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Öğe Agonist and Antagonist Effects of ATP-Dependent Potassium Channel on Penicillin Induced Epilepsy in Rats(2016) Acar, Yıldız; Özmerdivenli, Recep; Demir, Şerif; Beyazçiçek, Ersin; Ankaralı, Seyit; Beyazçiçek, Özge; Ankaralı, HandanAMAÇ: Epileptik nöbetler, beyindeki uyarıcı ve duraklatıcı sistemler arasındaki dengenin, uyarıcı sistemlerin aktivitelerinin artışı yönünde bozulması sonucunda meydana gelir. İn vitro ve in vivo çalışmalarında, birçok K kanal açıcılarının antiepileptik etkisi gösterilmiştir. Bu çalışmada, çeşitli deneysel epilepsi modellerinde etkisi araştırılan KATP kanal agonist (pinacidil) ve antogonistlerinin (glibenclamide) penisilinle oluşturulan deneysel epilepsi modeli üzerindeki akut etkisi araştırıldı.YÖNTEM: Çalışmada 200-250 gr ağırlığında 32 adet erkek WistarAlbino sıçan kullanıldı. Deney 10 hayvanları, kontrol, DMSO (dimetilsülfosit), pinasidil ve glibenklamid olarak dört gruba ayrıldı. Sıçanlar 1,25 gr/kg üretan dozunun intraperitoneal olarak uygulanmasıyla anestezi altına alındı. Sıçanlar anestezi altına alındıktan sonra sol korteks açıldı ve somatomotor alana elektrotlar yerleştirildi. Epileptiform aktivite intrakortikal (i.c.) penisilin (500 IU, 2,5 ?l) uygulanmasıyla oluşturuldu. Penisilin uygulamasının 30. dakikasında tüm maddeler (salin, DMSO, pinasidil ve glibenklamid) intraperitoneal 15 (i.p.) olarak uygulandı. Kayıtlardan elde edilen elektrokortikografik (ECoG) veriler yazılım programı ile analiz edildi. Epileptiform aktivitenin diken dalga sıklığı ve diken dalga genliği istatistiksel olarak analiz edildi.BULGULAR: Penisilin ile oluşturulan deneysel epilepsi modelinde pinasidilin diken dalga sıklığını azalttığı (p0,05), fakat diken dalga genliği üzerinde anlamlı bir etkisinin olmadığı görüldü (p0,05). Benzer şekilde KATP kanal kapatıcısı olan glibenclamidenin ise hem diken dalga sıklığı hem diken dalga genliği üzerine anlamlı bir etkisinin olmadığını bulundu (p0,05).SONUÇ: Yapılan çalışmada pinasidil uygulamasının sıçanlarda penisilinle oluşturulmuş deneysel epilepsi modeli üzerinde antiepileptik etkiye sahip olduğu gösterildi. Pinasidil gelecekte potansiyel bir antiepileptik ilaç olabilir.Öğe Agonist and Antagonist Effects of ATP-dependent Potassium Channel on Penicillin-induced Epilepsy in Rats(Wiley-Blackwell, 2016) Beyazçiçek, Ersin; Acar, Yıldız; Özmerdivenli, Recep; Demir, Şerif; Ankaralı, Seyit; Beyazçiçek, Özge; Ankaralı, Handan…Öğe Cut-Off Values For EEG Frequency in Differentiation of Alzheimer, Non-Alzheimer Dementia and Healthy Subjects: An Application of 3D-ROC Surface Method(Ekin Tibbi Yayincilik Ltd Sti-Ekin Medical Publ, 2010) Ankaralı, Handan; Ankaralı, Seyit; Gökce, Fatih Mehmet; Demir, Şerif; Keçeci, HulusiObjectives: To write a new macro programme for the use of the non-parametric 3-D Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) surface method in the discrimination of three or more groups, to study the usefulness of electroencephalography (EEG) frequency in the diagnosis of Alzheimer type dementia (AD), non-Alzheimer type dementia (NAD) and healthy subjects, and to determine cut-off values of EEG frequency. Patients and Methods: The mean EEG frequencies in the left fontal region EEG records of subjects in the present study were calculated and the ROC surface method was used in discrimination of the groups. Results: The volume under the ROC surface was calculated as 0.464+/-0.150. Accuracy of the mean frequency in differentiation of groups was statistically significant (p=0.024). 8 Hz was found to be convenient for differentiation of AD from NAD patients and 10 Hz for the differentiation of NAD patients and healthy subjects. The sensitivity was 87.5% for Alzheimer's dementia diagnosis and total accuracy was 65% using this cut-off pair. Conclusion: We suggest that the mean EEG frequency may be used only as a pre-diagnostic tool for the differential diagnosis of these groups.