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Öğe Exceptional maternal lineage diversity in brown bears (Ursus arctos) from Turkey(Wiley-Blackwell, 2016) Çilingir, F. Gözde; Pekşen, Çiğdem Akın; Ambarlı, Hüseyin; Beerli, Peter; Bilgin, C. CanThe genetic diversity and phylogeography of maternal lineages in Ursus arctos Linnaeus, 1758 (the brown bear) have been studied extensively over the last two decades; however, sampling has largely been limited to the northern Holarctic, and was possibly biased towards lineages that recolonized the vast expanses of the north as the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) ended. Here we report the genetic diversity and phylogeography of U.arctos from Turkey based on 35 non-invasive samples, including five from captive individuals. Bayesian phylogenetic analyses based on a 269-bp fragment of the mitochondrial DNA control region revealed 14 novel haplotypes belonging to three major lineages. The most widespread lineage was found to be the Eastern clade3a, whereas geographically more restricted Western and Middle Eastern lineages were reported for the first time in Turkey. A specimen from the Taurus mountain range carried a haplotype closely related to the presumably extinct bears in Lebanon. Moreover, we identify a unique new lineage that appears to have split early within the Middle Eastern clade. Despite limited sampling, our study reveals a high level of mitochondrial diversity in Turkish U.arctos, shows that the ranges of both European and Middle Eastern clades extend into Turkey, and identifies a new divergent lineage of possibly wider historical occurrence. Obtaining these results with 35 samples also demonstrates the value of proper sampling from regions that have not been significantly affected by the LGM.(c) 2015 The Linnean Society of LondonÖğe Genetic analysis of the Turkish gray wolf (Canis lupus) based on partial mitochondrial DNA sequences(Staatliches Museum Tierkunde Dresden, 2016) İbiş, Osman; Aksöyek, Eren; Özcan, Servet; Keten, Akif; Yorulmaz, Tarkan; Tez, CoşkunIn this study, we focused on determining the genetic variability of Turkish gray wolves and also to reveal phylogenetic relationships of the Eurasian wolf populations using mitochondrial DNA sequences. Partial mitochondrial DNA sequences (440 bp) were obtained from 12 Turkish gray wolves, including D-loop region (332 bp). We found seven D-loop haplotypes (332 bp) among the 12 Turkish gray wolves. The D-loop sequences of the Turkish gray wolf were compared to sequences registered in GenBank from Eurasia under the name Canis lupus. Five Turkish haplotypes were shared with conspecific sequences from other regions of Eurasia in the species' range. Two haplotypes were unique for the Turkish wolves. The existence of shared haplotypes suggests that the gray wolves in Turkey and other regions might be originated from the same gene pool. The present study reports significant data for determining the genetic variability and revealing the phylogenetic relationships of Turkish gray wolves; it is suggested that the genetic variability of Turkish gray wolves is relatively high.Öğe Genetic Analysis of Turkish lynx (Lynx lynx) Based on Mitochondrial DNA Sequences(Maik Nauka/Interperiodica/Springer, 2019) İbiş, Osman; Özcan, Servet; Kırmanoğlu, Cesur; Keten, Akif; Tez, CoşkunGenetic variability and phylogenetic relationships of the Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) have been reported by various researchers from species' range. As genetic data of Turkish lynx comes from a single genetic study that only contains limited number of lynx samples from the Anatolian part of Turkey, there is still a lack of genetic information for the Eurasian lynx population distributed in Turkey. In this study, mitochondrial Cyt b (1140 bp) and COI (630 bp) sequences were obtained from eight Anatolian samples of the Eurasian lynx. The Anatolian lynx sequences were compared to those of conspecific populations published in GenBank. We found two COI (630 bp) and four Cyt b (1140 bp) haplotypes among the eight Anatolian lynx sequences. Despite the limited number of the Anatolian lynx sequences, Bayesian, Maximum Likelihood, Neighbor-Joining and Network analyses revealed that there was a significant genetic differentiation in the Eurasian lynx, in that at least there were two main mitochondrial lineages within the sampling area. Also, the present study suggested that the Anatolian lynx might have a relatively high genetic variability despite the scarce samples.