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Öğe Experimental and Quantum Chemical Evaluation of 8-Hydroxyquinoline as a Corrosion Inhibitor for Copper in 0.1 M HCl(Amer Chemical Soc, 2016) Gerengi, Hüsnü; Mielniczek, Michal; Gece, Gökhan; Solomon, Moses M.The corrosion inhibition properties of 8-hydroxyquinoline (8-HQ) in 0.1 M HCl for copper have been investigated by using experimental (electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), dynamic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (DEIS), and potentiodynamic polarization) and theoretical methods complemented by surface morphological examination with the aid of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX). Results obtained from all of these applied techniques are in agreement and demonstrate that 8-HQ inhibited copper corrosion in 0.1 M HCl solution significantly and the inhibition efficiency varies directly with 8-HQ concentration. Potentiodynamic polarization results show that 8-HQ behaved like a cathodic-type inhibitor in the studied system. EDAX results reveal that 8-HQ is most stable and effective at 10 h of immersion time. Inhibition of Cu corrosion by 8-HQ is due to electrostatic interaction between the Cu surface and salt of 8-HQ according to the Delta G(ads)(0) value and FTIR results. E-HOMO, E-LUMO, and Delta E values support the proposed physisorption mechanism. SEM and EDAX results confirm the adsorption of 8-HQ molecules on a Cu surface.Öğe Evaluation of the corrosion inhibiting efficacy of a newly synthesized nitrone against St37 steel corrosion in acidic medium: Experimental and theoretical approaches(Elsevier Science Bv, 2018) Gerengi, Hüsnü; Solomon, Moses M.; Öztürk, Serkan; Yıldırım, Ayhan; Gece, Gökhan; Kaya, ErtuğrulA novel amphiphilic nitrone, N-phenyl-1-(4-((11-(pyridin-1-ium-1yl) undecanoyl) oxy)phenyl)methanimine oxide bromide (NP-1-4-11-PUOPMOB) has been synthesized from a fatty acid derivative as a starting material. Structural characterization of the new compound has been realized by spectroscopic techniques (FTIR, H-1 NMR, and C-13 NMR). The corrosion inhibition effect of the compound for St37 steel corrosion in 1 M HCl medium has been investigated using experimental (weight loss, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, potentiodynamic polarization, dynamic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy) and theoretical approaches complemented by surface morphological examination using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, and atomic force spectroscopy. Results from both chemical and electrochemical techniques reveal that the presence of the nitrone in the acid solution impedes St37 steel corrosion. The inhibition efficiency obtained at 125 ppm and 150 ppm concentrations for all methods is found to be over 90%. NP-1-4-11-PUOPMOB behaves as a mixed type corrosion inhibitor according to the potentiodynamic polarization studies. The adsorption of NP-1-4-11-PUOPMOB molecules onto the metal surface follows Langmuir adsorption isotherm and the calculated K-ads (equilibrium constant of the adsorption process) value reflects strong interaction. There is evidence of NP-1-4-11-PUOPMOB adsorption on the metal surface from SEM, EDAX, and AFM studies. Experimental and theoretical results are in good agreement.Öğe Evaluation of the inhibitive effect of Diospyros kaki (Persimmon) leaves extract on St37 steel corrosion in acid medium(Elsevier, 2016) Gerengi, Hüsnü; Uygur, İlyas; Solomon, Moses; Yıldız, Mesut; Göksu, HaydarA study was conducted to assess the inhibitive effect of Diospyros kaki leaves extract on St37 steel corrosion in 0.1 M HCl solution. Electrochemical (PDP, EIS, DEIS), chemical, and surface morphological screening (SEM, EDS, FTIR) techniques were used in the study. Results show that D. kaki leaves extract is an excellent inhibitor for St37 steel in HCl solution. Maximum inhibition efficiency of 91% was afforded by the highest studied concentration of the extract from PDP measurements. PDP results reveal that the extract components act principally as cathodic type inhibitor suppressing the reduction of hydrogen ions in the cathodic region of the metal. DEIS results show that the studied systems exhibit non-stationary character and the adsorbed extract components were stable particularly at long exposure time. SEM, EDAX, and FTIR results support experimental results that components of D. kaki leaves extract were adsorbed on St37 surface.