Öğe Determination of Plasma Cholecystokinin Levels in Patient With Migraine Without Aura(Wiley, 2017) Alemdar, Hacer; Demir, Şerif; Beyazçiçek, Ersin; Bulduk, Serap…Öğe EEG as an easy diagnostic tool in differentiation of Alzheimer and non-Alzheimer dementia(Riyadh Armed Forces Hospital, 2009) Gökçe, Fatih Mehmet; Keçeci, Hulusi; Demir, Şerif; Ankaralı, Seyit; Ankaralı, Handan…Öğe Effect of (R)-(-) and (S)-(+) Carvone on the Penicillin-induced Epileptiform Activity in Rats(Wiley-Blackwell, 2016) Beyazçiçek, Özge; Taka, Sümeyye; Demir, Şerif; Beyazçiçek, Ersin; Taşcı, Şeymanur Yılmaz; Bahadır, Anzel; Ankaralı, Handan…Öğe The effect of intra-arterial papaverine on ECoG activity in the ketamine anesthetized rat(Elsevier Ireland Ltd, 2008) Karataş, Ayşe; Gökçe, Fatih; Demir, Şerif; Ankaralı, SeyitThe opium alkaloid papaverine (PPV) Causes vasodilatation of the cerebral arteries through direct action on smooth muscle that reduces the constriction of smooth muscle. Intra-arterial papaverine (IAP) has been used widely to increase the regional cerebral blood flow in order to reverse the cerebral vasospasm that occurs during endovascular procedures. IAP-induced seizures have been reported, although PPV has anticonvulsive effects. This study determined the effects of LAP on electrocorticography (ECoG) in the ketamine anesthetized rats. We used 24 Sprague-Dawley male rats weighing 200-250 g. The animals were divided randomly into four groups: three treatment groups (groups 1-3) and a control (group,4). Groups 1, 2, and 3 were given 1, 7, and 14 mg/kg IAP, respectively. The ECoG was compared across groups. Our results indicate(] that IAP did not cause seizures and that it decreased the frequency of ketamine-induced epileptiform activity in the 14 mg/kg group. Crown Copyright (C) 2008 Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Effect of irisin on the epilepsy induced by penicillin G: An electrophysiological study(Ondokuz Mayis Universitesi, 2022) Şahin Yıldız, Yasemin; Demir, Şerif; Beyazçiçek, E.; Gök, A.; Beyazçiçek, ÖzgeEpilepsy is a neurological disease characterized by sudden and synchronized seizures caused by abnormal and excessive electrical discharges in brain neurons. The purpose of this study was to electrophysiologically examine the effects of acute administration of irisin, which is thought to be neuroprotective and increase cell proliferation, at different doses (10 and 100 nM) on the penicillin-induced experimental epilepsy in rats. Forty-nine adult male Wistar rats were used in the study. The rats were divided into 7 groups: sham, control group (penicillin), irisin group, the pre- and during-seizure groups of 10 nM and 100 nM irisin. All the substances except penicillin were administered intraperitoneally. The rats were anesthetized using urethane. The bone tissue on the left cerebral cortex was removed and the electrodes were placed in the somatomotor cortex. Thirty minutes before penicillin administration, irisin was administered to the pre-seizure penicillin group at doses of 10 nM and 100 nM. Then, penicillin (500 IU/2 µl) was injected intracortically, and ECoG recording was continued for 120 minutes. On the other hand, 10 nM and 100 nM of irisin were administered to the during-seizure penicillin group after penicillin was injected intracortically and the seizure occurred, and ECoG recording was continued for 120 minutes. The ECoG recordings were analyzed using the PowerLab Chart v.8 software. In conclusion, it was found that irisin prolonged the latency of initial epileptic activity and decreased the number and amplitude of spike-waves in the penicillin-induced experimental epilepsy model. These results suggest that irisin might have an antiepileptic potential. © 2022 Ondokuz Mayis Universitesi. All rights reserved.