Öğe Foraging ecology of Eurasian lynx populations in southwest Asia: Conservation implications for a diet specialist(Wiley, 2018) Mengüllüoğlu, Deniz; Ambarlı, Hüseyin; Berger, Anne; Hofer, HeribertIntraspecific variation in key traits of widespread species can be hard to predict, if populations have been very little studied in most of the distribution range. Asian populations of the Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx), one of the most widespread felids worldwide, are such a case in point. We investigated the diet of Eurasian lynx from feces collected Mediterranean, mixed forest-steppe, and subalpine ecosystems of Turkey. We studied prey preferences and functional responses using prey densities obtained from Random Encounter Modelling. Our analysis revealed that the main prey was brown hare (Lepus europaeus) in all three areas (78%-99% of biomass consumed) and lynx showed a strong preference for brown hare (Chesson's selectivity index, =0.90-0.99). Cannibalism contributed at least 5% in two study areas. The type II functional response of lynx populations in Turkey was similar to the Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis) and daily food intake in grams per lynx matched that of Canada lynx and Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus), both lagomorph specialists, rather than those of Eurasian lynx from Europe. Therefore, lynx in Turkey may be better described as a lagomorph specialist even though it coexists with ungulate prey. We suggest that ungulate-based foraging ecology of Eurasian lynx in Europe may be a recent adjustment to the availability of high densities of ungulates and cannot be representative for other regions like Turkey. The status of lagomorphs should become an essential component of conservation activities targeted at Eurasian lynx or when using this species as a flagship species for landscape preservation.Öğe Distribution and habitat preference of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus L.) in Duzce Province (Turkey)(Istanbul Univ, Fac Forestry, 2017) Keten, AkifThe roe deer is an important game animal in Turkey. The aim of the current study was to determine the likely distribution area and habitat preferences of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus (L., 1758)) in Duzce Province. The species was observed by wildlife camera traps and direct or indirect observation methods in different habitats in a total of 75 sampling sites during the period between 2013 and 2015. Roe deer avoid human contact. The species are found mostly (79%) in fir and beech forests, preferably those with a closed canopy cover but without dense understory. The numbers of individual of male are higher than the female. They are most often (74%) observed during feeding, with activity peaking at dawn and dusk. The roe deer has a wide distribution range in Turkey and has great potential as a game animal. However, its prevalence is not sufficient in all regions.Öğe Current status, distribution, and conservation of brown bear (Ursidae) and wild canids (gray wolf, golden jackal, and red fox; Canidae) in Turkey(Tubitak Scientific & Technical Research Council Turkey, 2016) Ambarlı, Hüseyin; Ertürk, Alper; Soyumert, AnılTurkey has viable populations of many carnivore species of the Western Palearctic. Among those, ursids and canids are represented by brown bear (Ursus arctos) and 3 canid species, gray wolf (Canis lupus), golden jackal (Canis aureus), and red fox (Vulpes vulpes), respectively. Those species occur in major ecosystems of Turkey and experience a wide range of threats, and they are at the center of human-wildlife conflicts. However, due to a limited number of studies about their ecology and taxonomy, their current distributions, population sizes, and statuses are vague. In this study, we document the 4 species' known data in terms of distribution range, population biology, phylogeography, threats and conflicts with people, and National Red List status in Turkey by reviewing the recent literature and national news about carnivores, data collection in field surveys, and interviews with local people, personnel of the Ministry of Forestry, and hunters in more than 50 provinces. Additionally, we also provide information about rabies cases in consideration with carnivore conservation. We finally recommend further studies to fill information gaps for wildlife conservation and management based on scientific evidence.Öğe The association between reproductive success with persistent organochlorine pollutants residue in feathers of spur-winged lapwing (Vanellus spinosus L.)