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Öğe High carbon dioxide concentration and elevated temperature impact the growth of weeds but do not change the efficacy of glyphosate(Wiley, 2018) Jabran, Khawar; Doğan, Mehmet NedimBACKGROUNDGlobal climate changes may impact the growth and management of weed species. The aim of this work was to evaluate the impact of recent climate changes on the growth of weeds and herbicide efficacy. The effects of temperature, carbon dioxide (CO2), and herbicide on growth and control of Bromus tectorum L., Hordeum murinum L., and Lactuca serriola L. were studied. Treatments included: control or ambient environment (CO2 concentration 400-450 ppm; temperature 20/10 degrees C day/night); elevated temperature (CO2 concentration 400-450 ppm; temperature 25/15 degrees C day/night); high CO2 and elevated temperature (CO2 concentration 800-900 ppm; temperature 25/15 degrees C day/night); high CO2 (CO2 concentration 800-900 ppm; temperature 20/10 degrees C day/night). Glyphosate rates (active ingredient) used in the experiment were: 0 g ha(-1) (untreated control); 360 g ha(-1); 720 g ha(-1); 1080 g ha(-1); 1440 g ha(-1) (recommended rate), and 2880 g ha(-1). RESULTSHigh CO2 concentration and high CO2 concentration plus high temperature improved the biomass and growth parameters of weeds in the studies. In general, high temperature had a neutral, negative or slightly positive effect on the growth of weed species. Climatic conditions did not affect the activity of glyphosate; its application provided equal and effective weed control under both CO2 and temperature levels and their combinations. CONCLUSIONThe positive effect of high CO2 concentration on the growth of weeds does not impact the activity of glyphosate. (c) 2017 Society of Chemical IndustryÖğe Growth and physiology of basmati rice under conventional and water-saving production systems(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2017) Jabran, Khawar; Ullah, Ehsan; Akbar, Nadeem; Yasin, Muhammad; Zaman, Umar; Nasim, Wajid; Hussain, MubsharConventionally flooded rice (CFR) requires enormous water and labor inputs. Water scarcity aspires for cultivation of water-saving rice. Growth response and physiology of basmati rice genotypes under the water-saving production systems has not been reported yet. Studies were conducted for 2 years to compare the growth and physiology of three rice cultivars (Super Basmati, Basmati-2000 and Shaheen Basmati), under high (CFR), medium (alternate wetting and drying [AWD]) and low water input (aerobic rice [AR]) systems. Leaf area index, crop growth rate, leaf area duration and dry matter accumulation were higher for AR followed by AWD and CFR, respectively. Shaheen Basmati had a lower growth and relative water contents than Super Basmati and Basmati-2000, probably due to its shorter stature and shorter life cycle. Photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance of rice cultivars in the different production were affected only at reproductive stage. Basmati-2000 grown as AR had the highest photosynthetic rate followed by the same cultivar under AWD. The results of this study provide us an idea that basmati cultivars can attain a high growth and development with low water input. This would be helpful to grow rice successfully under water-short rice-growing environments.Öğe GENETICS OF VERTICILLIUM WILT RESISTANCE IN COTTON(Natl Agricultural Research & Development Inst, 2017) Göre, Mehmet Erhan; Altın, Nedim; Erdoğan, Oktay; Özkan, İsa; Sezener, Volkan; Bölek, YükselVerticillium wilt, caused by Verticillium dahliae Kleb., is a major constraint to cotton production in almost all countries where cotton is cultivated. Developing new cotton cultivars resistant to Verticillium wilt is the most effective and feasible way to combat the problem. Little is known about the inheritance of resistance to Verticillium wilt of cotton, especially that caused by the defoliating and non-defoliating pathotypes of the soilborne fungus V. dahliae. The objective of this study was to determine the inheritance of seedling reactions to representative isolates defoliating and non-defoliating of V. dahliae in crosses of the resistant cotton Giza 45 and Tex with susceptible Albania. F-1, F-2, and backcross-F-1 populations were inoculated to determine the mode of inheritance of seedlings by the stem-injection method. The Chi-square test for goodness of fit was used to analyse segregating populations. Two independent recessive genes appeared to control resistance of Giza 45 and Tex to both defoliating and non-defoliating pathotypes. Depending upon the cross, the two genes cumulatively condition immunity or higher levels of resistance than either parent conditioned by single gene. There was no evidence of maternal influence on the inheritance of resistance. Resistance genes in Giza 45 and Tex were recessive; therefore, breeders should consider the use of relatively large F-2 populations to effectively transfer these genes to cultivars with good agronomic characteristics.