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Anti-Staphylococcal Activity of Verbascum thapsus L. against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
(Duzce Univ, 2017) Dülger, Görkem; Tütenocaklı, Tülay; Dülger, Başaran
Objective: In this study, it was aimed to investigate the anti-Staphylococcal activity of ethanol extract obtained from leaves of Verbascum thapsus L. (Scrophulariaceae) plant. Methods: The anti-Staphylococcal activity of the extract of ethanol extracted from the leaves of Verbascum thapsus L. (Scrophulariaceae) was investigated against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteria by Agarwell diffusion method and microdilution method. Results: The ethanol extract showed antibacterial activity against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains (MIC < 1024 mu g/mL). When compared with Methicillin and Gentamicin, the extract was more effective against MRSA strains. Conclusion: The use of Verbascum thapsus L. (Scrophulariaceae) as an anti-Staphylococcal agent has been found to be appropriate in vitro and should be performed in vivo.
Antibacterial activity of Codium fragile on common fish pathogens
(Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology, 2014) Dülger, Görkem; Dülger, Başaran
Methanol, dichloromethane and hexane extracts of Codium fragile (Suringar) Hariot (Chlorophyta) were tested for antibacterial activity against common fish pathogens (Aeromonas hydrophila, Yersinia ruckeri, Streptococcus agalactia and Enterococcus faecalis) by microdilution method. The hexane extract of the alga has shown a strong antibacterial activity as MIC and MBC against Aeromonas hydrophila at 64 (>128) ?g/mL concentrations and Yersinia ruckeri at 128 (128) ?g/mL concentrations, respectively. While methanol extracts showed weak antibacterial activity against all bacterial pathogens, the dichloromethane extracts showed activity against the test microorganisms. The results demonstrate that the hexane extract of the alga has significant antibacterial activity and suggest that it may be useful in the treatment of bacterial fish diseases.
Antibacterial Activity of Stachys sylvatica Against Some Human Eye Pathogens
(Natural and Engineering Science, 2022) Dülger, Görkem; Dülger, Başaran
The ethanol extracts obtained from the leaves of Stachys sylvatica L. (Lamiaceae) were evaluated for their antibacterial activity against some human eye pathogens by disc diffusion method against hospital isolates of Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus capitis, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Moraxella nonliquefaciens and Cutibacterium acnes. Besides, Penicillin, Ampicillin and Tobramycin as antibacterial antibiotics were used as a positive reference standard to determine the sensitivity of the isolates. The extracts showed a potential antibacterial effect against Staphylococcus capitis, Moraxella nonliquefaciens and Cutibacterium acnes, with inhibition zones of 22.4 mm, 21.6 mm and 20.2 mm, respectively. The extracts also exhibited a moderate effect against the other bacterial isolates. The plant may be useful in the treatment of eye infections. © 2022, Natural and Engineering Science. All rights reserved.
Antibacterial Activity of Verbascum antinori
(Duzce Univ, 2018) Dülger, Başaran; Dülger, Görkem
Objective: In current study, biological screening of the methanol extract obtained from Verbascum antinori Boiss. et Heldr. (Scrophulariaceae) was carry out on antibacterial effects. Methods: Antibacterial activity of the extract was evaluated for Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538P, Proteus vulgaris ATCC 8427, Klebsiella pneumoniae UC57, Micrococcus luteus CCM 169, Escherichia coli ATCC 11230, Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 15313, Bacillus cereus ATCC 7064 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 by disk diffusion method. Results: The extract has potential effect against the Gram-positive bacteria, but no activity was observed against the Gram-negative bacteria used in the present study. Conclusions: On the basis of the mentioned results, V. antinori may be a potential source of antibacterial agent.
Antibiotic Susceptibility of Motile Aeromonas spp. Isolated from Saricay Stream (Canakkale, Turkey)
(Dr M N Khan, 2013) Hacıoğlu, Nurcihan; Dülger, Başaran
This study was carried out for the determination of the physico-chemical and microbiological quality and antibiogram profiles of the Aeromonas spp. isolated from Saricay stream in Canakkale - Turkey. The results indicated that water from this stream were of poor microbiological quality and unfit for human consumption. A total of 13 Aeromonas species were isolated from sixty (21.66%) water samples. This strains were identified as Aeromonas caviae (53.84%), A. hydrophila (23.07%), A. veronii by. sobria (23.07%). All aeromonads (100%) strains were resistant to erythromycin, amoxycillin, ampicillin (except one A.hydrophila strain), but susceptible to gentamicin.
