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Accident information system based on vehicular ad hoc networks-KABIS
(Nigde Omer Halisdemir University, 2025) Beşli, Muhammed Ali; Bayrakdar, Muhammed Enes
Today, smart transportation systems aim to reduce traffic congestion and increase safety and security by using vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-roadside (V2R) communication units. According to TÜİK, it is seen that the ratio of driver fault to total faults has not fallen below 88%. This situation reveals that driver errors have become a chronic problem and that detailed solution proposals should be developed. In this context, especially the lack of knowledge of points where many accidents have occurred in the past leads to careless behaviors of drivers that increase the risk of accidents in these areas. The main purpose of this study is to provide advance warning to drivers when they approach areas that have been identified as accident black spots in the past, and to increase their attention levels in these areas. In the last phase, an evaluation of the analysis, design and implementation phases was made with software testing.
An analytical and simulation model for IEEE 802.11af based cognitive radio sensor networks
(Gazi Univ, Fac Engineering Architecture, 2025) Demirturk, Burak; Bayrakdar, Muhammed Enes
In this study, a cognitive radio sensor network based on IEEE 802.11af technology is proposed for data with priority classes. In IEEE 802.11af technology, the White Space Device (WSD), Station (STA), and Access Point (AP) communicate opportunistically over the television white spectrum without causing any harmful interference to licensed services. In the proposed network structure; WSDs, STA and AP use the Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) technique to communicate over the white space spectrum determined by the White Space Map (WSM). WSD collects data such as temperature, humidity, pressure from sensors in various environments. The priority class is determined as red, yellow and green depending on the urgency of the data. After the analytical model of the proposed network was obtained, the simulation model was implemented using Riverbed Modeler. The graphical results prove the validity and feasibility of the proposed network in terms of latency (0.17 s) and energy consumption (4.7 mJ/s) without any spectrum cost for monitoring priority-based data.
Artificial bee colony-based spectrum handoff algorithm in wireless cognitive radio networks
(Wiley, 2018) Bayrakdar, Muhammed Enes; Çalhan, Ali
In this work, we proposed a new artificial bee colony-based spectrum handoff algorithm for wireless cognitive radio systems. In our wireless cognitive radio system, primary users, secondary users, and related base stations exist in the same communication environment. For our artificial bee colony-based algorithm, secondary users that always struggle to discover an idle channel have a leading role. While honey bees work hard to find the best-quality nectar source for foraging, secondary users try to find idle channels for making communication. In this way, secondary users are organized for different missions such as sensing and handoff similar to honey bees to minimize spectrum handoff delay by working together. In the spectrum handoff stage, some secondary users must sense the spectrum so that the interrupted secondary user may perform the spectrum handoff process. In our developed spectrum handoff algorithm, the spectrum availability characteristic is observed on the basis of the missions of the bees in the artificial bee colony algorithm with the aim of minimizing the spectrum handoff delay and maximizing probability of finding an idle channel. With the help of the algorithm that is developed using the artificial bee colony, spectrum handoff delay of secondary users is considerably decreased for different number of users without reducing probability of finding an available channel.
Bilişsel Kablosuz Algılayıcı Ağlar için IEEE 802.22 tabanlı Düğüm Yerleştirme Yaklaşımının Performans Değerlendirmesi
(2025) Ekici, Hüseyin; Bayrakdar, Muhammed Enes
Bu çalışmada, bilişsel kablosuz bölgesel alan ağı (WRAN) teknolojisi tabanlı bir algılayıcı ağ yapısı önerilmektedir. WRAN teknolojisinde, bir tüketici tesis ekipmanı (CPE) ve bir baz istasyonu, mevcut haberleşme sistemlerime herhangi bir zararlı müdahaleye neden olmadan, sabit kanallar aracılığıyla fırsatçı bir şekilde iletişim kurmaktadır. Ağ yapısında, CPE’ler sıcaklık, basınç gibi çevresel verileri algılayıp baz istasyonuna iletmek amacıyla zaman bölmeli çoklu erişim (TDMA) tekniğini kullanmaktadır. Önerilen algılayıcı düğüm yerleştirme tekniği sayesinde, geniş bir alana çok sayıda düğüm yerleştirilmiştir. Ayrıca, ağ sürdürülebilirliğini artırmak için bulanık mantık tabanlı röle seçimi yaklaşımı önerilmiştir. Çevresel parametreleri tespit etmek için algılayıcı düğümler tüm bölgeyi kapsayacak şekilde yerleştirilmiştir. Algılayıcı düğümlerin algıladığı veriler merkezi bir konumda sabit olarak bulunan toplayıcı istasyonda toplanmıştır. Önerdiğimiz tekniğin simülasyon modeli Riverbed Modeler kablosuz haberleşme yazılımı ile tasarlanmıştır. Önerdiğimiz algılayıcı düğüm yerleştirme ve röle düğüm seçimi yaklaşımları sayesinde en az sayıda kablosuz algılayıcı düğüm ile belirli bir alanın izlenmesi sağlanmıştır.