Öğe Enhanced corrosion inhibition effect of chitosan for St37 in 15% H2SO4 environment by silver nanoparticles(Elsevier Science Bv, 2017) Solomon, Moses M.; Gerengi, Hüsnü; Kaya, Tuğçe; Umoren, Saviour A.The inhibitive performance of chitosan and silver nanoparticles - chitosan (AgNPs-Chi) composite towards St37 steel corrosion in 15% H2SO4 solution was studied using weight loss and electrochemical techniques in addition to surface morphological examination. Results obtained show that chitosan could fairly protect St37 steel surface by 45%. Inhibition efficiency above 94% has been achieved with AgNPs-Chi composite. AgNPs-Chi composite performs better at longer immersion time and elevated temperature. AgNPs-Chi retards both anodic and cathodic redox reactions. The mode of adsorption of AgNPs-Chi onto St37 surface has been described using Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Surface screening results ascertain the adsorption of AgNPs-Chi molecules on St37 surface. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe Gum Arabic-silver nanoparticles composite as a green anticorrosive formulation for steel corrosion in strong acid media(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2018) Solomon, Moses M.; Gerengi, Hüsnü; Umoren, Saviour A.; Essien, Nsikak B.; Essien, Uduak B.; Kaya, ErtuğrulA green anticorrosive composite (GA-AgNPs) has been formulated for steel in 15% HCl and 15% H2SO4 media. Characterization of GA-AgNPs is achieved via FTIR, UV-vis, EDAX, and SEM. Gravimetric, electrochemical (EIS, EFM, DEIS, & TP), and surface assessment (SEM, EDAX, AFM, & XPS) techniques have been deployed in the anticorrosion studies. Results from all applied methods potray GA-AgNPs as effective anticorrosive agent. Inhibition is by adsorption mechanism and follows Langmuir isotherm. GA-AgNPs acts as mixed type inhibitor in 15% H2SO4 solution but as anodic type in 15% HCl solution. Results from surface techniques confirm adsorption of GA-AgNPs molecules on specimen surface. Oxides, hydroxides, carbonates, and sulphates (H2SO4 medium) or chlorides (HCl medium) are the corrosion products in the free corrodent according to XPS results. In the presence of composite, both ionic and neutral forms of GA-AgNPS are adsorbed. AgNPs are present on the surface in the form: Ag degrees, Ag2O, and AgO.Öğe Frequency and dc bias voltage dependent dielectric properties and electrical conductivity of BaTiO3-SrTiO3/(SiO2)(x) nanocomposites(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2019) Slimani, Yassine; Ünal, Bayram; Hannachi, Essia; Selmi, Aymen; Almessiere, M.A.; Nawaz, Muhammad; Yıldız, M.BaTiO3-SrTiO3/(SiO2)(x) nanocomposites (x = 0, 0.5, 1, 2 and 5%) were produced through solid state reaction. The morphological, structural, spectral, and optical properties were investigated by scanning electron microscope, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy and ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectrophotometry, respectively. All XRD patterns illustrate two distinct phases of BaTiO3 and SrTiO3 with cubic structure. No impurity was noticed for x <= 0.5% nanocomposite. However, Ba2TiSi2O8 secondary phase starts to appear for x >= 1%. Electrical and dielectric properties were used to analyze the dielectric constant and loss, the conductivity as well as dissipation factors as functions of both frequencies and dc bias voltage for BaTiO3-SrTiO3/(SiO2)(x) nanocomposites. In general, conductivity and dielectric loss obey power law tendencies against frequencies. However, the dc bias was found to be less effective to conduction mechanism having a slight change for a variety of SiO2 percentages.Öğe FATIGUE LIFE PREDICTIONS OF METAL MATRIX COMPOSITES USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS(Polska Akad Nauk, Polish Acad Sciences, Inst Metall & Mater Sci Pas, 2014) Uygur, İlyas; Çiçek, Adem; Toklu, Ethem; Kara, Resul; Sarıdemir, SuatIn this study, fatigue life predictions for the various metal matrix composites, R ratios, notch geometries, and different temperatures have been performed by using artificial neural networks (ANN) approach. Input parameters of the model comprise various materials (M), such as particle size and volume fraction of reinforcement, stress concentration factor (Kt), R ratio (R), peak stress (S), temperatures (T), whereas, output of the ANN model consist of number of failure cycles. ANN controller was trained with Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) learning algorithm. The tested actual data and predicted data were simulated by a computer program developed on MATLAB platform. It is shown that the model provides intimate fatigue life estimations compared with actual tested data.