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Öğe Advances in the Mitigation of Microbiologically Influenced Concrete Corrosion: A Snapshot(Mdpi, 2024) Gerengi, Husnu; Kaya, Ertugrul; Solomon, Moses M.; Snape, Matthew; Koerdt, AndreaConcrete, a versatile construction material, faces pervasive deterioration due to microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) in various applications, including sewer systems, marine engineering, and buildings. MIC is initiated by microbial activities such as involving sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (SOB), etc., producing corrosive substances like sulfuric acid. This process significantly impacts structures, causing economic losses and environmental concerns. Despite over a century of research, MIC remains a debated issue, lacking standardized assessment methods. Microorganisms contribute to concrete degradation through physical and chemical means. In the oil and gas industry, SRB and SOB activities may adversely affect concrete in offshore platforms. MIC challenges also arise in cooling water systems and civil infrastructures, impacting concrete surfaces. Sewer systems experience biogenic corrosion, primarily driven by SRB activities, leading to concrete deterioration. Mitigation traditionally involves the use of biocides and surface coatings, but their long-term effectiveness and environmental impact are questionable. Nowadays, it is important to design more eco-friendly mitigation products. The microbial-influenced carbonate precipitation is one of the green techniques and involves incorporating beneficial bacteria with antibacterial activity into cementitious materials to prevent the growth and the formation of a community that contains species that are pathogenic or may be responsible for MIC. These innovative strategies present promising avenues for addressing MIC challenges and preserving the integrity of concrete structures. This review provides a snapshot of the MIC in various areas and mitigation measures, excluding underlying mechanisms and broader influencing factors.Öğe Application of Galvanostatic Non-Linear Impedance Spectroscopy to the Analysis of Metallic Material Degradation(Mdpi, 2024) Slepski, Pawel; Gerengi, Husnu; Parasinska, Dominika; Gawel, LukaszThis study presents a novel application of Non-Linear Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (NLEIS) in galvanostatic mode for the rapid, non-destructive assessment of metal degradation. By using galvanostatic mode instead of traditional potentiostatic methods, polarization-related challenges are mitigated, enabling more accurate and reliable analysis. The technique allows for the determination of corrosion rates (corrosion current) and material susceptibility to oxidation (Tafel coefficient) through a single measurement with a modulated AC perturbation signal. Theoretical assumptions of the method were validated through tests on both a non-linear model system and an experimental system. The proposed research methodology is highly effective for monitoring the condition of metallic materials in various environments, covering both anodic and cathodic processes.Öğe Comparison of Corrosion Resistance of Cu and Cu72Zn28 Metals in Apricot Fermentation Liquid(Mdpi, 2025) Dimitrijevic, Stevan P.; Dimitrijevic, Silvana B.; Koerdt, Andrea; Ivanovic, Aleksandra; Stefanovic, Jelena; Stankovic, Tanja; Gerengi, HusnuThe production of fruit brandies is based on distilling fermented fruit juices. Distillation equipment is usually made of copper. In traditional manufacturing, it consists of a boiler (batch) distiller, a boiler (pot), a steam pipe, and a condenser, all of which are made of pure copper. This study determined the corrosion parameters for copper (Cu) and Cu72Zn28 (in wt%) alloy in fermented apricot juice at room temperature. The fermentation process examined in this research utilized natural strains of yeast and bacteria, supplemented by active dry yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains. This research used the following methods: open circuit potential (OCP), linear polarization resistance (LPR), and Tafel extrapolation to identify corrosion parameters. Cu had a 3.8-times-lower value of corrosion current density than brass, and both were within the range of 1-10 mu Acm-2, with an excellent agreement between LRP and Tafel. This study proved that Cu is an adequate material for the distillation of fruit brandies from a corrosion perspective. Despite this, there are occasional reports of corrosion damage from the field. Significant corrosion impacts can arise, as evidenced by laboratory tests discussed in this paper. In the absence of a highly corrosive environment, this study indicates that, to some extent, microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) can influence the degradation of the equipment material.