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Öğe Wheat Allelopathy for Weed Control(Springer International Publishing Ag, 2017) Jabran, KhawarWheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is among the most important crops of the world and provides food, feed, and several by-products. Other than this, wheat is among the crops that express a strong allelopathic activity. Benzoxazinoids and phenolic compounds are the most important allelochemicals reported in wheat. Allelopathic cultivars of wheat may be grown to suppress weeds in the wheat crop. Allelopathic mulch of wheat can be applied for suppressing weeds both in wheat and other field crops. Several cultivars of wheat with an allelopathic potential have been reported from various countries of the world. Research work conducted to improve the allelopathic potential of wheat has been insufficient. Future research should focus on improving the allelopathic potential of wheat cultivars through conventional and molecular breeding as well as biotechnology.Öğe Sunflower Allelopathy for Weed Control(Springer International Publishing Ag, 2017) Jabran, KhawarThe allelopathic potential of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) can be used for controlling weeds in sunflower and other crops. Terpenes and phenolic compounds comprise the important allelochemicals in sunflower. Residues from sunflower plants possess a strong allelopathic activity and can be used to suppress the weeds under various agricultural settings by either scattering it in the form of a layer over the soil surface or mixing it in the soil. Weeds growing in sunflower can be suppressed by cultivating sunflower genotypes that could express an allelopathic activity.Öğe Sorghum Allelopathy for Weed Control(Springer International Publishing Ag, 2017) Jabran, KhawarSorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is most important among the crops possessing a strong allelopathic potential. A good deal of scientific literature has been devoted to explain the allelopathic potential of this crop. Sorgoleone is the most important allelochemical that is synthesized in the sorghum roots. Aerial plant tissues of sorghum mostly contain phenolic compounds as allelochemicals. There are several ways to exploit the allelopathic activity of sorghum for controlling weeds under field conditions. These are not limited to growing of allelopathic sorghum cultivars, use of allelopathic sorghum mulch and cover crop, intercropping allelopathic sorghum with other crops, and inclusion of allelopathic sorghum in a crop rotation.Öğe Rye Allelopathy for Weed Control(Springer International Publishing Ag, 2017) Jabran, KhawarRye (Secale cereale L.) is a multipurpose crop that is grown for its fodder, grains, or as a cover crop. Rye when grown as cover crop suppresses the weeds through either of shading, physical interference, or allelopathy, or all of these. Rye is a potent allelopathic crop; benzoxazinoids and phenolic compounds being the important allelochemicals in its plants. Cover crops and mulches are the extensively used methods where allelopathic potential of rye can be employed to control weeds. Another way is to grow rye cultivars (when rye is grown as sole crop). Nevertheless, cover crops may be the most important way of utilizing rye allelopathy for controlling weeds.Öğe Rice Allelopathy for Weed Control(Springer International Publishing Ag, 2017) Jabran, KhawarRice (Oryza sativa L.) is among the most important grain crops of the world. This is grown in all parts of the world. Weeds are the most important biological constraint that interfere the rice growth and decrease its productivity. Most important rice weeds include Echinochloa spp., Cyperus spp., Leptochloa spp., Paspalum spp., etc. Rice with an allelopathic potential has been reported from various parts of the world. Momilactones and phenolic compounds are the important allelochemicals reported in rice. Biological activities of momilactones against weeds and other plant species have been observed consistently. Allelopathic potential of rice can play an important role in improving the efficacy and sustainability of weed control, particularly in rice and generally in other crops. For example, growing rice cultivars possessing an allelopathic potential can help suppress the weeds in rice. Similarly, the residues of rice can be applied in rice and other crops as well for achieving a non-herbicidal weed control. This chapter discusses the allelopathic potential of rice and opportunities to utilize this for weed control in the form of allelopathic rice cultivars and allelopathic rice mulch.Öğe Maize Allelopathy for Weed Control(Springer International Publishing Ag, 2017) Jabran, KhawarSeveral natural compounds (allelochemicals) are produced in maize (Zea mays L.), which help its plants gain competitive ability and defense against the pests. Benzoxazinoids are most important of these compounds. Phenolic compounds are the other important allelochemicals found in maize. Allelopathic potential of maize can be used to suppress weeds in maize and other crops. Most important technique in this regard may be the growing of maize cultivars that possess an allelopathic potential and are capable to suppress the weeds. Two other important methods that may be employed to control weeds through maize allelopathy include the use of allelopathic plant parts of maize as mulch and intercropping of allelopathic maize plants in non-allelopathic crops. Allelopathic mulch from maize may be applied to control weeds in maize itself, or other crops. Future research should be focused on improving the allelopathic potential of maize cultivars and conversion of the allelopathic maize residues in the form of a weed control product.Öğe Integrated weed management in maize cultivation: an overview(Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing Ltd, 2017) Jabran, Khawar; Hussain, Mubshar; Chauhan, Bhagirath Singh…Öğe Brassicaceae Allelopathy for Weed Control(Springer International Publishing Ag, 2017) Jabran, KhawarSeveral members of Brassicaceae family possess an allelopathic activity. A number of members of this family (particularly the ones belonging to genus Brassica) are grown as vegetables, herbs, or oilseed crops. Another important characteristic of plant species in family Brassicaceae is their allelopathic activity. Glucosinolates and phenolic compounds are the most important allelochemicals synthesized by the plants in Brassicaceae family. The glucosinolates are converted into several isothiocyanates through enzymatic (myrosinase) activity and express an allelopathic activity. Allelopathic potential of Brassicaceae crops (particularly, Brassica spp., Sinapis alba L. and Raphanus sativus L.) can be used for weed control in agricultural fields. Allelopathic potential of crops from family Brassicaceae may be exploited for weed control by using these as cover crops, growing their cultivars with allelopathic activity, including allelopathic crops of this family in a crop rotation and employing the allelopathic mulch from Brassicaceae crops in agricultural fields.