Öğe Exploration of Dextran for Application as Corrosion Inhibitor for Steel in Strong Acid Environment: Effect of Molecular Weight, Modification, and Temperature on Efficiency(Amer Chemical Soc, 2018) Solomon, Moses M.; Umoren, Saviour A.; Obot, Ime B.; Sorour, Ahmad A.; Gerengi, HüsnüThe possibility of utilizing dextran as a green corrosion inhibitor for steel in strong acid environment was explore using weight loss, electrochemical (electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), electrochemical frequency modulation (EFM), potentiodynamic polarization (PDP), and linear polarization (LPR)) supported with surface analysis via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques. The effect of molecular weight, temperature, and modification on the inhibition efficiency of dextran was also studied. Results from all the applied techniques reveal that dextran exhibit moderate anticorrosion property toward St37-2 steel dissolution in 15% H2SO4 solution. Dextran with molecular weight of 100 000-200 000 g/mol (Dex 1) exhibited the highest inhibition efficiency of 51.38% at 25 degrees C. Based on PDP results, dextran behaved as a mixed type corrosion inhibitor. Inhibition efficiency of dextran varies inversely with molecular weight but directly with temperature. Two modification approaches, namely incorporation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) into dextran matrices and combination with 1 mM KI were adopted to enhance the inhibition efficiency of dextran and the approaches proved effective. The protective capability of Dex 1 has been upgraded from 51.38% to 86.82% by infusion of AgNPs and to 94.21% by combination with KI at 25 degrees C. Results from the study on the effect of temperature reveals that Dex 1 + KI mixture could synergistically offer 99.4% protection to St37-2 steel in 15% H2SO4 environment at 60 degrees C. Surface analysis results confirm the presence of additives molecules on the studied metal surface. XPS results disclose that AgNPs are in oxide form while iodide ions are in the form of triiodide and pentaiodide ions on the metal surface. Modified dextran is a promising candidate for application as corrosion inhibitor in acid induced corrosive environment.Öğe Experimental research on warm deep drawing of HC420LA grade sheet material(Springer London Ltd, 2016) Şen, Nuri; Karaağaç, İbrahim; Kurgan, NaciThe use of high-strength sheet material applications in the automotive industry has become widespread due to their high strength/weight ratios. The formability, however, of these high-strength sheet materials is limited at room temperatures (RTs). In this study, the first of its kind to be conducted, experimental research was performed on the formability of HC420LA grade sheet material using the warm deep drawing (WDD) method. Temperature control is the most important parameter in WDD. In this method, a new temperature control system was designed and manufactured to increase the formability of HC420LA grade sheet material. The limiting drawing ratio (LDR) for a 1.2-mm sheet thickness of HC420LA grade sheet material, which is 2.14 at RT, increased to 2.47 after applying this method. For a 1.5-mm sheet thickness of HC420LA, LDR, which is 2.15 at RT, increased to 2.59 after applying this method. Percent increases of the drawing ratios for 1.2 and 1.5 mm thicknesses were 15.42 and 20.45 %, respectively. A maximum reduction of 15 % in thickness was obtained in formed cups. Lastly, the microstructures of the warm cup's punch corner region and wall and bottom regions were investigated under an optical microscope. The results showed whether any changes occurred in the microstructures and mechanical properties.Öğe Electrochemical and morphological assessments of inhibition level of 8-hydroxylquinoline for AA2024-T4 alloy in 3.5% NaCl solution(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2018) Gerengi, Hüsnü; Solomon, Moses M.; Kurtay, Mine; Bereket, Gözen; Gökşen, Kadir; Yıldız, Mesut; Kaya, ErtuğrulThe corrosion inhibition of AA2024-T4 in 3.5% NaCl solution by 8-hydroxylquinoline (8-HQ) was investigated by potentiodynamic polarisation (PDP), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and dynamic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Experimental results were supported with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy and Fourier transform-infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis. It was found that 8-HQ molecules adsorbed on the alloy surface and protected it against corrosion. SEM, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and FTIR results confirm the adsorption of 8-HQ molecules on AA2024-T4. The inhibition efficiency of 8-HQ is found to increase with increase in concentration and the highest concentration studied (0.05 M) offered corrosion inhibition efficiency of 84%. PDP results show that 8-HQ acts as mixed type inhibitor in the studied medium.