Bilişsel radyo ağlarında spektrum el değiştirme
(2015) Bayrakdar, Muhammed Enes; Çalhan, Ali
Bilişsel radyo, frekans spektrumundaki kullanılmayan boşlukların fırsatçı bir şekilde kullanılmasını sağlayan yeni bir teknoloji olarak geliştirilmiştir. Sabit spektrum tahsisleri, radyo frekans spektrumunda kullanılmayan frekans kanallarının ortaya çıkmasına neden olmaktadır. Bilişsel radyo teknolojisi, ikincil kullanıcıların ortamı sezerek spektrumun boş ya da kullanılmayan kısımlarından verimli bir şekilde faydalanmasını amaçlamaktadır. Spektrum yönetimi, birincil (lisanslı) ve ikincil (lisanssız) kullanıcılar arasındaki etkileşimi kontrol eden bir tekniktir. İkincil kullanıcıların birincil kullanıcılara girişim oluşturmaması, bilişsel radyo ağlarının başarımı açısından oldukça önemlidir. İkincil kullanıcılara tahsis edilen frekans kanallarının tekrar birincil kullanıcılara tahsisi durumunda ikincil kullanıcıların yeni bir frekans kanalına geçmeleri gerekmektedir. Bu işlem spektrum el değiştirme olarak ifade edilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, bilişsel radyo ağlarında spektrum el değiştirme olarak bilinen ikincil kullanıcıların kanal değiştirmesi ile ilgili çalışmalar incelenmiştir.
Bilişsel radyo ağlarında spektrum el değiştirme yöntemlerinin modellenmesi ve analizi
(Düzce Üniversitesi, 2017) Bayrakdar, Muhammed Enes; Çalhan, Ali
Bilişsel radyo tabanlı ağlarda, lisanslı (birincil) kullanıcıların ikincil kullanıcıların yol açabileceği herhangi bir girişim (interference) riski altında olmamaları gerekmektedir. Birincil kullanıcılara girişimde bulunulmaması, bilişsel radyo sistemi tarafından mutlaka sağlanması gereken bir koşuldur. Spektrumda bir ikincil kullanıcı iletişim yaparken, kanal birincil kullanıcı tarafından kullanılacaksa ilgili spektrumun boşaltılması gerekmektedir. İkincil kullanıcının spektrum kanalını boşaltmak amacıyla iletişimini kesmesi ya da başka bir spektruma geçiş yaparak iletişimini sürdürmesi gerekmektedir. İkincil kullanıcının spektrum kanalını boşaltmak için bir spektrumdan başka bir spektruma geçiş yaparak iletişimini sürdürmesi spektrum el değiştirme olarak ifade edilmektedir. El değiştirme işlemi için kullanılan çeşitli teknik ve yöntemler bulunmaktadır. Bu teknik ve yöntemler yardımı ile ikincil kullanıcıların iletişimleri kesilmeden başka spektrumlara geçiş yapmaları sağlanmaktadır. El değiştirme işleminde, dikkat edilmesi gereken bir durum da kuyruk yapısındaki öncelik sınıflarıdır. Öncelik sınıfları, bilişsel radyo kullanıcıları arasında iletişim sırasını belirlemektedir. Başka bir ifadeyle, önceliği en yüksek olan kullanıcı ilk sırada iletişim yapma hakkına sahiptir. Öncelik sınıfları ile ilgili olarak göz önünde bulundurulması gereken diğer bir konu da engelli (preemptive) ya da engelsiz (non-preemptive) öncelik tekniği kullanılmasıdır. Engelli öncelik tekniğinde, spektrumdaki düşük öncelikli iletişim kesilerek yüksek öncelikli iletişime başlanmaktadır. Engelsiz öncelik tekniğinde ise, spektrumdaki düşük öncelikli iletişimin bitmesi beklenmekte ve iletişim tamamlandıktan sonra yüksek öncelikli iletişime başlanmaktadır. El değiştirme işleminde öncelik sınıfları, güncel ve önü açık bir çalışma konusu olduğundan dolayı tez konusu olarak seçilmiştir. Yaptığımız tez çalışmasında, ikincil kullanıcıların öncelik sınıfları göz önüne alınarak el değiştirme işleminin gerçekleştirilmesi sağlanmıştır ve birden fazla parametreli karar verme süreçlerinde yapay zeka tekniklerinden yararlanılmıştır. Geliştirilen kanal birleştirme ve öncelik tabanlı spektrum el değiştirme yöntemi sayesinde, ağın toplam iş çıkarma oranı artırılarak el değiştirme sayısı ve kümülatif el değiştirme gecikmesi en aza indirilmiştir.
