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Öğe A Case Study: Rare Lepiota brunneoincarnata Poisoning(Elsevier Science Inc, 2015) Köse, Murat; Yılmaz, İsmail; Akata, Ilgaz; Kaya, Ertuğrul; Güler, KerimAmatoxin poisoning from the genus Lepiota may have a deadly outcome, although this is not seen as often as it is from the genus Amanita. In this report, we present a patient who was poisoned by a sublethal dose of Lepiota brunneoincarnata mushrooms. The patient was hospitalized 12 hours after eating the mushrooms. The patient's transaminase levels increased dramatically starting on day 4. Aspartate transaminase peaked at 78 hours. Starting at 1265 IU/L, alanine transaminase peaked at 90 hours at 5124 IU/L. The patient was discharged on day 8 to outpatient care, and his transaminase levels returned to normal ranges in the subsequent days. A toxin analysis was carried out on the mushrooms that the patient claimed to have eaten. Using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography analysis, an uptake of approximately 19.9 mg of amatoxin from. nearly 30 g of mushrooms was calculated. This consisted of 10.59 mg of alpha-amanitin, 9.18 mg of beta-amanitin, and 0.16 mg of gamma-amanitin In conclusion, we present a patient from Turkey who was poisoned by L. brunneoincamata mushrooms.Öğe A Case Study: What Doses of Amanita phalloides and Amatoxins Are Lethal to Humans?(Elsevier Science Inc, 2015) Yılmaz, İsmail; Ermiş, Fatih; Akata, Ilgaz; Kaya, ErtuğrulThere are few data estimating the human lethal dose of amatoxins or of the toxin level present in ingested raw poisonous mushrooms. Here, we present a patient who intentionally ingested several wild collected mushrooms to assess whether they were poisonous. Nearly 1 day after ingestion, during which the patient had nausea and vomiting, he presented at the emergency department. His transaminase levels started to increase starting from hour 48 and peaking at hour 72 (alanine aminotransferase 2496 IU/L; aspartate aminotransferase 1777 IU/L). A toxin analysis was carried out on the mushrooms that the patient said he had ingested. With reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography analysis, an uptake of approximately 21.3 mg amatoxin from nearly 50 g mushroom was calculated; it consisted of 11.9 mg alpha amanitin, 8.4 mg beta amanitin, and 1 mg gamma amanitin In the urine sample taken on day 4, 2.7 ng/mL alpha amanitin and 1.25 ng/mL beta amanitin were found, and there was no gamma amanitin. Our findings suggest that the patient ingested approximately 0.32 mg/kg amatoxin, and fortunately recovered after serious hepatotoxicity developed.Öğe Early Stage Muscarinic Findings and Syndromic Classification in Wild Mushroom Poisoning(Galenos Yayincilik, 2018) Yılmaz, Hakan; Kazbek, Baturay Kansu; Kaya, Ertuğrul; Akata, Ilgaz; Köksoy, Ülkü Ceren; Tüzüner, FilizMushroom poisoning is a frequently encountered health problem around the globe. Depending on its type and toxin, it results in a wide spectrum of issues that range from asymptomatic findings to fatal organ failure. Since the toxin of the mushroom leading to poisoning is often unidentified, syndromic classification may benefit clinical management according to the findings of target organ system toxicity. A 64-year-old female patient with comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, hypertension and hyperlipidemia was admitted to the intensive care unit. Approximately four hours after consuming wild mushrooms the patient's diarrhea, muscle cramps, cold sweating, blurry vision, coughing and shortness of breath complaints have been begun. Her respiratory system examination revealed tachypnea, generalized bilateral rhonchus, bronchorrhea and wheezing. Patient was normotensive and had bradycardia (heart rate 35 beats/minute). She had anxiety and the Glasgow Coma score was 15. Her pupillary bilateral isochoric, miotic and light reflexes were diminished. In her arterial blood gas pH level 7.26, partial carbon dioxide pressure: 34 mmHg, potassium: 5.3 mmol/L, sodium: 130 mmol/L, lactate: 5.3 mmol/L, bicarbonate: 16 mEq/L and base excess: -10,3 mmol/L was found. Target organ system toxicity findings and timing of occurrence indicated early-onset cholinergic syndrome. Treatments that consisted of intravenous atropine, fluid, electrolytes and sodium bicarbonate alleviated the toxicity in a short period of time. Late mycologic examination results that followed the treatment revealed that the patient was poisoned by Inocybe lacera, a mushroom type that contains muscarine. With this case presentation, we summarized the syndromic classification that we use in the clinical management in the light of current information in the literature.