Öğe Effects of mesh and interconnector design on solid oxide fuel cell performance(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2015) Canavar, Murat; Kaplan, YükselIn this study, three different nickel based meshes are investigated as an anode side current collector and flow-field for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) to reduce the fabrication cost. The same meshes are also tested on the conventional interconnectors with machined gas channels for comparison. Eight different short stacks are installed for this purpose. The characterizations of the short stacks are achieved via performance tests together with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analyses. The experimental results reveal that the woven nickel mesh provides the required current collection and can act as an anode flow-field. It is also found that the spot welding of this mesh significantly improves the cell performance due to the enhanced contact between the mesh and the interconnector. Therefore, the spot welded nickel mesh can be directly employed on the anode interconnector as an effective anode current collector and flow-field without machining gas channels to reduce the SOFC cell/stack fabrication cost. Copyright (C) 2014, Hydrogen Energy Publications, LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Effects of induction hardened surface depth on the dynamic behavior of rotating shaft systems(Carl Hanser Verlag, 2019) Kabasakaloğlu, Ufuk; Saruhan, HamitRotating shaft systems play many critical roles in rotating machinery. The performance of any rotating machinery is very dependent on vibrations generated by the rotating shaft. The selection of rotating shaft material is very important to meeting the enormous demand of industrial users on the capability of vibration resistance in rotating machinery. Recent requirements for using rotating shafts have heightened the need for the materials used. The heat treatment of material has received much attention over the last few decades. The research to date has tended to focus on material properties for resistance and strength rather than on dynamic behavior. The main objective of the present study is to experimentally investigate the role of induction surface hardening which is one of the most commonly used types of heat treatment on AISI 1045 steel dynamic behavior. Heat treatable AISI 1045 steel is among the most widely used in all industrial applications requiring more resistance and strength. It has received much attention over the past several decades due to its usage in rotating shafts, axles, crankshafts, and spindles. Induction surface hardening is used to sustain service life by increasing the surface hardness and vibration reliability of a material. Since induction hardened surface depth plays a very important part in the stability of the rotating shaft, three different hardened surface depths (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mm) are utilized. The results show that a hardened surface depth of 1.0 mm surprisingly and positively affects the dynamic behavior of the rotating shaft as compared to the hardened surface depths of 0.5 and 1.5 mm.Öğe Effect of surface treatment on the bioactivity and electrochemical behavior of magnesium alloys in simulated body fluid(Wiley-V C H Verlag Gmbh, 2017) Sasikumar, Y.; Solomon, Moses M.; Olasunkanmi, Lukman O.; Ebenso, EnoThe effect of surface treatment using NaOH or H2O2 on the bioactivity and corrosion behavior of AZX310, AZ91D, AM50, and AZ31 Mg alloys in simulated body fluid (SBF) has been studied with the aid of surface morphological assessment, in vitro characterization, and electrochemical measurements. The influence of immersion time on the behavior of the treated alloys in SBF was also investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses confirmed successful surface modification upon treatment of alloy surface with NaOH and H2O2. XRD and SEM analyses also revealed that surface modification enhances formation and growth of hydroxyapatite (HA). Formation of HA layer on the alloy surface was further confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. In vitro immersion test reveals that pH of SBF solution containing treated alloys is lower than that containing untreated alloy. However, pH increases with immersion time. Results from weight loss and electrochemical measurements indicate that treated alloys possess higher corrosion resistance in SBF than the untreated ones. H2O2 treated alloys demonstrated greater corrosion resistance in SBF than NaOH treated alloys.