Öğe First record of Bursaphelenchus vallesianus Braasch, Schonfeld, Polomski, and Burgermeister in Turkey(Tubitak Scientific & Technical Research Council Turkey, 2008) Akbulut, Süleyman; Elekcioğlu, İbrahim Halil; Keten, AkifBursaphelenchus vallesianus isolated from a dead Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris, in the village of Bahcecik northeastern Turkey in an area managed by the Trabzon Regional Forestry Directorate is described and illustrated. The morphological characters match the original description. This is the first report of the species on pine wood in Turkey.Öğe First report of Bursaphelenchus hellenicus Skarmoutsos, Braasch, Michalopoulou 1998 (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) from Turkey(Wiley, 2013) Akbulut, Süleyman; Braasch, Helen; Cebeci, Hacı HüseyinA survey was conducted in forest sites of the Mula Regional Forest Directorates for the presence of the pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. Wood samples were collected from declining pine and cedar trees. A total of 207 samples were taken, and nematodes were extracted, observed and identified. The pinewood nematode was not detected, but another Bursaphelenchus species was recovered from the wood of a Pinus brutia tree in Een-Karadere location in Fethiye, which strongly resembled the original description of B.hellenicus. It was identified as this species by morphology and ITS-RFLP. Measurements and diagnostic features are presented. This is the first report of B.hellenicus from Turkey.Öğe Efficacy of Trichogramma evanescens and Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki in control of Cydia pomonella (L.) in Turkey(Tubitak Scientific & Technical Research Council Turkey, 2017) Öztemiz, Sevcan; Küden, Ali; Nas, Serpil; Lavkor, IşılayThis study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of Trichogramma evanescens Westwood (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) release with as well as without Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Berliner) in biological control of Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in the Galaxy Gala apple variety grafted onto M9 rootstock in 2016. Four treatments were analyzed: releasing T. evanescens alone (TE), applying B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki (BT) alone, applying both (TE + BT), and a control (C) without any application at all. The experiment design entailed randomized blocks with four replicates. In each generation of the egg stage, 100,000 parasitoids per hectare were released twice (1440 parasitoids/plot), with an interval of 7-10 days. In the larval stage, BT was applied twice for the first generation and once for the second. Weekly counts were performed regularly. The decrease in egg count was 52.15% in TE, 58.99% in BT, and 65.46% in TE + BT plots. The decrease observed in larval numbers was 68%, 73.33%, and 94.66%, respectively. Egg parasitization rates varied between 58.64% and 69.79%. At harvest, fruit infestation rates were 9.66% and 8.33% in TE and BT plots and just 2.0% in the TE + BT plot, versus 34% in the control plot. Promising results were achieved in biological control of C. pomonella when TE was combined with BT. The combined treatment of both biological control agents significantly decreased the population of the pests and crop damage. The natural enemy alone was not effective in keeping the population below the economic threshold level.Öğe Effects of parent material, stand type and oak species on defoliation of coppice-originated oak (Quercus spp.) forests in Northern Turkish Thrace(Univ Austral Chile, Fac Ciencias Forestales, 2017) Kumbaşlı, Meriç; Makineci, Ender; Keten, Akif; Beşkardeş, Vedat; Özdemir, EmrahCases of significant defoliation in oak (Quercus spp.) forests have been reported in Turkey and throughout the world. Oak trees are important in Turkish forests and forestry and cover vast pieces of land in Thrace. In this study, in a quest to determine the general health condition of pure oak forests in Northern Turkish Thrace, the defoliation rate of tree crowns was evaluated for 8,769 trees in 336 sample plots corresponding to different geological parent materials, regions, oak species and stand types. The defoliation rates were designated and assessed based on the criteria of the European Union Forest Health Monitoring Program (UNECE-ICP Forests). The defoliation rate was, to a significant extent, affected by stand type, the geological parent material, and oak species. In general, 47 % of trees exhibited defoliation. The highest ratio of defoliation was found in Kirklareli Region, where water deficit was the highest, and the parent material was schist-calcschist. Medium diameter forests (MDF, mean dbh: 8-20 cm, ratio of defoliated trees = 65 %) among stand types, and sessile oaks (ratio of defoliated trees = 53 %) among oak species, had the highest defoliation rates. Achieved results demonstrated that the defoliation classes in observed oak stands have a significant relation with variables concerning stand types, oak species and geological parent materials.