Antifungal Activity of Hypericum havvae Against Some Medical Candida Yeast and Cryptococcus Species
(Pharmacotherapy Group, 2014) Dülger, Görkem; Dülger, Başaran
Purpose: To investigate the antifungal activities. of the individual as well as the combined hydroalcohol leaf and root extracts of endemic Hypericum havvae A. Guner (Hyperiaceae). Methods: Each dry powdered plant material (20 g) was soaked in 150 ml of aqueous ethanol (50: 50 % v/v) until complete saturation of the plant material. After the extracts were filtered and evaporated, the antifungal activity of the extracts was tested against medical yeast, Candida (C. albicans ATCC 10231, C. tropicalis ATCC 13808, C. guilliermondii ATCC 6260) and Cryptococcus (C. neoformans ATCC 90112 and C. laurentii 34142) species by visual broth microdilution method. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extract was derived from the results. Ketoconazole was used as the reference standard. Results: MIC values ranged from 3.12 to 25.00 mg/ml. The extracts exhibited strong antifungal effect against the yeast cultures but the combination of the plant extracts (leaf + root) possessed stronger antifungal potency against Candida albicans and Cryptococcus laurentii, with the same MIC value of 1.56 mg/ml. Conclusion: Our findings support the use of Hypericum havvae in traditional medicine for the treatment of fungal infections, especially Candidiasis.
Antifungal activity of Salvia verticillata subsp. verticillata against fungal pathogens
(2021) Dülger, Görkem; Dülger, Başaran
Aim: It was aimed to investigate the antifungal activity of the individual as well as the combine extract (leaf+root) ofSalvia verticillata subsp. verticillata L. from Lamiaceae family which has ethnobotanical use.Material and Methods: The plant samples were collected during to flowering stage in June, Samandere village around,Duzce, Turkey. The collected plants were dried according to herbarium techniques. The powdered plant material wasextraction using ethyl alcohol (96%). Antifungal effects of the extracts was evaluated for yeasts (Candida krusei ATCC20298, C. parapsilosis ATCC 90112, C. guilliermondii ATCC 6260, C. albicans ATCC 10231, C. tropicalis ATCC13808, C. glabrata ATCC 2001, Cryptococcus laurentii ATCC 34142, C. neoformans ATCC 90112, Geotrichumcapitatum ATCC 28576, Debaryomyces hansenii DSM 70238, Rhodotorula rubra DSM 70403, and Kluyveromycesfragilis ATCC 8608) by visual broth microdilution method. Antifungal antibiotic ketoconazole was used in the study tocompare the results.Results: MIC values ranged from 1.56 to 25.00 mg/mL. The extracts have shown potential antifungal effects againstthe yeast cultures. Notably, the combine plant extracts (both leaves and rootstock) possessed higher antifungal potencyagainst C. neoformans, C. laurentii and G. capitatum.Conclusion: Our results demonstrated that the extracts of Salvia verticillata subsp. verticillata are used for thetreatment of fungal infections as traditional medicine.
Antifungal Activity of Soil Streptomyces Isolates Against Cryptococcus neoformans
(2021) Dülger, Başaran; Dülger, Görkem
In this study, 26.5% of 128 different isolates of Streptomyces recovered from soils in Duzce province, Turkey showed antifungal activity against Cryptococcus neoformans ATCC 90112. Considering the diameter of the inhibition zone formed on the agar plate, isolates were divided into four sections: section 1 (5-10 mm, slightlyactive); section 2 (11-15 mm, moderately-active), section 3 (16-25 mm, highly-active) and section 4 (26-35 mm, ultra-active). It is determined that 3 isolates in section 4 may be a source of novel antibiotic against Cryptococcosis.