Öğe The Effect of Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitor 7-Nitroindazole on the Cell Death Induced by Zinc Administration in the Brain of Rats(Tubitak Scientific & Technical Research Council Turkey, 2009) Gökçe, M. Fatih; Bağırıcı, Faruk; Demir, Şerif; Bostancı, M. Ömer; Güven, AyselAim: To evaluate the effect of the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) inhibitor 7-nitroindazole (7-Nl) on hippocampal cell loss induced by zinc hemisulfate salt (ZnSO4-7H2O) treatment. Materials and Methods: Rats were divided into 3 groups (n = 21; 7 rats in each group): Control, Zinc, and Zinc+7-NI. In the Zinc and Zinc+7-NI (pretreatment) groups, ZnSO4-7H2O was applied intracortically to the left sensory motor cortex. The 7-Nl (50 mg/kg) was injected into the third group (Zinc+7-NI) intraperitoneally 20 min prior to zinc application and daily for the next 7 days. Cell loss in the left and right hippocampal hemispheres was quantified by optical fractionator. which is a relatively unbiased and reliable stereological counting method. Results: Zinc produced decreases of 43.5% and 46.1 % in the number of viable neurons in the left and right hippocampal hemispheres, respectively, in comparison with control values. In the Zinc+7-NI group, cell losses were 16.2% and 18.5% in the left and right hemispheres. respectively, in the same conditions. Thus, 7-Nl exerted a significant neuroprotective effect against zinc-induced cell loss in the rat hippocampus (P < 0.05). Conclusions: These results suggest that nitric oxide contributes to the hippocampal cell loss induced by zinc sulfate and that the prevention of nitric oxide formation by nNOS blockade can reduce this cell loss.Öğe THE EFFECT OF RAPAMYCIN (SIROLIMUS) ON PENICILLIN-INDUCED EPILEPTIFORM ACTIVITY IN RATS(Wiley-Blackwell, 2014) Ankaralı, Seyit; Beyazçiçek, Ersin; Demir, Şerif; Taka, S.; Ankaralı, Handan…Öğe Effect of Rapamycin on Maternal Aggression in Rats(Kafkas Univ, Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi, 2016) Beyazçiçek, Özge; Ankaralı, Seyit; Beyazçiçek, Ersin; Ankaralı, Handan; Demir, ŞerifRapamycin which is an inhibitor of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), has effects as antineoplastic, retarding aging, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective. Aim of this study is to investigate the effects of rapamycin on maternal aggression in rats. In this study 63 Wistar female rats were used. The animals were divided into 3 groups: the solvent (DMSO) group, the 5 mg/kg rapamycin group, and the 10 mg/ kg rapamycin group. For behavioral testing the resident-intruder paradigm was used. The groups were compared in terms of the latency to the first aggressive behavior, the number of attacks, the total duration of aggressive behaviors and the intensity of attacks. When the groups were compared in terms of the latency to the first aggressive behavior, it was found that 5 and 10 mg/kg rapamycin groups were significantly prolonged latencies compared to the control group. When were evaluated the number of aggressive behaviors, total duration of aggressive behaviors and average severity of attacks it was found that 5 mg/kg rapamycin group's values were significantly lower than the control groups. These results show that acute administration of rapamycin, especially in 5 mg/kg dose of rapamycin prolongs the latency of maternal aggression, and decreased the number of attacks, the intensity of attacks and the total duration of aggressive behaviors in rats. Therefore rapamycin may have potential for use as a sedative drug, however it is necessary to conduct further studies.Öğe Effect of Rapamycin on Maternal Aggression in Rats [1] [2](2016) Beyazçiçek, Özge; Ankaralı, Seyit; Beyazçiçek, Ersin; Ankaralı, Handan; Demir, ŞerifMemelideki rapamisin hedefinin (mTOR) bir inhibitörü olan rapamisin antineoplastik, yaşlanmayı geciktirici, anti-inflammatuar ve nöroprotektif etkilere sahiptir. Bu çalışmadaki amacımız sıçanlarda rapamisinin maternal agresyon üzerine etkisini araştırmaktır. Çalışmada 63 adet dişi Wistar sıçan kullanıldı. Hayvanlar çözücü (DMSO) grubu, 5 mg/kg rapamisin grubu ve 10 mg/kg rapamisin grubuna ayrıldı. Davranış testi için ev sahibi-yabancı paradigması kullanıldı. Gruplar; ilk agresif davranışın başlama zamanı, toplam atak sayısı, agresif davranışın toplam süresi ve atak şiddeti açısından karşılaştırıldı. Gruplar ilk agresif davranış