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Öğe Evaluation of responses of different ant species (Formicidae) to the scavenger deterrent factor associated with the entomopathogenic nematode-bacterium complex(Czech Acad Sci, Inst Entomology, 2018) Gülcü, Barış; Hazır, Selçuk; Lewis, Edwin E.; Kaya, Harry K.According to previous observations, it was hypothesized that the feeding behavior of some ant species would be deterred by a scavenger deterrent factor (SDF), whereas for other species it would not. The effects of the SDF were studied on 11 ant species in three different subfamilies: Dolichoderinae Forel, 1878, Formicinae Latreille, 1809, and Myrmicinae Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, 1835. The experiments were conducted from 2014-2015 in Davis, California, United States, Aydin, Turkey, and Duzce, Turkey. Five-day-old Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Poinar, 1976), (Hb)-killed and freeze-killed Galleria mellonella (Linnaeus, 1758) were exposed to ant colonies in the field for 3 to 4 h. Seven ant species fed significantly less on Hb-killed insects than freeze-killed insect. On the other hand, there was no significant difference in cadaver consumption with five species, but Liometopum occidentale Emery, 1895 did consume a higher rate of Hb-killed insects than freeze-killed insects and was not deterred by SDF. It was also observed that four ant species took Hb-killed insects into the nests, but two Myrmicinae species, Pogonomyrmex subdentatus Mayr, 1870 and Messor meridionalis (Andre, 1883) removed the cadavers after 30 min, whereas two Formicinae species, Cataglyphis nodus (Brune, 1833) and Formica fusca Linnaeus, 1758, retained the cadavers in the nest. It was assumed that the latter two species consumed both Hb-killed and freeze-killed insects. Further studies are needed to explain why L. occidentale C. nodus and F. fusca are not deterred by SDF.Öğe Growth and reproduction of a marine fish, Atherina boyeri (Risso 1810), in a freshwater ecosystem(Tubitak Scientific & Technical Research Council Turkey, 2016) Gençoğlu, Lale; Ekmekçi, Fitnat GülerAtherina boyeri (Risso, 1810) has established abundant and successful populations in inland waters in Anatolia, although it is known as a marine species. In this study, the growth and reproduction properties of A. boyeri in the Hirfanli Reservoir were studied. Age determinations based on scale readings showed that the population had a 4-year life cycle. Sampled individuals ranged between 5.76 and 115.65 mm in total length and 0.01 and 10.48 g in total weight. The von Bertalanffy growth parameters for females were L-infinity = 156.78, k = 0.197, and t(0) = -0.197; for males, L-infinity = 151.02, k = 0.148, and t(0) = -0.148. Mean condition factor values, estimated from eviscerated weight, varied between 0.49 and 0.60. The length-weight relationship of A. boyeri indicated allometric growth, whereas the b value for females, males, and juveniles was 3.29, 3.23, and 3.50, respectively. The sex ratio was 1:1.14 in favor of females. The reproductive season, evaluated by the gonadosomatic index, extended from May to July. Mature egg diameter ranged from 0.64 to 1.73 mm. The mean total fecundity increased with age. In the Hirfanli Reservoir, certain life-history features of A. boyeri, such as short life cycle and increasing fecundity, indicated that this species has the potential to become dominant in freshwater systems.Öğe Growth and reproduction of a stream population of Cobitis turcica in central Anatolia ( Turkey)(Wiley, 2014) Kırankaya, Şerife Gülsün; Ekmekçi, Fitnat GülerCobitis turcica is endemic to Anatolia, and being of a bottom-dwelling nature is highly influenced by habitat degradation. Due to drought and water pollution, in 2006 this species was included in the IUCN Red List as endangered. Therefore in order to develop conservation strategies, knowledge of its life history traits is important. The study presents first time data on the basic life history traits of C.turcica captured in a small stream flowing from Pnarba Springs to Kozanl Gok Lake in central Anatolia. In total, 1356 specimens were caught between March 2003 and August 2004. The overall sex ratio (M:F) was 1:0.62. Longevity in females, which reaches a maximum age of 6+, is 1year longer than for males. Females are longer and heavier than males of the same age group. Maximum observed total lengths were 103.6mm in a 5+ year-old male and 126.75mm in a 6+ year-old female. Length-weight relationships were calculated for males, females, and juveniles, with the b exponent of the relationships as 2.9068, 2.8326, and 3.6859, respectively. Spawning was fractional, beginning in April and continuing until the end of July. Mean total fecundity was 2238 at age 5+.