review is initiated by introducing the primary principles in photocatalysis, as well as the prerequisites for hydrogen generation from water. The focus then moves to metal-based photocatalysts, where the important features of these materials as photocatalysts are summarized. Related limitations are also discussed, along with the proposed strategies that could potentially mitigate them. Similar systematic summaries are made of knowledge on carbon-based photocatalysts. The review concludes with a discussion of potential future research directions in light of the bottlenecks currently encountered. With the proper research and development, metal-based and carbon-based photocatalysts could produce clean hydrogen from water, thereby fueling global development without causing environmental harm. © 2023 American Chemical Society.Öğe Steam explosion as sustainable biomass pretreatment technique for biofuel production: Characteristics and challenges(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2023) Hoang, Anh Tuan; Nguyen, Xuan Phuong; Duong, Xuan Quang; Agbulut, Umit; Len, Christophe; Nguyen, Phuoc Quy Phong; Kchaou, MohamedThe biorefining process of lignocellulosic biomass has recently emerged as one of the most profitable biofuel production options. However, pretreatment is required to improve the recalcitrant lignocellulose's enzymatic conversion efficiency. Among biomass pretreatment methods, the steam explosion is an eco-friendly, inexpensive, and effective approach to pretreating biomass, significantly promoting biofuel production efficiency and yield. This review paper critically presents the steam explosion's reaction mechanism and technological characteristics for lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment. Indeed, the principles of steam explosion technology for lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment were scrutinized. Moreover, the impacts of process factors on pretreatment efficiency and sugar recovery for the following biofuel production were also discussed in detail. Finally, the limitations and prospects of steam explosion pretreatment were mentioned. Generally, steam explosion technology applications could bring great potential in pretreating biomass, although deeper studies are needed to deploy this method on industrial scales.Öğe Technological solutions for boosting hydrogen role in decarbonization strategies and net-zero goals of world shipping: Challenges and perspectives(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2023) Hoang, Anh Tuan; Pandey, Ashok; De Oses, Francisco Javier Martinez; Chen, Wei-Hsin; Said, Zafar; Ng, Kim Hoong; Agbulut, UemitFacing the problems concerning greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from international ocean shipping has meant that the latest regulations of the International Maritime Organization, issued on 1st January 2023, have come into force, with the aim of reducing GHG emissions from maritime activities. Hydrogen has been suggested as an alternative fuel to achieve decarbonization ambitions in the near future. Although hydrogen has been investigated and developed over the years, its application in ocean freight is still at an embryonic stage, with a very limited number of studies exploring its feasibility. Therefore, this work comprehensively reviewed the pertinent knowledge in the field, associated with the production, storage, and energy-derivation of hydrogen on ships and aims to identify the potential issues and provide possible solutions for fueling the shipping industry with hydrogen energy. It was found that the under-par development of hydrogen-based energy for the shipping industry can be explained by the following reasons: (i) the inability of space-limited ships to use the currently available hydrogen technologies; (ii) difficulties in hydrogen storage; (iii) under-developed infrastructure at hydrogen-bunkering ports; (iv) high retrofitting, maintenance, and operating costs; (v) incomplete guidelines, international rules and regulations for the implementation of hydrogen in fueling global shipping; and (vi) cheaper conventional fuels leading to the reluctancy of industry players to become involved in such a green transition. Finally, several suggestions relating to technological aspects and policy implications were given aiming at advocating the green transition of hydrogen-powered maritime industries for cleaner and more sustainable global trading.Öğe Understanding behaviors of compression ignition engine running on metal nanoparticle additives-included fuels: A control comparison between biodiesel and diesel fuel(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2022) Hoang, Anh Tuan; Le, Minh Xuan; Nizetic, Sandro; Huang, Zuohua; Ağbulut, Ümit; Veza, Ibham; Said, ZafarIn recent years, searching for efficient solutions to improve the emission and performance characteristics of diesel engines is considered as one of the essential and urgent work. Metal nanoparticles with a large surface area and high heat transfer coefficient could provide the impressive additive ability to the fuel reactivity and at-omization. Therefore, the critical role of metal nanoparticles in the support of diesel engine behaviors using biodiesel and diesel is thoroughly evaluated in this current review. Indeed, preparation methods and critical properties of metal nanoparticles and metal nanoparticles-laden fuels are fully introduced. More importantly, the performance, combustion, emission characteristics, and tribology behaviors of diesel engines running on metal nanoparticles-laden biodiesel are compared to diesel fuel in detail. Generally, metal nanoparticles-included biodiesel facilitates the formation of a more homogeneous oxygen-containing mixture of fuel-air, resulting in a more complete combustion process than that of diesel fuel. As a result, the use of biodiesel with the presence of metal nanoparticles is considered as the potential strategy for promoting spay and atomization, enhancing the combustion process, increasing brake thermal efficiency (BTE), reducing toxic emissions (including carbon monoxide (CO), unburnt hydrocarbon (HC), and smoke), and improving tribology characteristics. However, some drawbacks are also indicated, such as increased NOx emission and brake-specific fuel consumption. In addition, it is also concluded that studies on other environmental impacts (such as PM emission), the stable properties of metal nanoparticles, and economic aspects should be made more extensively before commercial applications of metal nanoparticles in the real world.