başlama zamanı bakımından karşılaştırıldığında 5 ve 10 mg/kg rapamisin gruplarının kontrol grubuna göre başlama zamanını anlamlı düzeyde uzattığı bulundu. Toplam agresif davranış sayısı, agresif davranışın toplam süresi ve ortalama atak şiddeti değerlendirildiğinde 5 mg/kg rapamisin grubunun değerleri kontrol grubuna göre anlamlı düzeyde düşük bulundu. Bu sonuçlar akut rapamisin uygulamasının, özellikle 5 mg/kg dozda, sıçanlarda maternal agresyonun başlama zamanını uzattığını, toplam atak sayısı, atak şiddeti ve agresyonda geçen toplam süreyi kısalttığını göstermektedir. Fakat rapamisinin sedatif bir ilaç olarak kullanılabilme potansiyeline sahip olabilmesi için daha ileri çalışmalar gerekmektedir.Öğe The Effect of Rapamycin on Penicillin-Induced Epileptiform Activity in Rats: An Electrophysiological Study(2016) Ankaralı, Seyit; Beyazçiçek, Ersin; Ankaralı, Handan; Demir, ŞerifAmaç: Yeryüzünde yaklaşık elli milyon insan epilepsinin pençesindedir ve bu hastaların büyük bir bölümü şimdiye kadar keşfedilmiş antiepileptik ilaçlara karşı dirençlidir. Bunun yanı sıra, bu ilaçların yan etki profilleri de oldukça geniştir. Memelideki rapamisin hedefi (mTOR) inhibitörü olan rapamisin; antineoplastik, yaşlanmayı geciktirici ve antienflamatuvar etkilere sahiptir. mTOR'un sinir sistemi üzerindeki etkilerine dair çalışmalarda ise nöroprotektif etkisinin olduğu gösterilmiştir. Buna ek olarak, tüberoskleroz hastalarında rapamisin kullanımının epileptik nöbetleri azalttığı bildirilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı mTOR inhibitörü rapamisinin sıçanlarda penisilinle oluşturulmuş deneysel epilepsi üzerindeki akut etkisini araştırmaktır. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Bu çalışmada penisilinle oluşturulmuş deneysel epilepsili kırk adet erişkin erkek Wistar sıçan içeren bir model kullanılmıştır. Söz konusu kırk sıçan; salin, çözücü (dimetilsülfoksit), ve de 0,1 mg/kg, 0,4 mg/kg ve 0,8 mg/kg rapamisin grupları olmak üzere beş gruba ayrıldı. Tüm maddeler intraperitoneal yolla uygulandı. Sıçanlara anestezi için 1,25 g/kg üretan uygulandıktan sonra hayvanların sol kafatası açıldı ve beyin üzerine elektrotlar yerleştirildi. Elektrokortikografi kaydı başlatıldı. Rapamisin uygulamasından iki saat sonra intrakortikal olarak penisilin uygulandı. Penisilin uygulandıktan sonra elektrokortikografi verileri iki saat daha kaydedildi. Bulgular: Rapamisinle tedavi edilen sıçan gruplarında, 0,4 mg/kg ve 0,8 mg/kg rapamisin uygulamaları epileptiform aktivitenin diken-dalga sıklığını ve genliğini anlamlı olarak azaltmıştır. Fakat latensleri karşılaştırıldığında gruplar arasında anlamlı bir fark bulunmamıştır.Tartışma ve Sonuç: Akut rapamisin uygulaması sıçanlarda penisilinle oluşturulmuş epileptiform aktivitenin diken-dalga sıklığını ve diken-dalga genliğini azaltmıştır ve bu bulgular rapamisinin antiepileptojenik bir potansiyele sahip olduğunu göstermektedirÖğe THE EFFECT OF THYMOQUINONE ON PENICILLIN-INDUCED EPILEPTIFORM ACTIVITY IN RATS(Wiley-Blackwell, 2014) Beyazçiçek, Ersin; Ankaralı, Seyit; Beyazçiçek, Özge; Ankaralı, Handan; Demir, Şerif; Özmerdivenli, Recep…Öğe The Effects of Acute and Chronic Metformin Treatment on Penicillin Induced Epileptiform Activity in Rats(2022) Kılıç, Ümit; Beyazçiçek, Ersin; Orallar, Hayriye; Demir, Şerif; Beyazçiçek, ÖzgeObjective: The aim of this study is to investigate acute and chronic administered metformin on epileptiform activity induced by penicillin and antioxidant activity in rats. Methods: Eighty-four adult male Wistar albino rats were used in this study. The rats were divided into two large groups as acute and chronic groups, and later on each group was divided into different subgroups as control, sham, penicillin, metformin 100 mg/kg (Met_100), 200 mg/kg (Met_200) and only metformin 200 mg/kg (OMet_200) intraperitoneally. The substances were applied to the chronic groups for 21 days, while acute groups received them just before the initiation of epileptiform activity. In the present study, onset of first epileptiform activity, spike wave