Öğe In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity Screening of Leucoagaricus leucothites and Determination of the Ethanol Extract Composition By Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry(2020) Akata, Ilgaz; Canlı, Kerem; Yetgin, Ali; Benek, Atakan; Altuner, Ergin MuratMacrofungi are good food resources, which have not only medicinal properties but are nutritive as well. Forcenturies they have been used for preventing several diseases including cancer, hypercholesterolemia andhypertension. They are also known to present antimicrobial activity, thus the aim of the present study is to putforward antimicrobial activity of ethanol extract of Leucoagaricus leucothites (Vittad.) Wasser 1977, a macrofungi and in addition to determine the chemical composition by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry.Nineteen bacteria strains and one yeast strain are used in antimicrobial screening. According to the data obtainedfrom the study L. leucothites presented both antibacterial and antifungal activity against the bacteria and yeaststrains used at different concentrations with different levels. Although there are some previous studies, it can beproposed that this study is the first detailed screening report regarding the antibacterial and antifungal potentialof L. leucothites and the compounds found in L. leucothites ethanol extract.Macrofungi are good food resources, which have not only medicinal properties but are nutritive as well. Forcenturies they have been used for preventing several diseases including cancer, hypercholesterolemia andhypertension. They are also known to present antimicrobial activity, thus the aim of the present study is to putforward antimicrobial activity of ethanol extract of Leucoagaricus leucothites (Vittad.) Wasser 1977, a macrofungi and in addition to determine the chemical composition by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry.Nineteen bacteria strains and one yeast strain are used in antimicrobial screening. According to the data obtainedfrom the study L. leucothites presented both antibacterial and antifungal activity against the bacteria and yeaststrains used at different concentrations with different levels. Although there are some previous studies, it can beproposed that this study is the first detailed screening report regarding the antibacterial and antifungal potentialof L. leucothites and the compounds found in L. leucothites ethanol extract.Öğe Lepiota cristata does not contain amatoxins or phallotoxins(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2018) Yılmaz, İsmail; Akata, Ilgaz; Bakırcı, Sinan; Kaya, ErtuğrulIt is believed that Lepiota cristata is inedible and slightly poisonous, so it should always be avoided. This study analyzed the alpha, beta and gamma amanitin, phalloidin (PHN) and phallacidin (PCN) content of L. cristata collected from different regions of Turkey. Toxin levels have been assessed using a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) system with ultraviolet detectors. In this study, the L. cristata mushroom was not found to contain any amatoxins or phallotoxins. However, this finding does not mean that this mushroom is edible. New studies regarding the toxin content of L. cristata may be useful to understand the toxicity of this species.Öğe Macrofungi of Akdağmadeni (Yozgat/Turkey) and Gemerek (Sivas/Turkey)(2012) Kırış, Zekiye; Halıcı, M. Gökhan; Akata, Ilgaz; Allı, HakanMevcut çalışma 2010 ve 2011 yılları arasında Akdağmadeni (Yozgat) ve Gemerek (Sivas)’den toplanan makrofungi örnekleri üzerinde yapılmıştır. Arazi ve laboratuvar çalışmalarının sonucu olarak Ascomycota ve Basidiomycota sınıflarında 23 familyaya ait 66 takson rapor edilmiştir. Tüm taksonlar habitat bilgileri, coğrafik konum, yükseklik, lokalite, toplama tarihi ve numaraları ile birlikte listelenmiştir.