Öğe Barley Allelopathy for Weed Control(Springer International Publishing Ag, 2017) Jabran, KhawarBarley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is ranked as the fourth most important (area under cultivation and production-wise) among the cereals following maize, wheat, and rice. Barley is among the crops possessing a strong allelopathic activity. Important allelochemicals in barley may include phenolic compounds and alkaloids (e.g., hordenine, gramine). Weeds infesting the barley crop can be suppressed by growing barley cultivars expressing a high allelopathic activity. Similarly, allelopathic mulch material from barley can be applied for controlling weeds in barley and other crops. Breeding efforts can help to improve the allelopathic potential of barley cultivars for an effective and environment-friendly weed control.Öğe Weed control using ground cover systems(Elsevier, 2018) Jabran, Khawar; Chauhan, B.S.Use of ground-cover systems (GCSs) is gaining popularity owing to several of their benefits. Other than benefits such as improved soil protection and water retention, the GCS also help to suppress weeds under various agricultural systems. Most important among the GCS may include polyethylene (plastic) mulch, straw mulch, paper mulch, carpet mulch, woodchip mulch, and use of cloth and mats for weed control. Such GCS have been found to provide satisfactory to effective weed control in a variety of agricultural systems. The GCS inhibit weed germination by stopping the sunlight to reach the soil surface, exert a physical pressure to suppress the germinating/emerging weeds, and cause a slight rise in soil temperature that impacts weeds negatively. Negative impacts of plastic mulches on the environment and the organisms in an agricultural ecosystem have been noted. In addition to disposal and degradation issues, remains of plastic sheet in the field may cause hindrances in field operations. Such issues may be resolved with site-specific agronomic management. For instance, biodegradable mulches have been suggested to replace the plastic ones owing to environmental damage caused by polyethylene. Use of paper mulches from renewable stuff is the other option to replace plastic mulches. GCS are particularly important for weed control in vegetables (grown in either closed or open environments) and horticultural fruit crops (such as watermelon and muskmelon). GCS may play an important role as a non-chemical weed control in the wake of demand for pesticide-free foods. © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Öğe The insect vectors: Biology and ecology(Springer Netherlands, 2008) Linit, M.; Akbulut, Süleyman[No abstract available]Öğe Overview and significance of non-chemical weed control(Elsevier, 2018) Jabran, Khawar; Chauhan, B.S.Weeds are among the most important pests of agricultural crops that not only decrease the crop yields but also severely damage the quality of produce. Herbicides are usually effective in suppressing weeds occasionally supplemented with other weed control methods. During recent times, a number of factors have increased the importance of non-chemical weed control methods. Some of these are environmental concerns arising by overuse of pesticides, rising demands for organic food, and an evolution of herbicide resistance in weeds. This chapter discusses «why non-chemical weed control is needed?» and also provides an overview of currently available non-chemical weed control techniques. © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Öğe Mechanical weed control(Elsevier, 2018) Hussain, Mubshar; Farooq, S.; Merfield, C.; Jabran, K.Evolution of herbicide resistance in weeds has increased the importance and scope of mechanical weed control. In many parts of the world, the efficacy of mechanical weed control has been reevaluated. Tillage (used for soil preparation for planting), although among the oldest methods of weed control, is still the preferred method of weed control for many farmers. Similarly, subsequent weeding (weed removal through manual or mechanical means) after the crop emergence is also a successful tool for effective weed management. Wise use of mechanical weeding can provide effective weed control in vegetables, fruits, and field crops. The use/choice of mechanical weeding method depends upon technical and economic factors. Weeds evolving herbicide resistance ultimately required either tillage, weeding, or other non-chemical methods; nevertheless, tillage has been considered the most effective among all non-chemical weed control methods. Development of intelligent weeders or automatic weeding tools may revolutionize mechanical weed control through the selective use of weeders in crops. However, a great deal of research work and investment is needed to develop robotic weeders, which are capable of functioning without human intervention for automated weed control in the future. © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Öğe Domestication and development of rice cultivars(Springer International Publishing, 2017) Awan, T.H.; Ahmadizadeh, M.; Jabran, K.; Hashim, S.; Chauhan, B.S.[No abstract available]Öğe Cerambycids as plant disease vectors with special reference to pine wilt(CRC Press, 2017) Akbulut, Süleyman; Togashi, Katsumi; Linit, Marc J.The genus Monochamus Dejean belongs to the subfamily Lamiinae of the family Cerambycidae, which is one of the largest and most important among wood-boring families (Linsley 1961). Species from this genus are called “pine sawyers” because the larvae make a loud noise as they tunnel within the wood of host trees. They feed on conifers and broad-leaved trees. In Japan, some species feed on both (Kojima and Nakamura 2011). Many species attack dying, newly dead, or freshly cut trees of the genera Pinus L., Picea Mill., and Abies Mill., and are considered secondary pests. © 2017 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.Öğe Biological weed control(Elsevier, 2018) Uludağ, Ahmet; Üremiş, İlhan; Arslan, MehmetThe biological approach, as an integral part of integrated and sustainable weed control approaches, has an increasing importance and consideration due to increasing environmental and anthropogenic problems. Successful weed control through use of biological agents has a background of more than a couple of centuries. In this chapter, we started with a more classical way of biological approach to introduce arthropods, mainly insects, followed by examples of redistribution of local arthropods. In the bioherbicide section, we have focused on formulated natural products and formulations. Biological weed control faces problems such as inadequacy of finance, some side effects, and conflicting views. However, biological methods are expected to provide more promising weed control practices in the future. © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
