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    Determination of Anatolian Honeybee Biodiversity by Wing Characters
    (Univ Estadual Feira Santana, 2023) Kekecoglu, Meral; Bir, Songul; Acar, Merve Kambur
    In this study, we report that there were five different subspecies and three different ecotypes defined so far in Turkiye, which has a rich biodiversity in terms of honeybee subspecies. However, recently, it has been thought that the current biodiversity is in danger of extinction due to the commercial queen bee supply and the migratory beekeeping activities from a single source. This study uses the morphometric method to reveal the current status of honeybee biodiversity in Turkiye. For this purpose, a total of 3186 worker bees were studied by samplings from 19 different provinces to represent the honeybee races and ecotypes distributed in Turkiye. We made wing preparations and established 19 landmarks on the right forewings using the BAB BsPro200 program. The program automatically obtained the wing's metrics' angle, length, and index values via these 19 landmarks. We used Discriminant function analysis to determine intragroup and intergroup variations by taking the colony averages from data obtained from 31 morphological characters. Given the canonical discriminant function analysis and UPGMA dendrogram, Zonguldak, Duzce, Sakarya, Artvin, Ardahan, and Trabzon constituted a group, and Edirne, Kilis, Van, and Isparta formed a separate group. Hakkari, Kahramanmaras, and Ordu provinces formed a separate line together. On the other hand, the group centers of Kars and Kirklareli, two different ends of Turkiye, overlapped and formed a close line with Isparta. As a result, this study revealed that, although the protection measures taken at the local level effectively protected the honeybee biodiversity, these measures are insufficient.
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    Morphometric and mtDNA Variability Reveals Beekeeping Influences on Duzce Honeybee Populations
    (Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Univ Rektorlugu, 2023) Bir, Songul; Kekecoglu, Meral
    In this study, the variability of Duzce honey bee populations using morphometric, restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequence analysis of five different regions of mitochondrial DNA were studied. 1440 worker honey bee samples were collected from colonies in distant apiaries located eight district of Duzce provinces. Worker bees were dissected and twelve morphometric characters related to length of proboscis, legs and front wings of samples were measured. A mitochondrial DNA fragment containing non-coding CoxI-CoxII, 16srDNA, ND5, Cytb and CoxI regions were amplified and analyzed with nineteen different restriction endonuclease enzymes. Non-coding CoxI-CoxII gene was digested by DraI, XbaI ve HinfI enzymes and revealed two and three different haplotypes with these enzymes respectively. There were no variation in SspI, XhoI, HinfI and DraI restriction pattern of CoxI gene region of mtDNA. 16srDNA with HincII and SspI revealed two different types for each enzymes. Cytb was revealed two types of patterns with DraI, although ND5 gene revealed no variation for SspI, DraI ve HincII enzymes. Some samples, which were shown variation by RFLP were subjected to sequence analysis for each mitochondrial DNA fargment. Consequently genetic analysis revealed a compatible variation with morphometric analysis. Surprisingly, genetic introgression to common and unique haplotypes was determined due to foreign queen bee