Castor oil-based graft copolymers: synthesis, characterization antimicrobial activity and antiproliferative effects against breast cancer cell lines
(Springer, 2022) Allı, Sema; Dülger, Görkem; Kılıççıoğlu, İlker; Allı, Abdulkadir; Dülger, Başaran
Castor oil was autoxidized for three months to obtain macroperoxide castor oil (PCO). Since this polymeric oil has peroxide groups and hydroxyl groups, free-radical polymerization (FRP), ring-opening polymerization, and one-pot polymerization both free-radical polymerization (FRP) and ring-opening polymerization in one step methods were used to synthesis of various types of the graft copolymers. PCO-g-Polystyrene, PCO-g-Poly(methyl acrylate), and PCO-g-Poly(tert-buytl acrylate) were synthesized using the free-radical polymerization method. PCO-g-Poly(epsilon-caprolactone) graft copolymer was obtained via ring-opening polymerization, and PCO-g-Polystyrene-g-Poly(epsilon-caprolactone) graft copolymer was obtained using one-pot polymerization method. All graft copolymers obtained were characterized by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (H-1 NMR), Fourier-transform infrared, differential scanning calorimetry, thermal gravimetric analysis, and elemental analysis. After the synthesis of castor oil-based copolymers, we determined the antimicrobial effects of them as well as the antiproliferative effects on breast cancer cell lines. Antimicrobial activity was carried out using the disc diffusion method and the dilution method. As a result of antimicrobial activity, the compounds showed moderate antimicrobial effects on microorganisms compared to standard antibiotics. In particular, the compounds have shown more antibacterial activity than antifungal activity. We also observed a prominent antiproliferative effect of synthesized compounds depending on increasing doses (1-25 mu g/mL) and times (24-48 h) in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells.
Chemical composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer activities of endemic Cephalaria tuteliana
(Elsevier, 2024) Kiliccioglu, Ilker; Dülger, Görkem; Senturk, Fatih; Bozyel, Mustafa Eray; Canli, Kerem; Dülger, Başaran
Introduction: The genus Cephalaria, belonging to the Caprifoliaceae family, is a rich source of secondary metabolites, including mainly saponins which display a variety of biological activities, such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancerous effects. This study was carried out to observe the biochemical composition and to evaluate the biological activities of Cephalaria tuteliana Kus & Gokturk. Methods: The composition of endemic C. tuteliana was determined through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) studies. Antimicrobial effect were determined by the disk diffusion and dilution methods for test bacteria and test fungi. The antioxidant potential of the ethanol extract was also investigated. Cell proliferation and apoptosis analysis were investigated by WST-1 and ELISA methods. The migration level of PC-3 prostate cancer cells after plant extract application was examined by wound healing assay. Also, molecular docking experiments were performed to investigate the anticancer activity of the major component found in the C.tuteliana extract. Results: GC-MS analysis showed that the predominant compounds were Phenol, 2,20-methylenebis [6-(1,1dimethyl ethyl)-4-methyl- (23.54 %), 9,12,15-octadecatrien-1-ol, (Z,Z,Z)-(6.06 %) and n-Hexadecanoic acid (3.03 %). The ethanolic extract of C. tuteliana displayed moderate antimicrobial activity against a spectrum of tested microorganisms. Also, it exhibited significant antiproliferative effects on PC-3 human prostate cancer cells while having no harmful effects on healthy control HUVEC cells. Furthermore, enhanced expressions of Caspase-3, 8, and 9 were observed in PC-3 cells after plant extract treatment. Also, cell migration level was notably reduced, especially at a dose of 400 mg/mL in PC-3 cells. The DPPH free radical scavenging activity of ethanolic extracts of C. tuteliana showed higher activity than ascorbic acid. Molecular docking experiments showed potential binding of the major aromatic compound in C.tuteliana extract to human androgen receptor 1E3G protein. Conclusion: These findings highlight the potential of C. tuteliana as a valuable natural resource and pave the way for further in vivo prostate cancer investigations. (c) 2024 SAAB. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
DETERMINATION OF THE PRESENCE AND ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OF FRANCISELLA TULARENSIS IN SPRING WATERS IN DUZCE, TURKEY
(Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2017) Dülger, Görkem; Uğraş, Serpil; Dülger, Başaran
This study aimed to investigate the presence of Francisella tularensis in the spring waters of Duzce. Water samples were collected at regular monthly intervals from 20 different stations between November 2015 and November 2016. Membrane filtration method was used for water sample filtration. In a culture study, glucose cysteine blood agar selective medium was used for F. tularensis isolation. The Tu14 primer, specific to F. tularensis, was used in PCR for molecular identification. F. tularensis was isolated from 2 of the 240 water samples. Antibiotic susceptibility of F. tularensis was determined by disk diffusion method using doxycycline, erythromycin, streptomycin, ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, meropenem, tobramycin, tetracycline, nitrofurantoin and imipenem antibiotics.The highest efficacy was demonstrated by Ciprofloxacin.