Öğe Effect of log seasonality on reproductive potential of Monochamus galloprovincialis reared in Scots pine logs under laboratory conditions(Springer, 2008) Akbulut, Süleyman; Baysal, İsmail; Keten, Akif; Yüksel, BeşirInsect reproduction may be affected by a number of factors including seasonal changes in larval or adult nutrition. The effect of season on the reproductive potential of Monochamus galloprovincialis (Olivier) females reared in Pinus sylvestris L. (Scots pine) logs was investigated by constructing fertility tables for each log that differed only in the season they were cut. Population parameters were compared among three seasonal cohorts. The intrinsic rate of increase and most of the associated population parameters of beetles that emerged from logs cut during spring were higher than for beetles emerged from summer and autumn logs. Slight differences were found between summer and autumn cohorts. We suggest that seasonal differences in the nutritional quality of logs caused differences in M. galloprovincialis survival and reproductive potential.Öğe Effect of different water management strategies on competitive ability of semi-dwarf rice cultivars with Echinochloa oryzoides(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2019) Altop, Emine Kaya; Şahin, Meral; Jabran, Khawar; Phillippo, Colin J.; Zandstra, Bernard H.; Mennan, HüsrevWeeds are among the major biotic factors that reduce rice productivity. Alternative weed control methods are required in the wake of problems, such as increasing number of herbicide-resistant weed species and environmental pollution. In this research work, we evaluated the weed-suppressive effects of water levels and rice cultivars against an important rice weed Echinochloa oryzoides (Ard.) Fritsch. The studies comprised three water levels [low (5 cm), medium (15 cm) and high (25 cm)], three medium-grain rice cultivars (Ronaldo, Nembo and, Cameo) and three weed levels [high weed density (> 30 plants m(-2)), low weed density (< 10 plants m(-2)), and weed-free]. Weed-free condition helped the rice plants achieve excellent growth and development, and resulted in the highest grain yield, while weedy condition hampered the growth and productivity of rice cultivars. Water levels had the greatest impact on weeds, rice growth, and paddy yield. A standing layer of water (high water level i.e., 25 cm in particular) not only had a highly suppressive effect against weeds, but it also helped to enhance the growth and yield of rice cultivars. Deep and shallow water levels respectively caused an increase in the leaf area, number of tillers, and dry weight of rice cultivars, particularly for Ronaldo. Ronaldo performed better than other cultivars in terms of growth and competitiveness either under weedy or weed-free conditions. This work concludes that maintaining a water layer (15-25 cm) in rice fields could produce multiple beneficial effects including improved rice growth and decreased weed growth, resulting in high rice productivity.Öğe Economic assessment of conventional and conservation tillage practices in different wheat-based cropping systems of Punjab, Pakistan(Springer Heidelberg, 2017) Shahzad, Muhammad; Hussain, Mubshar; Farooq, Muhammad; Farooq, Shahid; Jabran, Khawar; Nawaz, AhmadWheat productivity and profitability is low under conventional tillage systems as they increase the production cost, soil compaction, and the weed infestation. Conservation tillage could be a pragmatic option to sustain the wheat productivity and enhance the profitability on long term basis. This study was aimed to evaluate the economics of different wheat-based cropping systems viz. fallow-wheat, rice-wheat, cotton-wheat, mung bean-wheat, and sorghum-wheat, with zero tillage, conventional tillage, deep tillage, bed sowing (60/30 cm beds and four rows), and bed sowing (90/45 cm beds and six rows). Results indicated that the bed sown wheat had the maximum production cost than other tillage systems. Although both bed sowing treatments incurred the highest production cost, they generated the highest net benefits and benefit: cost ratio (BCR). Rice-wheat cropping system with bed sown wheat (90/45 cm beds with six rows) had the highest net income (4129.7 US$ ha(-1)), BCR (2.87), and marginal rate of return compared with rest of the cropping systems. In contrast, fallow-wheat cropping system incurred the lowest input cost, but had the least economic return. In crux, rice-wheat cropping system with bed sown wheat (90/45 cm beds with six rows) was the best option for getting the higher economic returns. Moreover, double cropping systems within a year are more profitable than sole planting of wheat under all tillage practices.