frequency and amplitude, and superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT) parameters were evaluated. Results: No epileptiform activity was observed in the control, sham, and OMet_200 groups. When metformin doses of 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg were compared with the penicillin group in both acute and chronic groups, the onset of first epileptiform activity was prolonged, spike wave frequency and spike wave amplitude decreased significantly. SOD, CAT and GPx levels were found to be significantly different in the acute and chronic metformin groups compared to the penicillin group. Conclusion: In conclusion, this study shows that metformin can decrease epileptic seizures and increase the level of antioxidant enzymes and it can be used in the treatment of epilepsy in the future.Öğe Effects of an Extract of Salvia Miltiorrhiza on a Penicillin-Induced Epilepsy Model in Rats(Springer, 2015) Bahadır, Anzel; Demir, Şerif; Orallar, Hayriye; Beyazçiçek, Ersin; Öner, F.In a penciling-induced epilepsy model, Wistar rats (16 males, 16 females) were i.p. administered with an extract of Salvia miltiorrhiza (SmE; total dose 50 mg/kg) once a day for 15 days. The rats were divided into four equal groups, control and SmE-treated for each sex. After the treatment period, an epilepsy model was produced by penicillin G injection (500 IU) into the motor cortex; the electrocorticogram (EcoG) was recorded for 120 min, and statistical analysis was performed. In the male control group with penicillin-induced epilepsy, the spike frequency was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that in the female control group. The frequency values have been significantly (P < 0.01) increased within the observation period in the female SmE-treated group, while the respective values significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in the analogous male group. There were insignificant differences in the amplitude values and latency to onset of the spike/wave events between female/male SmE and female/male control groups (P > 0.05). Thus, the SmE exerts anticonvulsant effects in the male rat group, while its effect should be characterized as proconvulsant in the female group in the penicillin-induced epilepsy model. The difference (related to the presence of estrogen analogs in the SmE) is determined by dissimilar hormonal backgrounds in males and females. The SmE may be considered as the base for development of anticonvulsant drugs for clinical therapy of epilepsy in the future.Öğe The Effects of Erythropoietin on the Penicillin Induced Epileptiform Activity in Rats(Kafkas Univ, Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi, 2016) Bulur, Şule; Demir, Şerif; Bahadır, Anzel; Ankaralı, Seyit; Özmerdivenli, Recep; Beyazçiçek, ErsinErythropoietin (Epo), a cytokine hormone produced in the kidney, promotes the formation of red blood cells in the bone marrow. The penicillin-induced epilepsy model is a commonly used experimental model for epilepsy research. The present study was conducted to elucidate the effect of Epo on penicillin-G (500 IU/2.5 mu l dose, intracortically (i.c)) -induced epileptiform activity in anesthetized adult Wistar-Albino rats (n=39). The animals were randomly divided into four groups as three treatment groups (groups 1-3) and a control group (no drug application). Rats in groups 1, 2 and 3 were intraperitoneally administered 2.000, 4.000 and 6.000 IU Epo/kg, respectively. The effects on penicillin G induced epilepsy were compared across groups using electrocorticography. Epo at 2.000 IU/kg did not cause a significant change (P>0.05) in epileptiform spike-wave activity (number/min) and/or amplitude (mu V) values, whereas the average number of spike-waves per minute and seizure severity decreased significantly in the 4.000 and 6.000 IU/kg Epo groups compared with the control (P<0.05). Consequently, the results of the present study show that administration of Epo has a dose-dependent antiepileptic effect in penicillin induced model of epilepsy in rats.