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Öğe Weed Dynamics and Management in Wheat(Elsevier Academic Press Inc, 2017) Jabran, Khawar; Mahmood, Khalid; Melander, Bo; Bajwa, Ali A.; Kudsk, PerWheat is among the most important cereal and food crops of world and is grown in almost all parts of the world. It is a staple for a large part of the world population. Any decline in wheat yield by biotic or abiotic factors may affect global food security adversely. Weeds are the most damaging pest of wheat causing in total 24% losses in wheat grain yield. In this chapter, we discuss the (i) weed flora in different wheat-growing regions of world; (ii) the yield losses caused by weeds in wheat; (iii) the preventive and cultural options for weed management; (iv) physical weed control; (v) chemical weed control; and (vi) integrated weed management strategy in wheat. A critical analysis of recent literature indicated that broadleaved weeds are the most common group of weeds in wheat fields followed by grass weeds, while sedges were rarely noted in wheat fields. Across the globe, the most important weeds in wheat fields were Avena fatua L., Chenopodium album L., Phalaris minor Retz., Galium aparine L., Stellaria media (L.) Vill., and Veronica persica Poir., respectively. Adoption of wise weed management strategies may help control weeds and avoid yield losses. Both preventive measures and cultural practices have proved their significance for improving weed control in wheat; physical and chemical tools are the other options. Moreover, site-specific herbicide application may help to make weed control economical and reduce the herbicide input. Nonetheless, integrated strategies should be opted for effective and eco-friendly weed management in wheat.Öğe Recombinant entomopathogenic agents: a review of biotechnological approaches to pest insect control(Springer, 2018) Karabörklü, Salih; Azizoğlu, Uğur; Azizoğlu, Zehra BüşraAlthough the use of chemical pesticides has decreased in recent years, it is still a common method of pest control. However, chemical use leads to challenging problems. The harm caused by these chemicals and the length of time that they will remain in the environment is of great concern to the future and safety of humans. Therefore, developing new pest control agents that are safer and environmentally compatible, as well as assuring their widespread use is important. Entomopathogenic agents are microorganisms that play an important role in the biological control of pest insects and are eco-friendly alternatives to chemical control. They consist of viruses (non-cellular organisms), bacteria (prokaryotic organisms), fungi and protists (eukaryotic organisms), and nematodes (multicellular organisms). Genetic modification (recombinant technology) provides potential new methods for developing entomopathogens to manage pests. In this review, we focus on the important roles of recombinant entomopathogens in terms of pest insect control, placing them into perspective with other views to discuss, examine and evaluate the use of entomopathogenic agents in biological control.Öğe Manipulation of Allelopathic Crops for Weed Control Preface(Springer International Publishing Ag, 2017) Jabran, Khawar…Öğe Insect vectors of the pinewood nematode: a review of the biology and ecology of Monochamus species(Wiley, 2012) Akbulut, Süleyman; Stamps, William T.Pine wilt disease (PWD), caused by the pinewood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner and Buhrer) Nickle 1970, is a serious threat to susceptible pine forests of the world. The PWN is primarily vectored by Monochamus species (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). The first occurrence of PWD was reported from Japan in the early 1900s. Following this report, Japanese scientists documented the community of bark- and phloem-inhabiting insects associated with the nematodes in dying trees to determine possible vectors of the nematode. Monochamus alternatus was reported to be the most effective vector in Japan. The primary vector in North America is Monochamus carolinensis, and in Europe, it is Monochamus galloprovincialis. Further studies have been expanded through the nematode-invaded countries of Korea, Taiwan, China and Portugal. There is an interspecific association between the PWN and its insect vectors, and it is an obligatory component of the disease cycle. It is crucial to understand this relationship as well as the population ecology of the beetle to aid in monitoring and control of this worldwide threat to pine forests. Studies to date indicate a remarkable similarity among beetle species around the globe for a variety of life-history traits, including lifespan, adult emergence numbers, flight capability, nematode transmission rates and attraction to pine volatiles. Wherever pines are found, there is a beetle species capable of transmitting the nematode. Although flight performance and range is generally poor for this group of beetle vectors, the cryptic nature of the species and the lack of interest in the beetles by countries in the absence of the nematode have led to the disease establishing a foothold in a variety of countries such as Portugal. In this paper, studies conducted in different countries on Monochamus vector species of the PWN are compared and discussed.Öğe Allelopathy: Introduction and Concepts(Springer International Publishing Ag, 2017) Jabran, KhawarPlants communicate and influence the growth of other plants (or even microorganisms) through excretion of certain chemical compounds (allelochemicals). The process is called allelopathy. A number of allelochemicals have been reported from different plant species. Most important allelochemicals/allelochemical groups in major field crops (those focused in this book) may include phenolic compounds, benzoxazinoids, sorgoleone, glucosinolates, terpenes, alkaloids, and momilactones. The allelopathic potential of field crops may be utilized for controlling weeds without importing weed control agent into the field. This is possible through channelizing the allelopathic activity of field crops for controlling weeds in form of several techniques. Most importantly, these techniques may include growing the crop cultivars that possess an allelopathic potential. The other important ways may include intercropping of a crop possessing an allelopathic potential with a crop without allelopathic activity [e.g., intercropping of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)], including a crop possessing an allelopathic activity in a crop rotation, use of residues from an allelopathic crop as mulch, and use of an allelopathic crop as cover crop for controlling weeds. Most important in future research include determining the mode of action of allelochemicals and their formulation into a commercial weed control product.Öğe Öğe Preface [2](Springer International Publishing, 2017) Chauhan, B.S.; Jabran, Khawar; Mahajan, G.[No abstract available]