(Springer Heidelberg, 2018) Arıkan, Kalender; Özkan, Leyla; Arıkan, Zeynep Yaşar; Turan, Salih LeventThe reproductive and breeding success of wader species is negatively affected by various anthropogenic factors, including persistent organochlorine pollutants (POPs). We aimed to study the association of POPs in feathers with the reproductive success of the spur-winged lapwing (Vanellus spinosus). For this purpose, data on reproductive parameters and feather samples were collected from a breeding population consisting of 19 pairs near Boazkent district in Antalya, Turkey. Mean concentrations of total polychlorinated biphenyls (sigma PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (sigma OCPs) were found to be 54 +/- 16ng/g and 520ng/g in all samples, respectively. In particular, PCB 151 and -hexachlorocyclohexane had a negative association the various reproductive parameters in the species under consideration. Fledgling success (n=25) was calculated to be 37.4%, which was negatively associated with the sigma OCP concentrations (r=-0.99, p=0.01). According to the results, POP residues are one of the associated factors on the reproductive success of spur-winged lapwing along, with agricultural activity and predation. It is indicated that the species needs a protection plan for prevention declining reproductive success and population size species in Turkey. Besides, our results suggest that bird feathers are a non-destructive bio-monitoring tools to estimate of contamination levels of organic pollutants in a population.Öğe Temporal patterns of wetland-associated bird assemblages in altered wetlands in Turkey(Polish Acad Sciences Inst Ecology, 2019) Keten, Akif; Sarcan, Erdinç; Anderson, James T.A loss of wetlands, one of the highly sensitive ecosystems, necessitates the monitoring and assessment of wildlife population trends for the continuity and sustainable management of species. The goal of our study was to evaluate temporal changes in wetland-associated bird composition by conducting monthly counts during December 2006 - November 2007 and March 2015 - February 2016 in Efteni Lake, Duzce, Turkey. This lake has been exposed to structural change including shoreline length, area and depth for the last 50 years. Wetland-associated bird richness decreased, and abundance increased during the decade, but this change was not significant except for two species with an increased population, ferruginous duck Aythya nyroca and great crested grebe Podiceps cristatus. Cluster analyses resulted in two groups: the breeding season from April to September, and the non-breeding season from October to March. The most numerous species were observed mostly during the non-breeding season. Some guilds, including diving carnivores, omnivores, shoreline omnivores and herbivores species were more prevalent during the non-breeding season. The insectivores had higher population densities during the breeding season. Thus, wetland-associated bird abundance during the non-breeding season was higher than during the breeding season, although species richness was the opposite. The planned restoration of habitats of Efteni Lake should have a positive impact on birds by creating more space available to them. Our result should help to better understand the impact of habitat changes on waterbird assemblages. Long-term monitoring of Efteni Lake will be useful for the wetland-associated avian community, and for other animal and plant communities.Öğe Spatial and temporal distribution of Carnivora (Mammalia) species in Duzce Province(Kastamonu Univ, Orman Fak, 2016) Keten, AkifCarnivores species play essential roles in ecosystem structuring and stability, are positions at the top of food webs in their habitats. The current study is to aim to exhibit that spatial and temporal distribution of Carnivores (Mammalia) species in Duzce Province. The study was carried by wildlife camera traps and direct or indirect observation methods on different habitats in a total of 234 sampling plots in 2013 and 2015 years. A total of 660 specimens were counted from 10 species in 4 families, and 56 tracks were determined. The most common species is red fox. The species are generally nocturnal. Their main home range is forest areas. They prefer mostly to pure and mix beech stand. To be careful of the human activities in habitats of carnivores is suggested for their.Öğe Rural and Urban Students' Perceptions of and Attitudes toward Brown Bears in Turkey(Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2016) Ambarlı, HüseyinMany studies have examined adults' perceptions of and attitudes toward large carnivores to assess human-wildlife conflict and inform conservation strategies, but there have been few studies concerning children. I studied secondary school students' perceptions of and attitudes toward brown bears (Ursus arctos) and other large mammals in Turkey via a questionnaire survey. The questionnaire, consisting of 18 questions, was completed by 215 rural and 98 urban secondary school students. Both sets of students liked bears; they were also afraid of them and unsure about living with them in the future. While there were no gender differences in attitudes and perceptions, there were marked differences between urban and rural students. Urban students had less contact with nature, gained more of their knowledge about bears from documentaries, and had less positive attitudes toward bears. They were also more likely to be afraid of species not present in Turkey, for example, anaconda, while rural students were most afraid of wild boars. Factor analysis identified three important themes: familiarity with bears, conservation of bears, and experiencing conflict with bears, which explained 49.8% of the variance in attitudes toward bears. The most important factor for the development of negative attitudes toward bears was personal experience of human-bear conflict, suggesting that measures to reduce human-bear conflict in rural areas may help to sustain students' positive attitudes toward the conservation of bears.