Öğe The Effects of Nigella Sativa Extract and Chronic Exercise Application on Penicillin-induced Epilepsy Model in Mongolian Gerbils(Wiley-Blackwell, 2016) Çetinkaya, Ayhan; Demir, Şerif; Orallar, Hayriye; Kayacan, Yıldırım; Çakır, Serkan; Yıldırım, Arzu; Beyazçiçek, Ersin…Öğe Effects of the ATP-dependent K (+)-channel effectors pinacidil and glibenclamide on liver tissue in an experimental model of epilepsy: A histopathological study(2022) Çetinkaya, Ayhan; Demir, Şerif; Düzcü, Selma Erdoğan; Orallar, HayriyeAim: It is known that most of the antiepileptic drugs have negative effects on the liver. Pinacidil is a nonselective opener of KATP channels, including the plasma membrane and mitochondria. Glibenclamide is an ATP -dependent K channel blocker ensuring the intake of calcium. Our aim in this experimental study was to examine the effects of pinacidil and glibenclamide on the liver tissue of rats with focal epilepsy. Method: Sixty male Sprague Dawley rats (2-4 months old, 200-250 gr) were used in the study. The rats were divided into 4 groups, 15 in each group. The groups were divided into control group, penicillin group, penicillin + pinacidil group and penicillin + glibenclamide group. The craniums of the rats in the control group were opened and normal saline was given; Penicillin (2 ?l 500 IU) was intracortically administered to other groups and an experimental epilepsy model was created. At the end of the study, liver tissue of rats was taken and evaluated in terms of vacuolar degeneration, lymphocyte infiltration, vascular congestion, sinusoidal dilatation, necrosis, and Kupffer cell proliferation, radial alignment of hepatic cords, central vein and portal vein dilatation in hepatocytes. Results: Venous congestion, cytoplasmic vacuolization, Kupffer cell proliferation, portal vein dilatation and necrosis were distinct in the group to which pinacidil was administered, and distortion was present in the radial sequence (p<0.001). In addition, inflammation, venous congestion and hepatocyte necrosis were found to be lower in the glibenclamide given group compared to the control group (p<0.001). Conclusion: It can be suggested that pinacidil treatment caused negative results in liver histopathological parameters, whereas glibenclamide was more protective by reducing inflammation, venous congestion and hepatocyte necrosis.Öğe Effects of thymoquinone, the major constituent of Nigella sativa seeds, on penicillin-induced epileptiform activity in rats(Riyadh Armed Forces Hospital, 2016) Beyazçiçek, Ersin; Ankaralı, Seyit; Beyazçiçek, Özge; Ankaralı, Handan; Demir, Şerif; Özmerdivenli, RecepObjective: To investigate the effects of thymoquinone (TQ) in a penicillin-induced epilepsy model in rats. Methods: This experimental study included 56 adult male Wistar rats. Experiments were performed in the Research Laboratory of the Department of Physiology, Medical School, Duzce University, Duzce, Turkey, between October 2013 and December 2014. Animals were divided into the following 7 groups: sham, control, only thymoquinone, vehicle (Dimethylsulfoxide), and doses of 10, 50, and 100 mg/kg of TQ. After rats were anesthetized, the left part of the skull was removed. A pair of silver/silver chloride electrodes was placed on the somatomotor area, and electrocorticographic recording was started. After 5 minutes basal activity was recorded, and TQ was applied intraperitoneally. At the thirtieth minute after TQ, epileptiform activity was induced by intracortical penicillin. The first spike latency, spike frequency, and the amplitude of epileptiform activity were analyzed statistically. Results: The different doses of TQ significantly increased the latency time to onset of first spike wave, and decreased the frequency, and amplitude of epileptiform activity in the first 20 minutes compared with the control group. Conclusion: Thymoquinone shows potential as an antiepileptic drug resulting from its effects of prolonged latency time, and reduced spike wave frequency and amplitude of epileptiform activity.