Öğe Effect of Friction Welding Parameter on Mechanical and Microstructural Properties of Dissimilar AISI 1010-ASTM B22 Joints(Amer Welding Soc, 2011) Kurt, Adem; Uygur, İlyas; Paylaşan, U.Rotary friction welding is one of the most economical and efficient production methods for joining similar and dissimilar materials. It is widely used with metals and thermoplastics in a wide variety of aviation, transport, and aerospace industrial component designs. Individually, mild steel to mild steel and copper to copper are normally easy to weld by fusion welding methods, but the joint of mild steel to copper can be extremely difficult due to the differences in the two materials' melting temperature, density, strength, and thermal conductivity. Thus, these kinds of problems can be eliminated by a solid-state friction welding technique. Hence, the current study attempts to understand the friction welding characteristics of mild steel-bronze dissimilar parts. This study looks into the influence of process parameters, which includes friction pressure, upsetting pressure, and upset time on the axial shortening, hardness, microstructure, and tensile properties of the welds. The optimum parameters for upset time, upset pressure, and friction pressure necessary for welding were obtained. Finally, the obtained mechanical properties results were commented on the light of optical microscopy.Öğe Effect of deep sub-zero treatment on mechanical properties of AA5XXX aluminum plates adjoined by MIG welding technique(Elsevier Science Bv, 2017) Ateş, Hakan; Özdemir, A. Tamer; Uzun, Mahmut Esat; Uygur, İlyasIn this study, mechanical and microstructural characteristics of AA5XXX aluminum plates connected by MIG welding were investigated. Thus, after several preliminary experiments done to ensure quality requirements of the parameters, specimens in the form of long aluminum plates were welded, and then some of them were spared for the subsequent sub-zero treatment at about 146 degrees C for 12 and 24 h, respectively. To investigate the effect of this super cooling on the welded parts, several tensile, bending, and hardness tests in conjunction with micro-structure examinations were carried out and results were discussed in detail. It was concluded that during sub-zero treatment, microstructure gets finer and stabilized, positively affecting the overall strength of the material. There is no significant difference in the overall strength of the material right after the subzero treatment and that of the specimens rested for one year at room temperature after cryogenics treatments. (C) 2017 Sharif University of Technology. All rights reserved.Öğe Dynamic Behavior Analysis of Rotor Supported by Damped Rolling Element Bearing Housing(Gazi Univ, 2017) Saruhan, Hamit; Kam, Menderes; Kara, FuatA typical rotating machinery system consists various components, such as rotor, support bearing, and disks. These components pass out energy into the system when coincident to critical speeds. Ignoring such event might lead to disastrous breakdown of the system. Due to necessity and vital contribution to most rotating machineries, the requirements on rolling element bearings have become stricter every day. In this experimental study, the dynamic behavior and displacement of rotor supported by damped rolling element bearing housing for different running speeds and load levels are analyzed and compared.Öğe Development of car wishbone using sheet metal tearing process via the theory of inventive problem-solving (TRIZ) method(Springer Heidelberg, 2019) Şen, Nuri; Baykal, YakupIn the automotive industry, sheet metal forming process design is of great importance. The cold forming process in particular is the most widely preferred of these methods. In the production of car parts in complex forms, forming problems such as tearing, wrinkling, back spring and unwanted thinning can appear. Recently, numerical analysis technology and software tools have been widely used in process design and metal forming. Elimination of these problems without the use of analysis programs means the use of the trial and error method, which results in much wasted time and huge costs. In addition to the use of analysis programs, resolving problems without mold process and design knowledge is also problematic. In this study, the theory of inventive problem-solving (TRIZ) approach was utilized to reach an analytical solution. In this methodology, the improving and worsening features were determined and a TRIZ 39 x 39 contradiction matrix was created which led to the solutions. Virtual experiments were carried out on a wishbone mold model designed via the Siemens NX 12 CAD program using the Autoform R7 analysis program. Real environment experiments were then performed, and the problem of tearing during the forming process was eliminated. The measured thickness value of this area, which was formed without tearing, was measured as 2.7 mm in the virtual environment experiments and 2.9 mm in the real environment experiments. In addition, the wishbone was subjected to two-axis (x and z) dynamic testing, with acceptable values reached at 500,000 cycles.