Öğe GENETIC DIVERGENCE AND PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF HONEY BEE POPULATIONS FROM TURKEY USING PCR-RFLP's ANALYSIS OF TWO mtDNA SEGMENTS(Scientific Issues Natl Centre Agrarian Sciences, 2009) Kekeçoğlu, Meral; Bouga, Maria; Soysal, Mehmet İhsan; Harizanis, PaschalisThe genetic structure and phylogenetic relationship among honey bee populations of Turkey were studied using RFLP analysis on two PCR-amplified mtDNA gene segments (COI, 16s rDNA). The honey bees were sampled from 54 mainland localities of Turkey and 2 Aegean islands. Two different mitotype were detected with SspI digestion of COI gene. One mitotype was seen in only central Anatolia. The results of this research were compared with analogous studies on honey bee populations from Greece and it was found that the non-existence of 16s rDNA /DraI digestion is diagnostic only for Turkish honey bee populations. This result is very useful for the control of conservation of local honey bees, as the movement of colonies across the border line of these neighboring countries, may affect the genetic structure of honey bee populations.Öğe Genetic Diversity of Bee Ecotypes in Turkey and Evidence for Geographical Differences(Ars Docendi, 2010) Kekeçoğlu, Meral; Soysal, M. İhsanHoneybees collected from 56 different areas of Turkey were analysed, using 12 morphometric characters. The multivariate statistical analysis of data and discriminant function analysis established seven different ecotypes spreading according to different coordinates of regions. UPGMA dendrogram based on the Mahalonobis distance showed that the studied colonies were clustered in four main regional groups like A. in. anatoliaca in central Anatolia, A.m. caucasica in the northern Anatolia, A. meda in southern and south-eastern Anatolia and A. in. carnica in the European part of Turkey.Öğe Frequency of black spot disease in Cobitis cf. turcica from Pinarbasi Springs (Haymana, Turkey)(Inst Vertebrate Biology As Cr, 2011) Kırankaya, Şerife Gülsün; Ekmekçi, Fitnat GülerDuring a survey on the biology of Cobitis cf. turcica living in Pinarbasi Springs (Haymana district, Turkey), symptoms of black spot disease were frequently observed on the specimens. Of the 1295 loach collected, 240 (19 %) specimens were found to be infected with metacercaria of Posthodiplostomum cuticola, a common digenean parasite causing black spot disease in freshwater fish in Eurasia. During spring and autumn, the infection rate was significantly higher than during winter and summer, most probably due to the increasing density of migration of birds in this area. No statistically significant difference was found in condition, weight and length between infected and non-infected specimens; indicating low physiological effects of the encysted metacercaria on the host specimens. However, the prevalence of black spot had a tendency to decrease with age, remarking a higher mortality rate of infected specimens. This increased mortality rate seems to be the most important impact of an infection with metacercaria for a Cobitis population.Öğe First record of the blue-barred parrotfish, Scarus ghobban Forsskal, 1775 from Turkish coastal waters(Wiley-Blackwell, 2014) Turan, Cemal; Ergüden, Deniz; Gürlek, MEvlüt; Yağlıoğlu, Deniz; Uygur, Necdet…Öğe Feeding Properties of the Translocated Marine Fish Sand Smelt Atherina boyeri Risso, 1810 (Atherinidae) in a Freshwater Reservoir(Inst Zoology, Bas, 2017) Gençoğlu, Lale; Kırankaya, Şerife Gülsün; Yoğurtçuoğlu, Baran; Ekmekçi, Fitnat GülerThe feeding ecology of the translocated marine fish sand smelt Atherina boyeri was studied in Hirfanli Reservoir, a freshwater dam lake located in Central Anatolia. The data revealed that the sand smelt fed mainly on larger zooplankton, such as adult copepods and cladocerans. Fish eggs and juvenile fish were also found in the stomach content. There was a considerable dietary overlap among size groups larger than 30 mm total length. Larger individuals have also cannibalistic behaviour as they consumed juveniles of sand smelt. The proportion of empty stomachs was maximum in winter and minimum in summer. The trophic niche breadth was the highest in summer. The results suggested that the sand smelt may have a remarkable impact on zooplankton communities in the Hirfanli Reservoir.