Öğe Toxin components and toxicological importance of Galerina marginata from Turkey(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2020) Akata, Ilgaz; Yilmaz, Ismail; Kaya, Ertugrul; Coskun, Nuri Cenk; Donmez, MertAmatoxins, most of which are hepatotoxic, can cause fatal intoxication. While mushrooms in the amatoxin-containing Galerina genus are rare, they can poison humans and animals worldwide. Few studies have profiled the toxicity of Galerina marginata. In addition, many studies indicate that macrofungi can have different characteristics in different regions. In this study, the quantities of toxins present in G. marginata from different provinces in Turkey were analysed using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (RP-HPLC-UV) and liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). G. marginata samples were collected from three different regions of Turkey. The taxonomic categorization of mushrooms was based on their micro- and macroscopic characteristics. The presence of toxins alpha-amanitin (AA), beta-amanitin (BA), gamma-amanitin (GA), phalloidin (PHD) and phallacidin (PHC) quantities were measured using RP-HPLC-UV and then were confirmed using LC-ESI-MS/MS. BA levels were higher than AA levels in G. marginata mushrooms collected from all three regions. Moreover, the levels of GA were below the detection limit and no phallotoxins were detected. This is the first study to identify and test the toxicity of G. marginata collected from three different regions of Turkey using RP-HPLC-UV. This is also the first study to confirm the UV absorption of amatoxins in G. marginata using LC-ESI-MS/MS, which is a far more sensitive process. More studies evaluating the toxicity of G. marginata in other geographic regions of the world are needed.Öğe Toxin content and toxicological significance in different tissues and development stages of Lepiota brunneoincarnata mushroom(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2015) Yılmaz, İsmail; Bakırcı, Sinan; Akata, Ilgaz; Bayram, Recep; Kaya, ErtuğrulWe investigated the quantity and concentration of toxins in different parts and in different growth phases of Lepiota brunneoincarnata mushroom. The amatoxins and phallotoxin levels were measured using the reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method. Alpha amanitin (2.38 +/- 0.70mg/g) was followed by beta amanitin (1.97 +/- 0.52mg/g) and gamma amanitin (0.04 +/- 0.01mg/g) in trace amounts; it did not contain any phallotoxin. The cap part is richer in amatoxins than the stipe part. While medium mushrooms were quite rich in amatoxins, less levels of toxin were measured in fully developed mushrooms. The study showed in detail the toxin concentrations of L. brunneoincarnata with regard to different developmental stages and different segments.Öğe Türkiye Cantharellus' ları için yeni ve nadir bir kayıt(2014) Akata, Ilgaz; Kumbaşlı, MeriçBu çalışmada Cantharellus melanoxeros Desm. (Cantharellaceae) Türkiye'den ilk kez rapor edilmiştir. Türün kısa deskripsiyonu, makro ve mikro morfolojilerine ilişkin fotoğrafları verilmiş ve kısaca tartşılmıştır.Öğe Two new species of Amanita sect. Phalloideae from Africa, one of which is devoid of amatoxins and phallotoxins(Pensoft Publishers, 2019) Fraiture, Andre; Amalfi, Mario; Raspe, Olivier; Kaya, Ertuğrul; Akata, Ilgaz; Degreef, JeromeTwo new species of Amanita sect. Phalloideae are described from tropical Africa (incl. Madagascar) based on both morphological and molecular (DNA sequence) data. Amanita bweyeyensis sp. nov. was collected, associated with Eucalyptus, in Rwanda, Burundi and Tanzania. It is consumed by local people and chemical analyses showed the absence of amatoxins and phallotoxins in the basidiomata. Surprisingly, molecular analysis performed on the same specimens nevertheless demonstrated the presence of the gene sequence encoding for the phallotoxin phallacidin (PHA gene, member of the MSDIN family). The second species, Amanita harkoneniana sp. nov. was collected in Tanzania and Madagascar. It is also characterised by a complete PHA gene sequence and is suspected to be deadly poisonous. Both species clustered together in a well-supported terminal clade in multilocus phylogenetic inferences (including nuclear ribosomal partial LSU and ITS-5.8S, partial tef1-alpha, rpb2 and beta-tubulin genes), considered either individually or concatenated. This, along with the occurrence of other species in sub-Saharan Africa and their phylogenetic relationships, are briefly discussed. Macro- and microscopic descriptions, as well as pictures and line drawings, are presented for both species. An identification key to the African and Madagascan species of Amanita sect. Phalloideae is provided. The differences between the two new species and the closest Phalloideae species are discussed.