Öğe Right on track? Performance of satellite telemetry in terrestrial wildlife research(Public Library Science, 2019) Hofman, M.P.G.; Hayward, M. W.; Heim, M.; Marchand, P.; Rolandsen, C.M.; Mattisson, J.; Balkenhol, N.Satellite telemetry is an increasingly utilized technology in wildlife research, and current devices can track individual animal movements at unprecedented spatial and temporal resolutions. However, as we enter the golden age of satellite telemetry, we need an in-depth understanding of the main technological, species-specific and environmental factors that determine the success and failure of satellite tracking devices across species and habitats. Here, we assess the relative influence of such factors on the ability of satellite telemetry units to provide the expected amount and quality of data by analyzing data from over 3,000 devices deployed on 62 terrestrial species in 167 projects worldwide. We evaluate the success rate in obtaining GPS fixes as well as in transferring these fixes to the user and we evaluate failure rates. Average fix success and data transfer rates were high and were generally better predicted by species and unit characteristics, while environmental characteristics influenced the variability of performance. However, 48% of the unit deployments ended prematurely, half of them due to technical failure. Nonetheless, this study shows that the performance of satellite telemetry applications has shown improvements over time, and based on our findings, we provide further recommendations for both users and manufacturers.Öğe Population genetics of the main population of brown bears in southwest Asia(Peerj Inc, 2018) Ambarlı, Hüseyin; Mengüllüoğlu, Deniz; Fickel, Joerns; Foerster, Daniel W.Genetic studies of the Eurasian brown bear (Ursus arctos) have so far focused on populations from Europe and North America, although the largest distribution area of brown bears is in Asia. In this study, we reveal population genetic parameters for the brown bear population inhabiting the Grand Kackar Mountains (GKM) in the north east of Turkey, western Lesser Caucasus. Using both hair (N = 147) and tissue samples (N = 7) collected between 2008 and 2014, we found substantial levels of genetic variation (10 microsatellite loci). Bear samples (hair) taken from rubbing trees worked better for genotyping than those from power poles, regardless of the year collected. Genotyping also revealed that bears moved between habitat patches, despite ongoing massive habitat alterations and the creation of large water reservoirs. This population has the potential to serve as a genetic reserve for future reintroduction in the Middle East. Due to the importance of the GKM population for on-going and future conservation actions, the impacts of habitat alterations in the region ought to be minimized; e.g., by establishing green bridges or corridors over reservoirs and major roads to maintain habitat connectivity and gene flow among populations in the Lesser Caucasus.Öğe Phenotypic differentiation is associated with divergent sexual selection among closely related barn swallow populations(Wiley-Blackwell, 2016) Wilkins, Matthew Reed; Karaardıç, Hakan; Vortman, Yoni; Parchman, Thomas L.; Albrecht, Tomas; Petrzelkova, Adela; Safran, Rebecca J.Sexual selection plays a key role in the diversification of numerous animal clades and may accelerate trait divergence during speciation. However, much of our understanding of this process comes from phylogenetic comparative studies, which rely on surrogate measures such as dimorphism that may not represent selection in wild populations. In this study, we assess sexual selection pressures for multiple male visual signals across four barn swallow (Hirundo rustica) populations. Our sample encompassed 2400 linear km and two described subspecies: European H. r. rustica (in the Czech Republic and Romania) and eastern Mediterranean H. r. transitiva (in Israel), as well as a potential area of contact (in Turkey). We demonstrate significant phenotypic differentiation in four sexual signalling axes, despite very low-level genomic divergence and no comparable divergence in an ecological trait. Moreover, the direction of phenotypic divergence is consistent with differences in sexual selection pressures among subspecies. Thus, H. r. transitiva, which have the darkest ventral plumage of any population, experience directional selection for darker plumage. Similarly, H. r. rustica, which have the longest tail feathers of any population, experience directional selection for elongated tail feathers and disruptive selection for ventral plumage saturation. These results suggest that sexual selection is the primary driver of phenotypic differentiation in this species. Our findings add to growing evidence of phenotypic divergence with gene flow. However, to our knowledge, this is the first study to relate direct measures of the strength and targets of sexual selection to phenotypic divergence among closely related wild populations.