Öğe Feeding ecology of the KA +/- zA +/- lA +/- rmak toothcarp, Aphanius marassantensis: ontogenetic shift and seasonal diet variation(Springer, 2018) Yoğurtçuoğlu, Baran; Kırankaya, Şerife Gülsün; Gençoğlu, Lale; Ekmekçi, Fitnat GülerWe studied the feeding ecology of an endemic cyprinodontid fish, Aphanius marassantensis (KA +/- zA +/- lA +/- rmak Toothcarp), with special emphasis on seasonal and ontogenetic diet shift. The dietary composition revealed an omnivorous diet with great seasonal and ontogenetic variation. Cladocera and Calanoid Copepods (Diaptomus sp.) dominated the diet in Spring and Summer, whereas the food items of plant origin e.g. filamentous algae and diatoms were the most important components in Autumn and Winter. An ontogenetic diet shift was also demonstrated. While the feeding of juveniles was based mostly on planktonic organisms, adult individuals preferred larger prey taxa, such as Gammarus sp. and Gastropods. There was no significant sex-related variation in feeding with the exception for the volume of gut content. The investigation on the feeding strategy of A. marassantensis suggested a generalised feeding pattern with some specialised individuals. This generalist feeding habits may account for the well-established population of this species in a big reservoir under coexistence of two non-native fish species, Pseudorasbora parva and Atherina boyeri.Öğe Feeding Ecology of the Topmouth Gudgeon Pseudorasbora parva (Temminck and Schlegel, 1846) in the Gelingullu Reservoir, Turkey(Central Fisheries Research Inst, 2013) Özdilek, Şükran Yalçın; Kırankaya, Şerife Gülsün; Ekmekçi, Fitnat GülerPseudorasbora parva (Temminck and Schlegel, 1846) is widely distributed in rivers and lakes of Turkey owing to accidental introductions. Turkey is rich in biodiversity of freshwater fish and has a high level of endemicity of native ichthyofauna, which is vulnerable to such introductions. The Gelingullu Reservoir located on the Kizilirmak drainage in Central Anatolia has rich ichthyofauna with native and introduced fish species, including endemic species. The contents of the foregut of P. parva samples collected between Summer 2003 and Summer 2005 were examined. Seasonal and ontogenetic changes in feeding intensity were determined. P. parva mainly feeds on zooplankton such as Cladocera, Copepoda, and Rotifera. Members of the Bacillariophyta and Cyanobacteria were identified in high proportions in the foregut contents of P. parva particularly during summer. The feeding traits of this invasive fish may have an influence on the establishment of a successful population in Gelingullu reservoir.Öğe Elasmobranch bycatch in a bottom trawl fishery in the Iskenderun Bay, northeastern Mediterranean(Cahiers De Biologie Marine, 2015) Yağlıoğlu, Deniz; Deniz, Tomris; Gürlek, Mevlüt; Ergüden, Deniz; Turan, CemalTotal biomass, species composition, depth distribution, seasonal distribution and abundance of elasmobranchs were examined by commercial bottom trawls between 2009 and 2010 from Iskenderun Bay, Turkish coast of the northeastern Mediterranean. From 52 bottom trawl surveys, it was estimated that elasmobranchs represented 23% (190.1 kg.km(-2)) of total fish biomass (840.8 kg.km(-2)) in Iskenderun Bay. Dasyatis pastinaca, Gymnura altavela, Raja clavata and Rhinobatos spp. (Rhinobatos rhinobatos and Glaucostegus cemiculus) showed high occurrence and represented each between 11.10 and 38.46% of the whole elasmobranch biomass. The other species, Dipturus oxyrinchus, Raja miraletus, Torpedo marmorata and Torpedo torpedo, represented each between 0.12 and 2.82% of the total elasmobranchs biomass. Shark species, Mustelus mustelus, Scyliorhinus stellaris, Scyliorhinus canicula, Galeus melastomus and Squatina squatina, represented each between 0.45 and 1.7% of the whole elasmobranchs biomass. When seasonal distribution was examined, total catch of fish were 32.38, 23.24, 10.71 and 33.65%, of which elasmobranchs species constitute 24.11, 34.12, 20.42 and 21.34% in autumn, winter, spring and summer respectively. Single or sporadic captures were also recorded for Isurus oxyrinchus, Carcharhinus plumbeus, Carcharhinus altimus, Oxynotus centrina, Raja radula, Rhinoptera marginata and Pteromylaeus bovinus.