Öğe Ecosystem carbon pools of coppice-originated oak forests at different development stages(Springer, 2015) Makineci, Ender; Özdemir, Emrah; Çalışkan, Servet; Yılmaz, Ersel; Kumbaşlı, Meriç; Keten, Akif; Yılmaz, HaticeThe carbon (C) pools of aboveground tree components (leaf, stem, branch, and stem bark), ground cover, organic, and mineral soil were examined and compared with three stand development stages based on the mean tree diameters [diameter at breast height (dbh) in which small-diameter forests (SDF) = 0-8 cm, medium-diameter forests (MDF) = 8-20 cm, and large-diameter forests (LDF) = 20-36 cm] in pure coppice-originated oak stands located in the northwestern Turkey. In tree components, only the stem C concentration differed significantly among the development stages. The total C pools of the total tree biomass changed between 13 and 89 Mg ha(-1) from SDF to LDF. The C content of tree biomass was strongly correlated with dbh (R (2) = 0.83). The C contents of the ground cover differed significantly while the C contents in both organic soil layers were also markedly different and increased from SDF to LDF. The amount of C stored in the soil pedon was 84, 123, and 103 Mg ha(-1), and the total ecosystem (without belowground tree parts) C pools were 97, 177, and 192 Mg ha(-1), for the SDF, MDF, and LDF, respectively. Total ecosystem C content was significantly correlated (R (2) = 0.46) with dbh despite soil pedon C showed very weak correlation. The ratio between the C pool of the total aboveground tree components and total ecosystem C was 13 % in the SDF, 30 % in the MDF, and 46 % in the LDF. These results show that the soil was the main pool of C in the forests for all of the development stages.Öğe Development and validation of SSR markers for the plant-parasitic nematode Subanguina moxae using genome assembly of Illumina pair-end reads(Brill Academic Publishers, 2015) Takeuchi, Tomoaki; Yamaguchi, Madoka; Tanaka, Ryusei; Dayı, Mehmet; Ogura, Nobuo; Kikuchi, TaiseiSubanguina moxae, belonging to the subfamily Anguininae, is an obligate parasite of Artemisia plants, which are widely used as cooking herbs and in traditional medicine in East Asia. Because the nematode is distributed throughout East Russia and East Asia, there is concern about the potential for significant damage to commercial farming; however, details about its biology remain unclear. To investigate the genetic diversity of S. moxae, we developed 2243 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers using Illumina short reads of the genomic DNA. We validated 100 randomly selected markers indicating their robustness and examined polymorphisms among nematode populations sampled from four different locations in Japan. These SSR markers will be a useful tool for understanding the population structure and transmission patterns of this parasitic nematode.Öğe Determination of pathogenicity of Bursaphelenchus species on different pine species under natural conditions in Duzce(Springer, 2019) Öztürk, Nuray; Akbulut, Süleyman; Baysal, İsmailThe pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is a pathogen of conifer forest trees. This pest is characterized by the sudden death of infected pine trees. In this study, pathogenicity tests of six native Bursaphelenchus species (B. mucronatus, B. sexdentati, B. anamurius, B. vallesianus, B. andrassyi and B. hellenicus) on three pine species (Pinus pinaster, P. nigra and P. sylvestris) using two inoculum doses under natural conditions were conducted. For each treatment, 8 trees of each species were inoculated. For each tree species 8 trees were used as control groups. Inoculated trees were monitored for a year after inoculation. Monthly oleoresin flow measurements were carried out and external symptoms (foliage coloration) observed. Nematode inoculated trees did not die at the end of the study. The amount of oleoresin flow differed significantly among tree species. Inoculated Bursaphelenchus species did not cause any significant difference in the oleoresin flow between inoculated and uninoculated trees. We concluded that Bursaphelenchus species used in this study were not pathogenic to pine trees growing under natural forest stand conditions.Öğe Determination of Morphological and Genetic Diversity of ALS (Acetolactate Synthase)-Herbicide-Resistant Echinochloa oryzoides Biotypes in Rice(Friends Science Publ, 2018) Altop, Emine Kaya; Jabran, Khawar; Mennan, HusrevThis work aimed to evaluate the genetic and morphological diversity of 62 biotypes of Echinochloa oryzoides (Ard.) Fritsch. (early watergrass) that are resistant to ALS-inhibitor herbicides (bispyribac-sodium and penoxsulam), using the single sequence repeat (SSR) marker system. To determine the morphological diversity, the weed was grown (five seeds from each population) under screenhouse conditions and morphological characteristics were recorded. Parameter values subjected to a hierarchical clustering analysis showed significant variation among the populations. The genetic variation among populations was determined using the 5'-SSR primer. Populations were classified into two main groups according to the results obtained from the SSR alleles. The allele numbers ranged between 2-6 per locus, the diversity values ranged between 0.27-0.99. The morphological and molecular analyses revealed differences in terms of