Cognitive Radio Sensor Network-Based Urgent Communication for Field Hospitals
(Ieee-Inst Electrical Electronics Engineers Inc, 2025) Ekici, Huseyin; Bayrakdar, Muhammed Enes
In this study, a medical sensor network structure based on cognitive wireless regional area network (WRAN) technology is proposed for urgent communication in field hospitals. WRAN technology is based on cognitive radio network approach, which is exploited for opportunistic spectrum access in places without internet access. In cognitive radio-based WRAN technology, a consumer premises equipment (CPE) and a base station communicate opportunistically by sensing available radio channels. In our network structure, CPEs use the time-division multiple access (TDMA) technique with channel bonding to detect patient-related data and transmit it to the base station. With the help of our node placement approach, many sensor nodes were placed in the field hospital environment. Because urgent communication is important in field hospitals, a fuzzy logic-based relay selection approach is proposed to improve network sustainability. Sensor nodes are placed to cover the entire region to detect parameters around the field hospital. The values detected by the sensor nodes were collected by the collector station fixed in the center. The simulation model of our proposed approach was implemented using riverbed modeler software. Thanks to our proposed node placement and relay node selection approaches, the field hospital was monitored safely with a minimum number of wireless sensor nodes.
Cognitive Sensor Network-Based Emergency Notification in Smart Agriculture
(Ieee-Inst Electrical Electronics Engineers Inc, 2025) Demirturk, Burak; Bayrakdar, Muhammed Enes
In this study, a cognitive radio sensor network based on IEEE 802.11af technology is proposed for agricultural data with priority classes in smart agriculture. In IEEE 802.11af technology, the white space device (WSD), station (STA), and access point (AP) communicate over the television white spectrum without causing any harmful interference to primary services. In the proposed network structure, WSDs, STA, and AP use the frequency division multiple access (FDMA) technique to communicate over the white space spectrum determined by the white space map (WSM). WSD collects data, such as temperature, humidity, and pressure, from sensors in agricultural areas. The priority class is determined as red, yellow, and green. Depending on the emergency of the agricultural data, the aging solution is adopted for starvation mitigation in the queue. After the analytical model of the proposed network was obtained, the simulation model was implemented using Riverbed Modeler. The graphical results prove the validity and feasibility of the proposed network without any spectrum cost for monitoring priority-based agricultural data.