Öğe Effect of ATP-dependent channel modulators on ischemia-induced arrhythmia change depending on age and gender(Royal Soc Medicine Press Ltd, 2013) Bozdoğan, Ömer; Kaya, Salih Tunç; Yaşar, Selçuk; Orallar, HayriyeThe number of ATP-dependent potassium channels in myocardial cells has been previously shown to change depending on gender and age. Different effects of the ATP-dependent potassium channel blocker, glybenclamide and ATP-dependent potassium channel opener, pinacidil on ischemia or reperfusion-induced arrhythmia observed in various research might depend on different ages and genders of the animals used. The aim of this study is to research the effect of ATP-dependent potassium channel modulators on ischemia-induced arrhythmia in animals of different ages and genders. Sprague-Dawley rats of different ages and genders were used in this study. Ischemia was produced by the ligation of the left coronary artery for 30 min. Electrocardiogram (ECG), blood pressure, infarct area and blood glucose were determined during the 30 min of ischemia. An arrhythmia score from an ECG recorded during 30 min of ischemia was determined by examining the duration and type of arrhythmia. Different effects of glybenclamide and pinacidil on the arrhythmias were observed in male and female young and middle-age rats. Pinacidil decreased the infarct zone in younger female rats, but differences in the type and length of ischemia-induced arrhythmias between females and males disappeared in older age. The results of this study showed that the effect of ATP-dependent potassium channel modulators on ischemia-induced arrhythmia changed due to the age and gender of rats.Öğe DNA fingerprinting and assessment of some physiological changes in Al-induced Bryophyllum daigremontianum clones(Springer, 2019) Özyiğit, İbrahim İlker; Kaval, Ali; Çakır, Ernaz Altundağ; Vardar, FilizAluminum (Al) is one of the most important stress factors that reduce plant productivity in acidic soils. Present work thereby analyzed Al-induced genomic alterations in Bryophyllum daigremontianum clones using RAPD and ISSR markers, and investigated responding changes in photosynthetic pigment (chlorophyll a, b, a/b, total chlorophyll and carotenoid) contents and total soluble protein amounts in plant leaves. The main reason for the use of bulbiferous spurs originated clone plants was to increase reliability and acceptability of RAPD and ISSR techniques in DNA fingerprinting. Raised 40 clone plants were divided into five separate groups each with eight individuals and each experimental group was watered with 0 (control), 0 (acid control), 50, 100 and 200 mu M AlCl3-containing Hoagland solutions on alternate days for two and a half months. All plant soils except control group were sprayed with 0.2% sulfuric acid following watering days and this contributed acidic characteristic (pH 4.8) to soil structure. Increase in Al concentrations were accompanied by an increase in total soluble protein amounts, a decrease in photosynthetic pigment contents, and with appearance, disappearance and intensity changes at RAPD and ISSR band profiles. Out of tested RAPD1-25 and ISSR1-15 primers, RAPD8, RAPD9, ISSR2 and ISSR7 primers produced reproducible band profiles that were distinguishable between treatment and control groups. Findings showed that RAPD and ISSR fingerprints have been useful biomarkers for investigation of plant genotoxicity, especially in clone plants. Moreover, if these fingerprints are integrated with other physiological parameters they could become more powerful tools in ecotoxicology.