several quantitative characteristics among the populations examined. Similarities were also found among different E. oryzoides populations grown in different regions in terms of their morphological characteristics, the genetic diversity was found to be higher. There is a potential for the spread of resistance through gene flow owing to high genetic diversity and low differentiation among population of E. oryzoides. Under such situations to prevent further resistance spread, early watergrass management in this area should focus both on reducing seed movement among rice fields and the field management practices such as implementation of crop rotation, use of herbicides with new mode of actions or cultural methods. (C) 2018 Friends Science PublishersÖğe Description of Bursaphelenchus anamurius sp n. (Nematoda : Parasitaphelenchidae) from Pinus brutia in Turkey(Brill Academic Publishers, 2007) Akbulut, Süleyman; Braasch, Helen; Baysal, İsmail; Brandstetter, Martin; Burgermeister, WolfgangBursaphelenchus anamurius sp. n. isolated from wilted Turkish pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) wood is described. The new species shares several characters with the hofmanni-group sensu Brasch (2001). It is characterised by a body length of 633 (540-749) mu m and 744 (638-867) mu m for males and females, respectively, stout body (a = 29 in male and 27 in female), stylet 14 mu m long in both males and females, lateral field with three lines, length of postuterine branch one-third to one-half of the vulva to anus distance, conoid female tail (c' = 3.4) with a finely rounded or pointed terminus, very delicate and relatively straight spicules 10 (9-11) mu m long with compact capitulum, broad, not distinctly offset condylus and strong rostrum with a more or less rounded tip lacking a cucullus, shovel-shaped bursa and the presence of seven caudal papillae. Bursaphelenchus anamurius sp. n. differs from other species of the hofmanni-group mainly by having smaller, unusually shaped spicules, shorter condylus and no cucullus. The new species can be differentiated from other Bursaphelenchus species morphologically and by means of ITS-RFLP patterns, particularly by digestion of the PCR product with RsaI, HaeIII, MspI, HinfI and AluI.Öğe Decrease in biodiversity in wheat fields due to changing agricultural practices in five decades(Springer, 2018) Arslan, Zübeyde FilizWheat is widely grown in Turkey in the winter season, generally and weeds have been problem in production. Changes in agricultural practices such as increasing mechanization, changing cropping systems and widely use of herbicides and fertilizers has been causing some changes in weed flora in wheat fields from past to present. A contemporary weed survey was done in 2014 in the wheat fields of Sanliurfa province, which dominate the production of Southeastern region and results were compared with a former survey done in 1967 in the same region. As a result of the comparison, flora has been notably changed; the number of weed species declined from 221 to 71 which means more than threefold diversity loss. In addition, species common over 50% of fields declined dramatically and some foremost species in the past were not recorded contemporary studies whereas some are recorded later. General density of weeds slightly increased in time with a volunteer crop (lentil) in 2014, however, without volunteer crop, the density also declined by about half. Similarly, the density and frequency of dominant species decreased markedly from past to present except some exceptions. The most important reasons for this change are increased use of herbicides and the change of the regional alternation system. It should be noted that biodiversity loss is lower than comparing to the developed world and there is a chance to conserve this through employing sustainable methods. Furthermore, problems related to weed identification were discussed using data from these surveys.Öğe Wood destroying insects in Duzce province(Tubitak Scientific & Technical Research Council Turkey, 2008) Akbulut, Süleyman; Keten, Akif; Yüksel, BeşirWood destroying insects were investigated in forest depots, imported timbers, and wood products in use in Duzce province. In the collection of insect material trap logs, storage decks, and samples of wooden materials were used. In total, 63 insect species belonging to 31 families of 4 orders were found, and 34 of the identified species were categorized as pest species. In forest depots, the most common insects were bark beetles and longhorned beetles. Several wood-destroying insects were found in imported timbers, such as Platypus cylindrus (Fabricius), Xyleborus sp., and Lymexylon navale (Linnaeus). In addition, the Coleopteran species Lyctus brunneus (Stephens), Hylotrupes bajulus (Linnaeus), Anobium punctatum (De Geer), and Xestobium rufovillosum (De Geer), which are economically very important, were found in wood products.