Evaluating antimicrobial and antioxidant capacity of endemic Phlomis russeliana from Turkey and its antiproliferative effect on Human Caco-2 Cell Lines
(Acad Brasileira De Ciencias, 2019) Alpay, Merve; Dülger, Görkem; Şahin, İbrahim E.; Dülger, Başaran
In this study, the antimicrobial, antioxidant and antitumor activity of ethanol extracts obtained from Phlomis russeliana (Sims.) Lag. ex Benth. (Lamiaceae) were evaluated. Disc diffusion and microdilution methods were used to test the extracts for antimicrobial activity against seven bacteria strains (Bacillus cereus ATCC 7064, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538P, Escherichia coli ATCC 10538, Proteus vulgaris ATCC 6899, Salmonella typhimurium CCM 5445 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853) and four yeast strains (Kluyveromyces fragilis ATCC 8608, Rhodotorula rubra ATCC 70403, Debaryomyces hansenii DSM 70238 and Candida albicans ATCC 10239). Notably, they were more effective against the yeast strains than the bacterial strains. Of the yeast cultures, D. hanseii was among the most susceptible, having an inhibition zone of 16.2 mm with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum fungicidal concentrations (MFCs) of 64(128)mu g/ml, respectively. For cytotoxic determination, Caco-2 cells were cultured as per ATCC protocol, and were treated with log concentrations (5-80 mg/ml) of P. russeliana. The potency of cell growth inhibition for each extract was expressed as an IC50 value. Moreover, oxidant capacity was evaluated via TOC assay. This product induced antiproliferative activity of 31.33% at 40 mg/nil and 20.96% at 80 mg/ml, without toxic effects on cells, although the oxidant capacity was decreased to 27.06 +/- 0.7 nm in the 80 mg/nilapplied group compared to 47.9 +/- 1.8 mn in the untreated one. Advanced pharmacological studies are needed to further evaluate P. russeliana for distinctive features.
Evaluation of antifungal activities of the ethalolic extract of the macrofungus Suillus collinitus against dermatophytes
(Abdullah KAYA, 2025) Akkoyunlu, Ayşegül; Dulger, Gorkem; Dülger, Başaran
In this study, the ethanolic crude extracts obtained from the macrofungus Suillus collinitus (Fr.) O. Kuntze (Suillaceae, Bolatales) were investigated for their antifungal activities against dermatophytes such as the isolates Microsporum gypseum, Trichophyton rubrum and Epidermophyton floccosum by the agar well diffusion method as well as tube dilution method. The ethanol extracts have a strong effect with mean values zone of inhibition at different concentrations and a wide zone of inhibition was determined at 1500 mg/mL (20.8 mm) for M. gypseum, (18.2 mm) for T. rubrum and (16.8 mm) for E. floccosum. MIC of M. gyspseum at 50 µg/mL, MIC of T. rubrum at 60 µg/mL and E. floccosum at 70 µg/mL were observed, respectively. Terbinafine as the comparison antifungal agent gave MIC values between 10 µg/mL for E. floccosum and T. rubrum and 20 µg/mL for M. gypseum. These findings against dermatophytes support our observations regarding the use of this macrofungus among the public. Besides, the findings of this screening study are a preliminary step to further pharmaceutical researches on the relevant macrofungus in the future.
Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activities of Salvia verbenaca
(Natural and Engineering Science, 2023) Dülger, Görkem; Dülger, Başaran
The antimicrobial activity of several extracts and fractions of Salvia verbenaca L. (Lamiaceae) was investigated by disc diffusion and broth microdilution methods against Escherichia coli ATCC 10536, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538P, Klebsiella pneumoniae UC57, Micrococcus luteus La 2971, Micrococcus flavus ATCC 14452, Proteus vulgaris ATCC 8427, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19115, Mycobacterium smegmatis CCM 2067, Bacillus cereus ATCC 7064, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Candida albicans ATCC 10231, Cryptococcus neoformans ATCC 90112, Kluyveromyces fragilis NRRL 2415 and Rhodotorula rubra DSM 70403. The methanol extract, butanol and chloroform fractions have shown potential antimicrobial effects against some bacteria and the yeast cultures tested, with grown inhibition area diameters in the range 10.8 – 22.4 mm, and MIC values between 0.03 and 0.34 µL/mL. The results of the study support the use of the plant in traditional medicine. © 2023, Natural and Engineering Science. All rights reserved.