Öğe Corrosion behavior of dual phase 600 and 800 steels in 3.5wt.% NaCl environment(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2020) Gerengi, Husnu; Sen, Nuri; Uygur, Ilyas; Kaya, ErtugrulDual phase (DP) steels have a great deal of importance in the automotive industry. These steels are used to fabricate structural parts of vehicles with the goal of passenger safety. In this study, the corrosion properties of DP 600 and 800 steel in 3.5wt.% NaCl environment were evaluated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), potentiodynamic polarization (PDP), and weight loss methods. Although the samples were quite similar to each other in their composition, it was observed that the very small differences changed the corrosion resistance property. For this reason, the calculated charge transfer resistance (R-ct) of the DP-800 in the 3.5wt.% NaCl environment was 51% greater than that of the DP-600 sample. This finding was confirmed by using weight loss, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and optical profilometer (OP) analysis.Öğe Corrosion inhibition of reinforcement steel in mixture water by caffeine and L-arginine(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2021) Kurtay, Mine; Gerengi, Husnu; Chidiebere, Arinzechukwu; Yildiz, MesutMany additives are preferred to extend the usage of concrete constructions in order to increase durability. These compounds have to be non-poisonous and have no undesirable consequences on the environs. Out of all these concerns, amino acids are mainly used in food and drug industries as well as safe corrosion inhibitors in a number of acid solutions. Here, the corrosion inhibition efficacy of optimum concentration (50 ppm) of caffeine and L-arginine has been investigated for reinforcement steel in mixture water (MW) environment. This was performed for a duration of 2 h, 7, 28, 56 and 90 d using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), dynamic EIS (DEIS), and potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) techniques. The surface of specimens was also investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM), optical profilometer (OP) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). DEIS results indicate that selected inhibitors protected reinforcement steel approximately up to 62% against corrosion till 7 d, then the effectiveness of the protection decreased to 30% on 90th day. It was also observed that L-arginine showed better inhibition efficiency than caffeine.Öğe Corrosion inhibition performance of dwarf palm andCynara cardunculusleaves extract for St37 steel in 15% H2SO4: a comparative study(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2021) Lahbib, Hana; Ben Hassen, Samia; Gerengi, Husnu; Rizvi, Marziya; Ben Amor, YasserThe inhibition effect of extracts obtained from the commercially insignificant, perennial and overgrowing plants in Tunisia such as Dwarf palm (DP) andCynara cardunculus(CC) plants leaves against St37 steel corrosion in 15% H(2)SO(4)has been investigated with weight loss experiments (WL) and classical electrochemical methods. The investigations were conducted at the various concentrations of studied extracts, experiment temperature and time. The obtained results were compared with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), dynamic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (DEIS) and surface imaging method outcomes. The results showed that DP and CC extracts exhibit good corrosion inhibitor for St37 steel in 15% H(2)SO(4)solution. From all applied methods, DP extracts approximately showed better inhibition efficiency than CC. The adsorption of the inhibitors was found to obey the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Results of infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and physical electronics spectrometry (XPS) analysis strengthen the authenticity of other experimental results by proving that the extract molecules have bonded with the surface of the St37 steel.Öğe Corrosion of Centrifuged Hot Dip Galvanized Pad Hooks Used in GFRC Panels(Pleiades Publishing Ltd, 2024) Gerengi, Husnu; Marasli, Muhammed; Solomon, Moses M.; Coskun, Kader; Guner, YusufAnchor elements and pad hooks are necessary components for securing GFRC panels to the main building structure, but they are vulnerable to corrosion when exposed to the atmosphere. This study evaluated the corrosion resistance of two centrifuged hot-dip pad hooks (designated A1 and B1) in a 5% (w/v) NaCl solution. The samples were subjected to a 20-day salt spray test and observed visually and through SEM-EDX for elemental composition. The thickness of the surface coating was measured before and after the salt spray test. The visual observation and SEM images indicate that the pad hook samples remained corrosion-free in the studied environment as the brownish iron oxides were not observed. The surface products were mainly Zn-rich corrosion products. The average thickness of samples A1 and B1 before the corrosion test was found to be 78.15 and 145.65 mu m. After the corrosion test, the thickness increased to 100.98 and 191.74 mu m for samples A1 and B1, respectively. The EDX results, however, revealed that both samples were corroded when exposed to the corrosive medium but B1 had a superior resistance than A1. It is therefore recommended to improve the production processes to focus on surface pre-treatment and Zn coating thickness for improved corrosion resistance.