Öğe Weed Species and Their Impacts: Fruit Nursery Area Sample in Duzce(Univ Namik Kemal, 2019) Yazlık, Ayşe; Çöpoğlu, Ercan; Özçelik, Ahmet; Tembelo, Barış; Yiğit, Mustafa; Albayrak, Berat; Aydınlı, VolkanWeeds cause significant product and economic losses by causing direct (competitive elements such as plant nutrient, water, light, covering area) and / or indirect (host to diseases and pests) problems in crops areas. It can also cause environmental and socioeconomic impacts in different ways. In order to understand these impacts, this study was carried out between 2018-2019 in a fruit nursery field which is in the centre of Duzce province and produces certified seedlings. According to the results, 68 weed species (herbaceous / shrub) from 29 families were determined. The identified taxon were represented by Poaceae with 11 taxa and Asteraceae with 10 taxa, followed by Brassicaceae (6 taxa) and Fabaceae (5), respectively. While the majority of species are annual (34 species) and perennial (22), one taxa has biennial and 11 species have common life time. In terms of life form, 67 taxon are herbaceous and only one taxa (Rubus sp.) have shrub structure. The environmental and socioeconomic impacts caused by the identified species were evaluated as positive and negative impacts and the highest impact type was determined in 44 taxa which are included in the scope of environmental and socioeconomic impact. The results can be used to develop the necessary measures and control programs to reduce the negative impacts of weeds in nursery areas. In addition, it can provide awareness to preserve positive impacts and biodiversity.Öğe Water-saving technologies affect the grain characteristics and recovery of fine-grain rice cultivars in semi-arid environment(Springer Heidelberg, 2017) Jabran, Khawar; Riaz, Muhammad; Hussain, Mubshar; Nasim, Wajid; Zaman, Umar; Fahad, Shah; Chauhan, Bhagirath SinghGrowing rice with less water is direly needed due to declining water sources worldwide, but using methods that require less water inputs can have an impact on grain characteristics and recovery. A 2-year field study was conducted to evaluate the impact of conventionally sown flooded rice and low-water-input rice systems on the grain characteristics and recovery of fine rice. Three fine grain rice cultivars-Super Basmati, Basmati 2000, and Shaheen Basmati-were grown under conventional flooded transplanted rice (CFTR), alternate wetting and drying (AWD), and aerobic rice systems. Grain characteristics and rice recovery were significantly influenced by different water regimes (production systems). Poor milling, including the lowest percentage of brown (head) rice (65.3%) and polished (white) rice (64.2-66.9%) and the highest percentage of broken brown rice (10.2%), husk (24.5%-26.3%), polished broken rice (24.7%), and bran (11.0-12.5%), were recorded in the aerobic rice system sown with Shaheen Basmati. With a few exceptions, cultivars sown in CFTR were found to possess a higher percentage of brown (head) and polished (white) rice and they had incurred the least losses in the form of brown broken rice, husk, polished broken rice, and bran. In conclusion, better grain quality and recovery of rice can be attained by growing Super Basmati under the CFTR system. Growing Shaheen Basmati under low-water-input systems, the aerobic rice system in particular, resulted in poor grain characteristics tied with less rice recovery.Öğe Use of Living, Mowed, and Soil-Incorporated Cover Crops for Weed Control in Apricot Orchards(Mdpi, 2018) Tursun, Nihat; Işık, Doğan; Demir, Zeynep; Jabran, KhawarApricot fruits provide important health, economic, and nutritional benefits. Weeds damage apricot production directly and host the pests that cause damages to apricot trees. However, very few studies are available on weed control in apricot orchards. This research work was aimed at evaluating five cover crops for weed suppression in apricot orchard. The effect of living, mowed, and soil-incorporated cover corps on weeds was recorded and compared with glyphosate application and mechanical weed control. The cover crops were Vicia villosa Roth., Vicia pannonica Crantz, Triticale + V. pannonica, Phacelia tanacetifolia Benth., and Fagopyrum esculentum Moench. Five major weed species in the experimental area were Amaranthus retroflexus L., Convolvulus arvensis L., Tribulus terrestris L., Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop., and Sorghum halepense (L.) Per. The highest biomass production was noted for Triticale + V. pannonica in 2015 and for P. tanacetifolia in 2016. Living cover crops were effective in decreasing the weed biomass compared with the control. Both mowing and soil incorporation of cover crops were effective in decreasing weed richness and density over control. Mowed or soil-incorporated cover crops were more effective than herbicide or mechanical weed control, while F. esculentum was the least effective cover crop for suppressing weeds in apricot orchard. The results of our studies implied that cover crops could be used for weed control in apricot, and their mowing or soil incorporation could enhance their efficacy.