Evaluation on Antimicrobial Activity of The Lichen Pleurosticta acetabulum
(Düzce Üniversitesi, 2023) Dülger, Başaran; Dulger, Gorkem; Gedik, Bahar; Oran, Seyhan
In this study, the ethanol extract of the lichen Pleurosticta acetabulum (Neck.) Elix & Lumbsch (Parmeliaceae) was investigated for their antimicrobial activity against various microorganisms by the disc diffusion method. Mycobacterium smegmatis CCM 2067, Micrococcus luteus CCM 169, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538P, Proteus vulgaris ATCC 8427, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 15313, Klebsiella pneumoniae UC57, Bacillus cereus ATCC 7064, Escherichia coli ATCC 10536, Rhodotorula rubra DSM 70403, Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and Kluyveromyces fragilis ATCC 8608 were used as test microorgams. We have found that the ethanol extract of the lichen has a potential antimicrobial effect against all tested microorganisms, forming inhibition zones between 12.6-22.4 mm, as compared with the standard antibiotics. Notably, the extract has a strong effect against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, especially Candida albicans. In conclusion, P. acetabulum may assist in the discovery of new antimicrobial agents that can serve as selective agents or in the preparation of new combined therapeutic drugs. However, the effect of this lichen species on more pathogenic organisms should be investigated and further and detailed pharmacological and toxicological studies should be conducted.
FIRST REPORT OF ENTEROBACTER LUDWIGII AND AVERYELLA DALHOUSIENSIS FROM WELL WATERS IN KONYA/TURKEY
(Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2016) Dülger, Görkem; Bircan, Duygu; Dülger, Başaran
In this study, while doing research about the microbiological quality of 20 different well water samples which are used for drinking and domestic water by people in Kapakli (Ilgin- Konya/Turkey) between March-May 2015, it was aimed to determine the existence of motile Aeromonas in three well water samples which has the maximum total coliform number (>1100 MNP/100 mL). Yellow colonies which came into existence in consequence of incubation for 24-48 hours at 25-27 degrees C in GSP agar which is its selective medium were evaluated as suspicious Aeromonas sp. Colony, and they were put to oxidase test and gram staining. As a result of oxidase test, the water which was supposed to be positive (+) came out as oxidase negative (-). Therewith, 16S rRNA sequence analysis was done in order to classify suspicious colonies. In consequence of the sequence analysis, it was found out that the bacteria species which created yellow colony in GSP medium were Enterobacter ludwigii, Averyella dalhousiensis and Enterobacter aerogenes, respectively. In the comparison of sequence via BLAST it was determined that 99% of the sample 3 has nucleotide similarity to Enterobacter ludwigii, 99% of the sample 5 has nucleotide similarity to Averyella dalhousiensis, and 99% of the sample 10 has nucleotide similarity to Enterobacter aerogenes. According to the results, Enterobacter ludwigii and Averyella dalhousiensis were put on the record for the first time in Turkey via this study.
Rational design, biological and in-silico evaluation of quinoline-chalcone hybrids: A new series of antimicrobial and anticancer agents
(Elsevier Ltd, 2026) Kiliçcioğlu, Ilker; Musatat, Ahmad Badreddin; Dülger, Görkem; Atahan, Alparslan; Dülger, Başaran; Zengin, Mustafa
This study investigates the synthesis, antimicrobial, anticancer, and in silico properties of novel quinoline-chalcone hybrids (nQCa-l), which were synthesized and characterized. Their antimicrobial activity revealed broad-spectrum efficacy, with compound 2QC-h demonstrating superior potency compared to several standard antibiotics and antifungals. The anticancer potential was assessed against gastrointestinal system cancer cell lines (AGS, HepG2, HCT116), where 2QC-h emerged as the most potent antiproliferative agent, often surpassing oxaliplatin in efficacy, particularly in AGS gastric cancer cells. Mechanistic studies have demonstrated that 2QC-h synergistically induces apoptosis and inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in AGS cells through the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway, thereby enhancing the anticancer effect of oxaliplatin. Crucially, 2QC-h exhibited selective cytotoxicity towards gastrointestinal system cancer cells (AGS cells: 4.85 ± 0.22 µg/mL and 2.66 ± 0.58 µg/mL, HCT116 cells: 6.61 ± 0.29 µg/mL and 2.39 ± 0.57 µg/mL, and HepG2 cells: 9.14 ± 0.49 µg/mL and 6.15 ± 0.27 µg/mL for 24 h and 48 h, respectively) and minimal morphological effects on healthy HUVEC cells. Computational studies, including DFT analysis, MEP, RDG, ELF, LOL, and ALIE, provided comprehensive insights into the electronic structure, reactivity, and non-covalent interactions, elucidating the structure-activity relationships (SAR). Molecular docking simulations identified VEGFR-2 and EGFR as the preferential targets for these derivatives, with nanomolar binding affinities, which correlated strongly with experimental cytotoxic potencies. ADME highlighted favorable drug-likeness properties while identifying areas for further optimization. Overall, this research establishes quinoline-chalcone hybrids as promising multi-target therapeutic agents with significant potential for developing novel antimicrobial and anticancer drugs. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
Salvia verticillata subsp. verticillata Bitkisinin Fungal Patojenlerine Karşı Antifungal Aktivitesi
(Duzce University, 2021) Dulger, Gorkem; Dülger, Başaran
Amaç: Bu çalışmada, Lamiaceae familyasından Salvia verticillata subsp. verticillata L. (Lamiaceae) bitkisinden elde edilen yaprak, kök ve kombine (yaprak+kök) ekstresinin antifungal aktivitesinin araştırılması amaçlandı.