Cognitive Vehicular Network Based Accident Information System for Sustainable Traffic
(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2025) Besli, Muhammed Ali; Bayrakdar, Muhammed Enes
Vehicle Ad Hoc Networks emerge as a new research area. Vehicle ad hoc networks (VANETs) are widely used in intelligent transportation systems to reduce traffic congestion as well as to ensure safety and security by using vehicle-to-vehicle(V2 V) and vehicle-to-roadside(V2R) unit communications. Many people are seriously injured or even die in traffic accidents due to human errors, including driver errors (e.g. driver inattention and distraction, careless driving and poor driving skills) and errors of other road users (e.g. traffic violations). According to T & Uuml;& Idot;K data, the fact that the ratio of driver fault to total fault has never fallen below 88% for decades shows that this problem has become a chronic problem and needs to be thought about and solution(s) produced. The main factor that increases the possibility of drivers making mistakes is the roads they navigate with the help of navigation that they have not experienced before. At this point, a driver traveling on a road he has not experienced before should be warned as he approaches the point where many accidents have occurred on the relevant route before. By warning the driver who is approaching accident black spots, where many accidents have occurred in the past, more attention can be paid to points with high accident risk. Radius information of accident black spots can be estimated using a fuzzy-based model. As a result, the aim is to minimize accidents caused by driver error. This is done with the Accident Information System (KAB & Idot;S) application.
Comparative Performance Evaluation of Efficient Spectrum Handoff Methods in Wireless Cognitive Networks
(Ieee, 2018) Bayrakdar, Muhammed Enes; Çalhan, Ali
There are a variety of techniques and methods used for spectrum handoff in cognitive radio networks. With the help of these techniques and methods, it is ensured that the secondary users can switch to other spectrum without interrupting their communication. Optimization and artificial intelligence techniques in spectrum handoff process are discussed because they are current and open-minded topics. In this work, it has been possible to carry out the spectrum handoff process in various ways, taking into account the needs of the secondary users, and artificial intelligence techniques have been utilized in the decision making process with multiple parameters. By means of the developed hybrid and artificial intelligence based spectrum handoff methods, comparative network parameters such as total number of handoff and total spectrum handoff duration are obtained. In this way, it is possible for the secondary user to select the appropriate method according to the environment conditions.
A Cooperative Communication Approach for Voluntary Secondary Users in Cognitive Radio Networks
(Ieee, 2015) Bayrakdar, Muhammed Enes; Bayrakdar, Sümeyye
Cognitive radio is a new network technology that provides an opportunity for secondary users to utilize the spectrum in an opportunistic manner. With this technology, effective spectrum usage is aimed by preventing the spectrum bands remain unexploited when it is not used by primary users. Cooperative communication is a new technology that depends on cooperation of communication systems among each other. In cooperative communication technology, a couple of users make transmission diversity by transmitting signals over one another. In this work, a new approach that secondary users act as a relay of the cooperative communication when they sense the spectrum is proposed. According to proposed approach, because secondary users do not communicate while sensing, they help other users as relay in these times. The proposed relay uses amplify and forward cooperative communication protocol in order to prevent any interruption that remote users may be exposed because of signal attenuation. It is seen that this approach has better performance than cognitive radio system that do not use cooperative communication.
Cooperative communication based access technique for sensor networks
(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2020) Bayrakdar, Muhammed Enes
The collaboration of users in communication systems is defined as cooperative communication. The cognitive radio, i.e. dynamic spectrum access technique, is a wireless communication technology that provides a great chance for unlicensed users to exploit the frequency bands in an opportunistic way. A wireless sensor network is a widely used communication technology composing of spatially distributed independent sensors in order to monitor physical or environmental circumstances. In this work, a new technique that unlicensed users become a cooperative relay when they are in idle mode is proposed. Along with the proposed technique, unlicensed users help sensor nodes as a cooperative relay when they are in idle mode. Similarly, sensor nodes help unlicensed users for detecting idle frequency bands while in sleep mode. By preventing any disruption that remote users may be exposed owing to signal attenuation, the proposed cooperative relay utilises amplify and forward based cooperative communication protocol. Thanks to this approach; the overall network has greater performance than wireless sensor network that does not use cooperative communication based dynamic access technique in terms of throughput, energy, and delay.