Öğe Dynamic Impedance-Based Monitoring of St37 Carbon Steel Corrosion in Sterilized Manganese Broth Medium(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2025) Gerengi, Husnu; Cristiani, Pierangela; Solomon, Moses M.; Ilhan-Sungur, Esra; Yildiz, Mesut; Slepski, PawelMicrobiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) of metals is a serious challenge where manganese oxidizing bacteria (MOB) can play a relevant role. However, there is no consensus on how MOB influences corrosion mechanisms. This arises from the complexity of the corrosion process and the challenge of distinguishing the effects of chemicals from the biological contributions. In this work, the electrochemical characteristics of St37 carbon steel in a bacteria-free Mn broth medium were monitored for 5 h using the new Dynamic Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (DEIS) technique. The results were compared with those from the classical electrochemical methods to validate the new technique. DEIS accurately tracked corrosion processes in the media and analysis of the variation of parameters such as the polarization resistance (Rp), corrosion potential (E), and constant phase elements (n, and Y0) proved valuable insight in understanding the corrosion processes. The study reveals that, in a sterile Mn broth medium, the corrosion resistance of St37 steel improved over time due to the adsorption of yeast and (NH4)2Fe(SO4)2 on the surface. SEM and EDX results confirm the adsorption of protective deposits on the steel surface. The polarization resistance of St37 steel increased up to 12,000 Omega cm2 at 5 h of measurement. The results from the DEIS technique conform with those from the classical methods. The work therefore established the DEIS technique as reliable for corrosion measurements in a dynamic system. The results obtained can serve as a suitable baseline for future MIC studies induced by MOB.Öğe The effect of caffeine molecule on the physico-chemical properties of blended cement(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2020) Kurtay, Mine; Gerengi, Husnu; Kocak, YilmazCaffeine is a nontoxic and eco-friendly natural molecule used in the food industry as well as a corrosion inhibitor in various corrosive media. However, its behavior and performance as an additive in the construction industry has not been explored. This paper investigates the effect of caffeine as an additive on strength, water demands, setting time and hydration mechanism of cement. In the first instance, the water demand, volume expansion and setting time of cement pastes, incorporating 0, 25, 50 and 75 ppm of caffeine were determined. In the second section, the rate of hydration and cement pastes' products were conducted by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermal analysis and scanning electron microscope (SEM) at 28 days. Finally, the cement mortars' compressive strengths were determined at 2, 7 and 28 days intervals. Consequently, mortars containing 75 ppm caffeine registered higher strength than the pure cement mortars due to high quantities of primary C-S-H gel, chemically bound water, compact structure at 28 days. Furthermore, by result of analysis and experiments, it was determined that caffeine had no negative effect on cement. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Effect of Chemical Treatment on the Corrosion Behavior of Mg-2Zn-1Mn (ZM21) Magnesium Alloy(Springer, 2024) Kaya, Ertugrul; Gerengi, Husnu; Cabrini, MarinaMagnesium alloys have gained interest as biomedical implant materials in dental and orthopedic applications due to their biodegradability and similarities to human bones. However, their high rate of degradation in physiological systems poses a significant challenge for their use. To address this issue, chemical modification is being explored to improve the corrosion resistance of magnesium and its alloys. In this study, they investigated the effects of chemical modification using NaOH and H2O2 on the bioactivity and corrosion resistance of a Mg-2Zn-1Mn (ZM21) magnesium alloy in simulated body fluid (SBF) using