Öğe DETERMINATION OF THE CUTTING-TOOL PERFORMANCE OF HIGH-ALLOYED WHITE CAST IRON (Ni-Hard 4) USING THE TAGUCHI METHOD(Inst Za Kovinske Materiale I In Tehnologie, 2016) Kır, Durmuş; Öktem, Hasan; Çöl, Mustafa; Koç, Funda Gül; Erzincanlı, FehmiHigh-alloyed white-cast-iron materials are commonly used in the manufacturing industry due to their high wear resistance. The aim of this research is to determine the cutting tool and the optimum cutting conditions required for the metal cutting of these materials. In this study, it is proposed to determine the wear and the tool life utilizing the Taguchi optimization method when hard turning the Ni-Hard 4 material, the alloyed cast iron, with cutting tools produced with powder metallurgy (PM) and to improve the performance of the cutting tools. A series of 18 experiments were conducted on a CNC turning machine, using the cutting process parameters such as the cutting speed, the feed and the depth of cut, based on the Taguchi L-9 orthogonal design of experiments. Uncoated cutting tools were utilized to perform these experiments. PM cutting tools with WC grain sizes of 0.8 mu m and 1.25 mu m were selected for the hard-turning experiments. The flank wear of the cutting tools was examined with SEM. Then, the life of each cutting tool was identified based on the cutting length. The performance of the cutting tools in terms of the wear and the tool life was determined with the Taguchi method based on the obtained data. The results of this study contributed to the hard turning of the Ni-Hard 4 material that is mostly employed in the as-cast condition in the manufacturing industry due to its high hardness. The optimum cutting conditions were determined by means of the Taguchi method.Öğe DESIGNING OPTIMUM OIL THICKNESS IN ARTIFICIAL HUMAN KNEE JOINT BY SIMULATED ANNEALING(Assoc Sci Res, 2009) Saruhan, HamitIn human knee joints, synovial fluid film covers the surface of synovium and cartilage within the joint space. Synovial joints acts as bearing in mechanical system. Although the artificial human joints differ from most mechanical bearings in their nature, they have been modeled and analyzed in terms of hydrodynamic bearing of engineering. In this study, nature inspired an algorithm, the simulated annealing (SA), is used to find minimum fluid film thickness in artificial human knee joints. It is important to optimize the film thickness of the bearing in terms of successful operation and lifetime of the implant in terms of friction and wear. The problem is complex and a time consuming process due to design variables and constraints imposed on the objective function. It is demonstrated that the SA performed and obtained convergence reliability on the optimum point.Öğe Design, construction and performance of a novel brake pad friction tester(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2018) Öktem, Hasan; Uygur, İlyas; Çevik, MuratDetermination of the tribological behavior of brake pads under real environmental conditions is an important and critical task which can significantly impact the automotive industry. Most studies simulate or measure the variants by indirect methods and accept them as true results. The new computer-controlled, interactive brake pad friction tester presented in this study was developed for this purpose. The major components of the machine, which are operated simultaneously, include: a proportional pressure-controlled hydraulics power pack, a mechanical transmission system with electromagnetic clutch, and a brake and automation control with SCADA computer analysis interface. Compared to other friction testing machines, a very important innovation of the newly developed friction tester allows for the testing of the brake pad samples and measuring of the noise level both to be performed with high precision under real conditions. Moreover, this friction tester is capable of determining the friction coefficients; wear behavior, temperature, and life intervals of brake pad samples. This novel brake pad system is relatively cheaper and measures effective friction coefficients more accurately. The uncertainty in measurements for friction coefficient and wear rate was approximately calculated as +/- 0.0135 and +/- 0.170 in all of experiments, respectively. In this study, the machine performance was carried out to evaluate the friction behavior of non-asbestos brake pad samples reinforced with hazelnut shell powder according to the standard brake lining quality control testing procedure (SAE J661).