Cost Effective Smart System for Water Pollution Control with Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks: A Simulation Study
(C R L Publishing Ltd, 2020) Bayrakdar, Muhammed Enes
The underwater sensor network is a rapidly developing area of research with a wide range of applications such as data collection in the ocean, pollution monitoring, and ocean sampling. One of the most researched areas is the coverage of underwater sensor networks, which are the basis of many applications. The coverage is usually related to how effectively a network is monitored by the sensor. There are major problems in the ocean or marine region, especially in water pollution. Underwater pollution generally causes acidification, plastic residues, and toxins. Today, the determination of this pollution is carried out through a human surveillance monitoring process. Therefore, there is a need for an automatic and intelligent monitoring system to identify the formation of pollution. The proposed simulation model defines the intelligent sensor-based monitoring system that identifies and alarms the formation of underwater pollution. Aloha was chosen as the medium access protocol for the cost-effective system in which we designed the simulation model. The efficiency of the system has been shown to be more stable, cost-effective and manageable than the monitoring process involving the existing human surveillance by testing with the simulation model.
Decısıon System For Rule Based Spectrum Handoff Process Of Secondary Users
(2017) Bayrakdar, Muhammed Enes; Çalhan, Ali
Bilişsel radyo ağları, gelecek nesil kablosuz ağlar alanında öne çıkan teknolojilerden biridir. Geleneksel kablosuz ağlardaki sabit spektrum atamalarına karşılık, bilişsel radyo ağları dinamik spektrum tahsis esasına göre çalışmaktadır. Dinamik spektrum tahsis işlemlerinde, ikincil kullanıcıların spektrum bandı değiştirmesi spektrum el değiştirme olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, ikincil kullanıcılar için bulanık mantık tabanlı spektrum el değiştirme karar sistemi önerilmiştir. Sistemimiz, üç giriş parametresi ve bir de çıkış parametresinden oluşmaktadır. Çıkıştaki spektrum el değiştirme olasılığı; birincil kullanıcıların ortam kullanım yoğunluğu, ikincil kullanıcıların veri oranı ve ortamdaki gürültü etkisi giriş parametrelerine göre elde edilmektedir. Her bir giriş parametresinin çıkışa olan etkisi ayrı ayrı irdelenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlardan, birincil kullanıcıların spektrum kullanım yoğunluğunun diğer giriş parametrelerinden daha baskın olduğu gözlemlenmiştir
Delay Characteristics of TDMA Medium Access Control Protocol for Cognitive Radio Networks
(Ieee, 2016) Bayrakdar, Muhammed Enes; Çalhan, Ali
In this work, we have evaluated the delay characteristics of Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) protocol. In our simulation scenarios, primary users and secondary users exploit TDMA as a medium access control protocol. We have designed a network environment in Riverbed (OPNET) simulation software that consists of primary users, secondary users, and base stations. In our network model, secondary users sense the spectrum and inform the base station about empty channels. Then, the base station decides accordingly which secondary user may exploit the empty channel. Energy detection technique is employed as a spectrum sensing technique because it is the best when information about signal of primary user is obtained. Besides, different number of users is selected in simulation scenarios in order to achieve accurate delay results. Comparing analytical model with simulation results, we have shown that delay analysis of our system model is reliable and correct.
Employing machine learning based malicious signal detection for cognitive radio networks
(Wiley, 2023) Türkyılmaz, Yasin; Şentürk, Arafat; Bayrakdar, Muhammed Enes
In cognitive radio networks, the empty spectrum that is also named as spectrum hole is detected with the help of spectrum sensing techniques. Energy detection is the most utilized spectrum sensing technique owing to its low complexity. In the energy detection technique, a spectrum hole is detected with a predefined threshold. In this article, machine learning based malicious signal detection is employed for cognitive radio networks. The design of cognitive radio users and network environment is simulated with Riverbed simulation software. The received signal is controlled whether it is a malicious signal or just a secure sensing signal. The fuzzy logic based system is utilized for the security categorization of spectrum sensing signals as malicious, suspicious, and secure sensing signals. Fuzzy logic parameters are taken from the machine learning features that are chosen as the most effective 3 features among all 49 features. The security of primary users is enhanced when compared to other schemes in the literature. The results of the proposed machine learning based malicious signal detection system are validated with the results acquired from the fuzzy logic based approach. The random forest method gives the best results among all machine learning methods for the detection of signals.