advanced techniques such as dynamic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (dynamic EIS), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), potentiodynamic polarization (PDP), atomic force microscopy, and x-ray diffraction (XRD). Results obtained using DEIS measurements after 30 hours showed that the charge transfer resistance of the untreated ZM21 alloy was 229.4, 1226.8 omega cm(2) for the NaOH-treated surface, and 1066.3 omega cm(2) for the H2O2-treated surface. The study found that NaOH is more effective than H2O2 in improving the corrosion resistance of the ZM21 magnesium alloy in simulated body fluid. Additionally, the mechanism of corrosion for both untreated and treated samples in the corrosive environment was investigated and discussed in the study.Öğe EXPLORING HAZELNUT SHELL-DERIVED CARBON AS AN ECO-FRIENDLY ADDITIVE IN BICYCLE TIRE MANUFACTURING(Inst Za Kovinske Materiale I In Tehnologie, 2025) Cetin, Esra; Gerengi, HusnuRecently, the tire industry has focused on eco-friendly practices, particularly on integrating waste materials into rubber formulations. Natural alternatives to carbon have offered a promising way to lower the carbon footprint by promoting recycling. This study explored the incorporation of carbon derived from hazelnut shells (HSC), an agricultural byproduct, as an additive in bicycle tire manufacturing. Bicycle tire formulations were prepared by maintaining a constant total carbon filler content of 28 parts per hundred rubber (phr). Initially, 28 phr of commercial carbon black and 0 phr of HSC were used. In subsequent formulations, the carbon black content was gradually reduced to (21, 14, 7, and finally 0) phr, while the HSC content was correspondingly increased to (7, 14, 21, and 28) phr to replace the reduced commercial carbon black. The produced tires were analyzed using density measurements, Mooney viscosity (MV), Mooney scorch (MS), rheological evaluations, mechanical testing, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), plunger tests, and rolling resistance tests. The study demonstrates that, although increasing the amount of HSC in tire compositions reduces the mechanical performance, the required performance standards for bicycle tires are still met.Öğe Öğe Inhibition effect ofCynara cardunculusleaf extract on corrosion of St37 steel immersed in seawater with and without bleach solution(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2021) Lahbib, Hana; Ben Hassen, Samia; Gerengi, Husnu; Ben Amor, YasserThe inhibition performance of an aqueous extract ofCynara cardunculusleaves on the corrosion of St37 steel immersed in seawater and seawater with bleach was investigated using weight loss measurements, electrochemical methods, and surface characterization techniques. It was found that the extract components acted primarily as a mixed-type inhibitor, and inhibition efficiency increased with increasing inhibitor concentration. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and dynamic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (DEIS) confirmed the formation of a protective layer on the metallic surface in both solutions. The adsorption of inhibiting molecules conformed to the Langmuir isotherm model. The thermodynamic parameter values indicated that chemisorption constituted the major contribution to the adsorption process. This result was corroborated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analyses. The significant inhibition effect can be related to the large amount of phenolic compounds in the CC aqueous extract as revealed by the Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum.Öğe Investigation of Propolis as a Green Inhibitor of SAE 1010 Carbon Steel Corrosion in 3.5% NaCl Environment(Amer Chemical Soc, 2020) Rizvi, Marziya; Gerengi, Husnu; Yildiz, Mesut; Kekecoglu, Meral; Pehlivan, Mustafa MertThe anticorrosion performance of ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP) on SAE 1010 carbon steel specimens dipped in 3.5% NaCl was evaluated by advanced electrochemical and surface morphological assessments. The adsorption of EEP on the surface of the specimens investigated was delineated by an optical profilometer (OP), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) before and after immersion in aqueous solution of 3.5% NaCl. The electrochemical feedback assisted by PDP, EIS, and DEIS of the inhibited electrodes was compared with that of the uninhibited electrodes, and EEP's role in the formation of a protective barrier was identified. All the qualitative and quantitative data thus obtained establish EEP as a potential inhibitor for the SAE 1010 carbon steel corrosion in NaCl solution.