Öğe DETECTION AND PHYLOGENY OF BEAK AND FEATHER DISEASE VIRUS AND AVIAN POLYOMAVIRUS IN PSITTACINE PET BIRDS IN TURKEY(Elsevier Science Inc, 2016) Altan, Eda; Eravcı, Ebru; Çizmecigil, Utku Y.; Yıldar, Esma; Aydın, Özge; Turan, Nuri; Yılmaz, HüseyinBeak and feather disease virus (BFDV) and avian polyomavirus (APV) infections cause various health problems in many psittacine species, and may ultimately cause death. The aims of this study were to investigate, for the first time, the presence of BFDV and APV in psittacine birds kept in Turkey by SYBR-Green real-time polymerase chain reaction (SYBR-Green real-time PCR) and to determine the phylogeny of any circulating strains. In this study, 62 samples consisting of feather samples from 35 Melopsittacus undulatus, 16 Psittacus erithacus, 5 Forpus coelestis, 4 Nymphicus hollandicus, 1 Agapornis roseicollis, and 1 Psephotus haematonotus were collected and analyzed for the presence of BFDV-DNA and APV-DNA using SYBR-Green real-time PCR. All birds had plumage defects and 50% were considered clinically depressed. BFDV-DNA and APV-DNA were detected in feather samples of 12 (19.3%) and 9 (14.5%) birds, respectively. Both BFDV-DNA and APV-DNA were detected in 23 (37%) feather samples, from which BFDV-Rep gene and APV-VP1 gene were partially sequenced and phylogenetic analyses were conducted. Birds suspected to be infected with BFDV and APV should be analyzed by real-time PCR for early diagnosis, and preventive measurements should be applied to reduce viral exposure to healthy birds. The results of this investigation indicate a high frequency of BFDV and APV infections in birds with plumage defects in Turkey. However, strains were similar to those previously reported in other areas of the world. Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Öğe Traditional knowledge of wild edible plants of Igdir Province (East Anatolia, Turkey)(Polskie Towarzystwo Botaniczne, 2017) Çakır, Ernaz AltundağIgdir Province is situated in the Eastern Anatolian Region of Turkey. Wild edible plants and their utilization methods have not been previously documented there. This study was conducted during an ethnobotanical survey of Igdir Province from 2007 to 2012, in the period from May to October, when plants were in their flowering and fruiting periods. There were 210 interviews carried out in 78 villages. This study provides information about 154 wild plant taxa belonging to 27 families that have been used as foodstuffs, spices, or hot drinks. Seventeen wild edible plants were recorded for the first time during this study. Eight endemic species were reported as used for their edibility, and new local names for plants were also recorded. The cultural importance index was calculated for each taxon. The most culturally important species are Mentha longifolia, Falcaria vulgaris, Polygonum aviculare, Rosa canina, Crataegus azarolus, Capsella bursa-pastoris, and Malus sylvestris. This study presents the richest heritage in terms of the diversity of wild edible plants ever recorded in Turkey.Öğe Threatened fishes of the world: Pseudophoxinus crassus (Ladiges, 1960) Cyprinidae, from Central Anatolia, Turkey(Springer, 2010) Ekmekçi, Fitnat Güler; Kırankaya, Şerife Gülsün…Öğe Threatened Fishes of the World, Cobitis puncticulata (Erk'akan, Atalay-Ekmek double dagger i & Nalbant, 1998) (Cobitidae)(Springer, 2010) Ekmekçi, Fitnat Güler; Kırankaya, Şerife Gülsün; Turan, Davut…Öğe The role of toll-like receptors in the protective effect of melatonin against doxorubicin-induced pancreatic beta cell toxicity(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2019) Taşkın, Eylem; Güven, Celal; Kaya, Salih Tunç; Şahin, Leyla; Kocahan, Sayad; Değirmencioğlu, Arife Zuhal; Sevgiler, YusufAims: Doxorubicin, an anticancer drug, has a toxic effect on many tissues such as heart, pancreas, liver, kidney, and testis. The aim of current study is to investigate whether melatonin would be protective in doxorubicin-induced beta (beta) cell toxicity via HMGB1/TLR2/TLR4/MAPK/NF-kappa B signaling pathway. Main methods: Human pancreatic beta cell (1.1B4) was used in the present study. Four experimental groups were created as control, melatonin (10 mu M), doxorubicin (2 mu M) and the combination of melatonin with doxorubicin. Following 24-h treatment, Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPKs), Toll like receptors (TLRs) including TLR2 and TLR4, pro-and anti-apoptotic protein expression levels were determined by western blotting. Total antioxidant (TAS), oxidant status (TOS) and oxidative stress index (OSI) of the cells as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels were determined. Active caspase-8 activity was measured and TUNEL staining was performed to study apoptotic pathways. Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), some protein expressions and F-actin distribution were analyzed. Key findings: Doxorubicin caused to depolarize MMP, resulting in enhancing apoptosis by activation of caspase-8 via MAPKs/NF-kappa B pathway via elevation of TOS and decreasing TAS. Also, doxorubicin destroyed F-actin distribution and elevated TLR2 and some apoptotic proteins, including Bax. However, co-treatment of melatonin with doxorubicin could reverse depolarization of MMP and inhibition of apoptosis through MAPK/NF-kappa B signaling by decreasing TOS and increasing TAS. The co-treatment reversed the alternations of TLR2, TLR4, MAPKs and apoptotic protein expressions induced by doxorubicin. Significance: Melatonin could be a good candidate against pancreatic beta cell toxicity-induced by doxorubicin through TLR2/TLR4/MAPK/NF-kappa B pathways.Öğe The protection of resveratrol and its combination with glibenclamide, but not berberine on the diabetic hearts against reperfusion-induced arrhythmias: the role of myocardial K-ATP channel(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2019) Kaya, Salih Tunç; Bozdoğan, Ömer; Özarslan, Talat O.; Taşkın, Eylem; Eksioğlu, Didem; Erim, Firdevs; Yaşar, SelçukContext: Cardiovascular dysfunctions such as life-threatening arrhythmias are one of the main reasons of mortality and morbidity in diabetic patients Objective: We aimed to investigate the long-term effects of resveratrol, berberine and glibenclamide combinations on the ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) induced arrhythmias in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats and to investigate the role of myocardial K-ATP channel in the possible anti-arrhythmic actions of the treatments. Methods: Two days after induction of diabetes, diabetic rats were treated with resveratrol [5 mg/kg, intraperitoneally (i.p.)], berberine (10 mg/kg, i.p) and glibenclamide (5 mg/kg, i.p) for 6 weeks. On the 43th day, experimental animals were subjected to 6-min ischemia and 6-min reperfusion in vivo. Results: The protein expression of Kir6.2 subunits was downregulated in the diabetic hearts. However, all drug treatments restored the protein expression of Kir6.2 subunits. Resveratrol alone and its combination with glibenclamide decreased the arrhythmia score, the arrhythmic period and the incidence of other types of arrhythmias during the reperfusion period. Conclusions: The combination of resveratrol with glibenclamide may alleviate reperfusion-induced arrhythmias via an underlying mechanism not be only associated with the restoration of the protein expression of Kir6.2 subunits but also associated with the other subunits or ion channels underlying cardiac action potential.Öğe The effects of radioprotectant and potential antioxidant agent amifostine on the structure and dynamics of DPPC and DPPG liposomes(Elsevier Science Bv, 2019) Arslan, Gülgün Çakmak; Severcan, FerideAgents capable of scavenging ROS have attracted attention recently because of their potential use as anti oxidative agents. Amifostine, a ROS scavenger, has the potential to be used as an antioxidant in therapeutic applications. In this study, the effect of amifostine on neutral zwitterionic dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and anionic dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol (DPPG) model membranes' structure and dynamics is aimed to be examined by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Our results revealed that amifostine at concentrations used (1-24 mol%) does not induce any important alteration in the shape of phase transition curve and phase transition temperature in the DPPC and DPPG membranes. High concentrations of amifostine slightly increased the acyl chain flexibility of DPPC membranes in the liquid crystalline phase and DPPG membranes in the gel phase. A lessening in the dynamics of DPPC liposomes was observed for all concentrations of amifostine in both phases but slight dual effect was observed only in the gel phase as a decrease in dynamics at low concentrations and an increase at higher concentrations of amifostine in DPPG liposomes. Additionally, strong hydrogen bonding was observed for both C=O and PO2- groups in case of DPPC and for PO2- groups in case of DPPG. Dehydration around the C=O regions occurred in case of DPPG. Accordingly, amifostine is proposed to be interacting strongly with zwitterionic and negatively charged membrane head groups and glycerol backbone in all concentrations and because of this interaction it causes some changes in lipid order and dynamics especially at high concentrations.