Öğe Observation on ornithofauna of Kocaeli-Yuvacik dam watershed in Turkey(Triveni Enterprises, 2010) Keten, Akif; Beşkardeş, Vedat; Arslangündoğdu, ZeynelThe objective of this study was to determine the birdspecies in the Yuvacik Dam watershed in the province of Kocaeli, The total area of the study site was 25800 ha, and was subdivided to 60 plots (the size of each plot, 2x2 km). Observations and inventory for each species were carried out. A total of 130 species belonging to 38 genus of 16 orders were identified. Eighty-seven were classified as Passeriformes. Forty two species breed in the region. A total of 21223 birds were counted. According to IUCN criteria, two species, (Ficedula semitorquata (Von H., 1885) and Sitta krueperi (Pelzeln, 1863), were categorized as near threatened (NT).Öğe Litter size and basic diet of brown bears (Ursus arctos, Carnivora) in northeastern Turkey(Walter De Gruyter Gmbh, 2016) Ambarlı, HüseyinBrown bears (Ursus arctos) are the largest among terrestrial mammals and are at the center of most human-wildlife conflicts, but there has been little ecological research on the species in Turkey. The aim of this study was to document the litter size and diet of brown bears in the province of Artvin. Observations of brown bears were conducted from 2004 to 2012, with a total observation time of 588 h. A total of 72 scats were collected and analyzed. Most bears (43.6%) were spotted during the mating season in late May and early June. The average litter size was 1.67 (n = 39), and the average number of yearlings was 1.19 (n = 27). The average survival of cubs-of-the-year to the succeeding year was 0.71. The bears' diet consisted mainly of herbaceous plants (87.5%). The average litter size observed was among the smallest, and the diet was among the most herbivorous documented in brown bear populations in the world. Monitoring and revealing the basic ecological parameters of the brown bears in Turkey may provide baseline data for the effective management and conservation of brown bear populations in southwest Asia.Öğe Brown bear attacks on humans: a worldwide perspective(Nature Publishing Group, 2019) Bombieri, G.; Naves, J.; Penteriani, V; Selvas, N.; Gil, A. Fernandez; Bao, J.V. Lopez; Delgado, M.M.The increasing trend of large carnivore attacks on humans not only raises human safety concerns but may also undermine large carnivore conservation efforts. Although rare, attacks by brown bears Ursus arctos are also on the rise and, although several studies have addressed this issue at local scales, information is lacking on a worldwide scale. Here, we investigated brown bear attacks (n = 664) on humans between 2000 and 2015 across most of the range inhabited by the species: North America (n = 183), Europe (n = 291), and East (n = 190). When the attacks occurred, half of the people were engaged in leisure activities and the main scenario was an encounter with a female with cubs. Attacks have increased significantly over time and were more frequent at high bear and low human population densities. There was no significant difference in the number of attacks between continents or between countries with different hunting practices. Understanding global patterns of bear attacks can help reduce dangerous encounters and, consequently, is crucial for informing wildlife managers and the public about appropriate measures to reduce this kind of conflicts in bear country.Öğe Breeding Data of Collared Pratincole (Glareola pratincola) Population of Bogazkent/Antalya (Southwest Turkey) in 2016(Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Univ Rektorlugu, 2019) Öztürk, Yasemin; Özkan, LeylaCollared Pratincoles (Glareola pratincola) have a large, fragmented breeding distribution throughout the Palearctic. Turkey is in migration road where it has Collared pratincole population as both breeding area and transition region. Research area was in Bogazkent/Antalya, Southwest Turkey. In this study, breeding biology of Collared pratincole were investigated in 2016. Bogazkent was transiting region for Collared pratincole, while some individuals transit, some others stay and breed there. Average of 370 birds transited during spring migration and 35 of which stayed and bred in Bogazkent at the end of the May.