Employing sensor network based opportunistic spectrum utilization for agricultural monitoring
(Elsevier, 2020) Bayrakdar, Muhammed Enes
In this work, a cognitive Wireless Regional Area Network (WRAN) technology-based sensor network for agricultural monitoring is proposed. In WRAN technology, a Consumer Premise Equipment (CPE) and a base station communicate through incumbent channels opportunistically without causing any harmful interference to incumbent operations. Because CPE in IEEE 802.22 WRAN is considered as a fixed device, CPE with sensing capability is suitable for wireless sensor network environment in agriculture monitoring where there is no need for node mobility. The proposed network model consists of terrestrial and underground networks. In terrestrial network, CPEs employ Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) technique with the purpose of sensing environmental data such as temperature, pressure, etc. and transmitting them to the base station. In the underground network, underground sensor nodes use Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) technique with the aim of sensing underground data such as humidity, soil mineral, etc. and transmitting them to the base station via cluster heads. After obtaining the analytical model of the proposed network, the simulation model of the network is carried out using Riverbed Modeler. The graphical results prove the validity and applicability of the proposed network in terms of throughput and energy consumption without any spectrum cost for agricultural monitoring in rural areas. (c) 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Energy Harvesting Unit Design for Body Area Networks
(Sakarya University, 2019) Çalhan, Ali; Gündoğdu, Köksal; Cicioğlu, Murtaza; Bayrakdar, Muhammed Enes
Body Area Networks has taken its place in today's scientific world as a fundamental part of the issues of remote health monitoring and Internet of Things. The signals measured by the sensor nodes in or around the body are transmited the information about the health of the individual to the experts in remote. Body Area Networks have problems similar to other types of networks, and energy consumption is one of the main problems. Body Area Networks generally involve wireless communication and require the energy units (batteries, acumulator, and etc.) to measure of nodes while the person is on the move. For this reason, it is not possible to change the energy unit at any time. In order to eliminate the energy problem of the Body Area Network, the energy harvesting unit is developed in this study. This unit consisting of piezoelectric material and peltier meets the energy needs of the Body Area Network.
Energy-Efficient Technique for Monitoring of Agricultural Areas with Terrestrial Wireless Sensor Networks
(World Scientific Publ Co Pte Ltd, 2020) Bayrakdar, Muhammed Enes
In this paper, a monitoring technique based on the wireless sensor network is investigated. The sensor nodes used for monitoring are developed in a simulation environment. Accordingly, the structure and workflow of wireless sensor network nodes are designed. Time-division multiple access (TDMA) protocol has been chosen as the medium access technique to ensure that the designed technique operates in an energy-efficient manner and packet collisions are not experienced. Fading channels, i.e., no interference, Ricean and Rayleigh, are taken into consideration. Energy consumption is decreased with the help of ad-hoc communication of sensor nodes. Throughput performance for different wireless fading channels and energy consumption are evaluated. The simulation results show that the sensor network can quickly collect medium information and transmit data to the processing center in real time. Besides, the proposed technique suggests the usefulness of wireless sensor networks in the terrestrial areas.
Enhancing Cognitive Radio Sensor Network Security with Smart Contract for Field Hospitals
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2025) Timuçin, Tunahan; Bayrakdar, Sümeyye; Timuçin, Ezgi Kara; Bayrakdar, Muhammed Enes
In this paper, a cognitive radio medical sensor network based on smart contract is proposed for secure communication in field hospitals. Field hospitals usually utilize cognitive radio based opportunistic networks for health data transmissions due to extraordinary sudden occasions. And, cognitive radio based opportunistic networks is prone to risks. So, security is a crucial factor for opportunistic networks in cognitive process such as spectrum sensing [1]. Secure data transmission is very important for patient related sensed data in field hospitals. Failure to transmit, or incorrect transmission of values such as vitamin levels, glucose levels in the blood can critically impact the treatment applied to the patient [2]. In our network structure, sensor nodes use the carrier sense multiple access (CSMA) technique for medical communication. Utilizing our smart contract based approach, security measures were taken in the field hospital environment. Since secure communication is crucial in field hospitals, a smart contract-based data sensing approach is proposed to enhance network security. Sensor nodes are placed to cover the whole region to sense parameters. The values sensed by the sensor nodes were composed by the base station. The simulation model of our proposed approach was implemented using Riverbed Modeler software. Owing to our proposed smart contract based approach for cognitive medical sensor networks, the field hospital environment was supervised securely with wireless sensor nodes. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.

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