Öğe A newly synthesized ionic liquid as an effective corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel in HCl medium: A combined experimental and computational studies(Elsevier, 2021) Ozturk, Serkan; Gerengi, Husnu; Solomon, Moses M.; Gece, Gokhan; Yildirim, Ayhan; Yildiz, MesutSurfactants present exciting adsorption chemistry due to their dual nature, i.e the present of the hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts in their structures. However, the inhibition performance of surfactants is influenced by their chemical structure as well as the nature of the electrolyte. In acidic media, high concentration of tri-cationic surfactants is required for effective surface protection. Herein, we report the synthesis of a novel tri-cationic surfactant containing three quaternized nitrogen atoms and its corrosion inhibitive effect for carbon steel in 1 M aqueous HCl medium. The molecular structure of the surfactant was elucidated by 1H NMR and C-13 NMR spectroscopic techniques and its anti-corrosion activity was investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, potentiodynamic polarization and dynamic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy methods. The results obtained from the corrosion studies show that the synthesized surfactant is quite effective against the low carbon steel corrosion and at low inhibitor concentration. The inhibition efficiency obtained at 5 mg/L concentration is above 90%, showing that the anti-corrosion effect of the synthesized surfactant on the metal surface is strong even at low inhibitor concentration. Moreover, some physicochemical parameters namely, the critical micelle concentration, surface tension, micelle formation free energy, and emulsion stability have been calculated and used to explain the correlation with the corrosion inhibition mechanism. Additionally, to support the results from the electrochemical measurements, surface morphological examination using energy dispersive Xray spectroscopy (EDAX) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) methods have been performed. The EDAX and SEM results prove the adsorption of the tri-cationic surfactant molecule on the metal surface. The adsorption followed the Langmuir adsorption isotherm and calculated Kads (equilibrium constant of the adsorption process) value reflects strong interaction. More so, density functional theory (DFT) results corroborate the experimental results. The synthesized tri-cationic surfactant is a potential candidate for the formulation of acid corrosion inhibitor for acid cleaning applications.Öğe Newly Synthesized Pyridinium Salt Based Tricationic Surfactants as Corrosion Inhibitor for Carbon Steel in 1.0 M HCl Medium(Maik Nauka/Interperiodica/Springer, 2023) Ozturk, Serkan; Gece, Gokhan; Yildirim, Ayhan; Gerengi, HusnuTwo pyridinium salt based tricationic surfactants were synthesized using quarternization reaction. The characterization of the surfactants were done by spectroscopic methods (FT-IR and NMR). Some pysicochemical properties like critical micelle concentration, surface tension at critical micelle concentration, Gibbs free energy of micelization, foam height, foam stability and emulsion stability were measured. The anticorrosion properties of the synthesized compounds were investigated by gravimetric measurements. In corrosion tests, where both compounds showed inhibitory activity against the corrosion of carbon steel in 1.0 M HCl environment, while the inhibition efficiency of the compound containing 6 carbon atoms in the long chain was determined in the range of 62-76%, those of the compound containing 8 carbon atoms in the long chain was found in the range of 85-93%. On the other hand, density functional theory (DFT) calculations were applied to arrive at basic molecular/electronic level scale details about the synthesized compounds, in addition to the surface images of the metal obtained by scanning electron microscopy to support the corrosion prevention results.Öğe The potency of zeolite and diatomite on the corrosive destruction of reinforcing steel in 1 M HNO3 environment(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2020) Kurtay, Mine; Gerengi, Husnu; Kocak, Yilmaz; Chidiebere, Maduabuchi A.; Yildiz, MesutConsidering the high neutralizing power of concrete, it is seen as the major material for preserving reinforcing steel. This is observed in reinforced concrete (RC) formation. It is obvious that under corrosive situations, concrete is subject to noticeable quality losses. The aim of this research is to conduct an inquiry on the disintegration of reinforcing steel subjected to 1 M HNO3 solution over 200 days. For this purpose, concrete samples were produced having three different formulations, which included the reference (pure Portland cement), 20% diatomite and 20% zeolite. Reinforcing steel was embedded into these concrete samples. Afterwards, the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) approach was used to monitor the system every seven days. The results clearly revealed that long-term experiments are required for accurate electrochemical measurements. The addition of diatomite and zeolite protected the reinforcement better against corrosion. Although it loses its effectiveness over time, zeolite provided better resistance against corrosion than diatomite for the reinforcement bars in 1 M HNO3 solution. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe A Probe into the Corrosion Behavior of a WE43B Magnesium Alloy in a Simulated Body Fluid using Dynamic Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy(Springer, 2023) Gerengi, Husnu; Lorenzi, Sergio; Solomon, Moses M.; Slepski, Pawel; Gratton, Sara; Cabrini, MarinaWE43B is one of the newest Mg alloys with practical application in biomedical implant technology. This work attempts to scrutinize the corrosion characteristics of WE43B alloy in a simulated body fluid (SBF) at a typical body temperature. The dynamic-electrochemical impedance spectroscopy with the capacity to track changes on surfaces in a dynamic corrosive system is used in combination with other classical techniques namely, linear polarization, EIS, and hydrogen evolution to track the corrosion pattern of the alloy in SBF for 24 h. The electrochemical results reveal a steady increase in the corrosion resistance of the alloy with immersion time reaching 1398 ohm cm2 at 24 h. This corroborates the hydrogen evolution results in which a declining trend in the corrosion rate with immersion time is observed. The corrosion rate of the alloy is in the range of 1.326-1.338 mm y-1 at 24 h. The results from the applied techniques are comparable. The surface analysis (scanning electron microscope, energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy AFM) results conform with the results obtained from applied methods.Öğe Protection of steel hooks embedded in glass- fi ber-reinforced concrete against macrocell corrosion(Keai Publishing Ltd, 2024) Gerengi, Husnu; Maras, Muhammed; Rizvi, Marziya; Kohen, Beni; Taskiran, IsmailThis study evaluated the corrosion behavior of steel hooks embedded in GFRC, which were protected by a zinc-rich (96% Zn) galvanizing coating. The coating provided the hooks with active cathodic protection and a passive physical shield. Macrocell corrosion may form when the anode is smaller than the total steel surface. Thus, the steel hooks at the embedment juncture were additionally sealed against water ingress and air exchange using a construction sealant. The study was conducted in three phases in a saltspray chamber. First, the electrogalvanized steel hooks embedded in GFRC were allowed to freely corrode for 7 days. In the second phase, the electrogalvanized steel hooks were painted with the zinc-rich coating and observed over 7 days. In the third phase, the steel hooks were protected by the zinc-rich coating together with a primer and construction sealant, and observed over 7 days. To evaluate the electrogalvanized hooks and the corrosion products formed, the thickness of the material was measured. Corrosion on the metal surface was inferred by studying the surface morphology of the hooks at various points of contact and after different periods of time. (c) 2024 The Authors. Publishing services provided by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communication Co. Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc-nd/4.0/).Öğe Shallow cryogenic treatment: effect on the corrosion resistance and hardness properties of AA5083-H111 alloy in chloride-ions enriched medium(Iop Publishing Ltd, 2021) Uz, Dogancan; Solomon, Moses M.; Gerengi, Husnu; Sahin, Mukerrem; Yildiz, MesutThe influence of cryogenic and cryogenic time (10, 24, 36, 48, and 72 h) on the hardness, surface roughness, and corrosion resistance properties of AA5083-H111 alloy in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution have been investigated. The hardness property was analysed via the Brinell hardness measurement, the corrosion resistance property was measured electrochemically, while the morphological studies were undertaken using the SEM (scanning electron microscopy) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The results disclose that the shallow cryogenic treatment at -80 degrees C improves the alloy's hardness, surface roughness, and the corrosion resistance. The best cryogenic treatment time is 24 h. Cryogenic treatment for 24 h increases the alloy's hardness from 71.3 HB to 74.90 HB, reduces the average surface roughness from 534.000 nm to 105.634 nm, and increases the total charge transfer resistance from 18139 omega cm(2) to 26230 omega cm(2). The improvement is linked to settling of fine particles on the alloy surface. The SEM results support these claims.