Synthesis and Characterization of Dimeric Thio-Schiff Bases by Nano Cerium Oxide and Examination of Their Antimicrobial Activities
(2021) Dalmaz, Aslıhan; Durmuş, Sefa; Dülger, Görkem; Dülger, Başaran
In this work, firstly, CeO2 nanoparticles, which can be used as catalysts in many reactions, weresynthesized by preparing aqueous solution of cerium(III) nitrate hexahydrate in basic medium.In the second step, the synthesis of dimeric thio Schiff bases was carried out using two differentmethods. Effect of catalyst on some parameters such as reaction time and yield of product wereinvestigated. The antimicrobial activities of the ligands have been screened in vitro against theorganisms Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae (Gram negativebacteria), Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis, Bacilluscereus (Gram positive bacteria) and Candida albicans, C. tropicalis, C. guilliermondii, C.glabrata by Disc Diffusion and Microdilution methods. At the same time, antimicrobialactivities of ligands were compared to standard antibiotics (Cefotaxime, Amoxicillin/clavulanicacid, Posacanazole, Nystatin and Gentamicin). Generally, the results obtained in this researchshowed that all tested ligands exhibited more effect towards Gram positive bacteria andCandida species as compared to standard antibiotics.
Synthesis, antimicrobial and antiproliferative activities of new self-assembly benzimidazole-bridged aren ruthenium rectangles in human breast cancer cells
(Springer, 2021) Orhan, Ersin; Dülger, Görkem; Alpay, Merve; Oksuz, Nilufer; Dülger, Başaran
Some novel benzimidazole-bridged aren ruthenium rectangle compounds of the general structure [{Ru-2(p-cymene)(2)(mu(4)-OO boolean AND OO)}(2)(mu(4)-bbim)](4+) (bbim = 1,1 '-butyl-2-ene-di(benzimidazole) were obtained from the corresponding double-nuclear arene ruthenium compounds [Ru-2(p-cymene)(2)(mu(4)-OO boolean AND OO)Cl-2] (OO boolean AND OO = 2,5-dioxido-1,4-benzoquinonato (dobq), 2,5-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinonato (dClbq), 2,5-dibromo-1,4-benzoquinonato (dBrbq), oxalato (oxa), and 5,8-dioxido-1,4-naphtoquinonato (donq) via reaction with the bbim molecule and AgCF3SO3. The antiproliferative activity and anti-cancer properties of the tetranuclear arene ruthenium compounds were evaluated against the human breast cancer cell line (MDA-231-MB). Compound 2 showed the highest antiproliferative effect among the compounds during 24- and 48-h administration. In addition, all other compounds exhibited very good cancer cell selectivity and very low micromolar cytotoxicity. The antimicrobial activities of the synthesized compounds were also determined against various test microorganisms. Evaluations were carried out using the disk diffusion method and the dilution method. In particular, the compounds exhibited more potential antibacterial effects against Gram negative bacteria than against Gram positive bacteria and showed a superior antifungal effect against Candida species. The results revealed the benzimidazole-bridged aren ruthenium rectangle compounds to be very strong and potent inhibitors.

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