Öğe Assessing caracal-prey interactions by spatial and temporal analyses(Springer, 2019) Mengüllüoğlu, Deniz; Ambarlı, HüseyinIn this study, we assessed habitat preferences and temporal activity patterns of caracal (Caracal caracal) and several possible prey species in Koyceiz Wildlife Development Reserve, south-western Turkey. We investigated whether wild goat (Capra aegagrus) is indeed the main prey of caracal and if there is evidence for excessive caracal predation on this ungulate as previously stated by researchers, wildlife wardens and hunters. Results of this 2249 camera trap-day survey revealed a high habitat segregation between caracal and wild goat (Pianka's O=0.2) and very high overlap between caracal and other prey species such as brown hare (Lepus europaeus), field mice (Apodemus spp.), chukar partridge (Alectoris chukar) and wild boar (Sus scrofa) (Pianka's O=0.8-1.0). Wild goats preferred steep slopes (Chesson's =0.85) and associated narrow valley bottoms, whereas caracals preferred high flatland forests (Chesson's =0.95). The overlap coefficients in temporal activity patterns of caracal and wild goat ((1)=0.50), and caracal and other prey species were moderate ((1)=0.40-0.59), and did not indicate strict predator-prey relationships based on temporal activities. The results of this study do not support a caracal diet based mainly on wild goat, due to their mostly spatial and partially temporal segregation. Other smaller prey species such as brown hare, rodents and chukar partridge can serve as better prey options due to their continuous presence in caracal habitat throughout the day and year.Öğe Arthropod diversity in pure oak forests of coppice origin in northern Thrace (Turkey)(Sisef-Soc Italiana Selvicoltura Ecol Forestale, 2015) Keten, Akif; Beşkardeş, Vedat; Kumbaşlı, Meriç; Makineci, Ender; Zengin, Hayati; Özdemir, Emrah; Anderson, James T.Oak (Quercus spp.) forests are among the most important forest types in Turkey. In the past, oak forests were managed through coppice clear-cutting, but in recent decades they have mostly been converted to high forest. This study was aimed at explaining how arthropod diversity is affected during conversion from coppice to high oak forest and during the early stages of coppice succession. We tested the hypothesis that arthropod richness, abundance and diversity in coppice oak sites varied according to stand age and a number of other forest characteristics. Arthropod communities were sampled in 50 plots using four different methods: pitfall traps, sweep nets, sticky cards and cloth shaking. A total of 13 084 individuals were collected and classified into 193 Recognizable Taxonomic Units (RTUs), with the most RTUs and the greatest number of specimens captured by sweep netting. We identified 17 taxa within RTU's with more than 1% of the captured arthropods, which constituted 75% of the total specimens. The number of RTUs varied significantly according to trap type. Arthropod richness and Shannon-Wiener biodiversity index (H') increased with elevation and precipitation. In young (1-40 yrs-old) and middle-aged (4180 yrs) stands, arthropod biodiversity was not significantly affected by stand type, but slightly increased with diameter at breast height and tree height. Forest characteristics, such as the litter layer, understory and crown diameter, weakly influenced arthropod richness and abundance. Cluster analysis revealed that stand types and trap types differed taxonomically. Principal component analysis showed that stand types were clearly separated by the stand parameters measured. Insect families (Formicidae, Thripidae, Lygaeidae, Dolichopodidae, Luaxanidae, Cicadellidae and Ichneumonidae) could potentially be used as indicators of coppice oak conditions. As the coppice oak changes to mature forest, further studies are needed to better assess the relation between arthropods, forest types and structural characteristics of stands.Öğe ANTITERMITIC EFFECTS OF THREE WOOD STAIN TREATMENTS(Univ Bio-Bio, 2014) Taşçıoğlu, Cihat; Budakçı, Mehmet; Yoshimura, TsuyoshiPotential antitermitic properties of some common wood stains were tested against Coptotermes formosanus. Four different wood species treated with 3 different stain chemicals at the 0,1 kg/m(2) retention level were exposed to no-choice termite feeding test in laboratory conditions. Mean mass loses, mortality rates and consumption rates were calculated based on weight changes before and after the test. While the hardwood species (beech and chestnut) tested were unaffected by the treatments, the softwood species tested showed drastically reduced mass losses with some stain treatments. Scots pine and spruce sapwood exhibited significant reductions in mass losses when treated with the chemical stain.
