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Öğe The Significance of Scars: Patient and Clinician Perspectives(Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2019) Özlü, Emin; Karadağ, Ayşe SerapThe formation of a scar represents the extension of regenerative wound repair mechanisms. On the one hand, scar tissue helps in wound closure by supporting wound contracture and reepithelization. There is no doubt that the scar formation developed in response to an injury facilitates the organism’s survival process directly and effectively. On the other hand, the effect of the pathologically developed scarring on the global disease burden has still not been accurately defined. There are three basic subtypes of scars, namely simple, atrophic, and hypertrophic/pathological (hypertrophic scars and keloids), and they have different histopathological features, development, dispersion patterns, and remission phases. There are important consequences when scars’ global and individual effects are considered. Patients with scars face long-term functional and psychological problems. In interpreting scars for both individuals and society, individual, cultural, psychological, and social effects and prejudices play a crucial role. Both the psychosocial and financial aspects of the scars, as well as the effects on the patient and society, should be considered. © 2019 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc.Öğe Epigenomics of breast cancer(Springer India, 2014) Yaykaşlı, Kürşat Oğuz; Kaya, Ertuğrul; Yaykaşlı, EmineBreast cancer is the second most common malignant cancer and accounts for 1.38 million of the total new cancer cases and 458,400 of the total cancer deaths reported in 2008. Breast cancer with several subtypes is an extremely heterogeneous disease caused by interaction of both genetic and environmental risk factors. In order to understand the etiology of this heterogeneity, new perspectives like epigenetics are needed. The term epigenetics was coined by Conrad Hal Waddington in the early 1940s. It refers to the study of gene function and regulation alterations without changes in the DNA sequence of the genome. The main epigenetic modifications are DNA methylation, histone modifications, and small noncoding RNAs (miRNAs). DNA methylation is the first to be associated with cancer and the most widely studied among epigenetic modifications. It regulates the gene expression by modifying the accessibility of DNA to the transcriptional machinery. The importance of histone modification has been realized during the last 10 years, after identification of the coexistence of histone modifications. From the dynamically changing pattern of histone modification has emerged a new concept termed histone cross talk. The epigenetic modifications are faster and reversible than mutation and easily affected by aging, environmental stimuli, and food in heritable manner. These characteristics provide a vital position in the etiology of diseases. After several investigations, it is well understood that the epigenetic modifications are involved in not only many biological processes such as X-chromosome inactivation, genomic imprinting, RNA interference, and programming of the genome but also several disease like breast cancer. Today we realize that the accumulation of epigenetic modifications occurs in the development of breast cancer. In addition, the epigenetic modifications improve our knowledge about the biology and heterogeneity of breast cancer by large-scale methods. Therefore, the researchers focused on epigenetic alterations-based breast cancer therapy, and it is speculated that epigenetic modifications may be markers for breast cancer. It is likely that epigenetics-based therapy will become a reality in the near future. © 2014 Springer India. All rights reserved.Öğe Artificial intelligence methods and their applications in civil engineering(IGI Global, 2017) Barrera, G. Martínez; Gencel, Osman; Beycioğlu, Ahmet; Subaşı, Serkan; N. Rivas, GonzálezSimulation of material properties generally involves the development of a mathematical model derived from experimental data. In structural mechanics and construction materials contexts, recent experiments have reported that fuzzy logic (FL), artificial neural networks (ANNs), genetic algorithm (GA), and fuzzy genetic (FG) may offer a promising alternative. They are known as artificial intelligence (AI). In civil engineering, AI methods have been extensively used in the fields of civil engineering applications such as construction management, building materials, hydraulic, optimization, geotechnical and transportation engineering. Many studies have examined the applicability of AI methods to estimate concrete properties. This chapter described the principles of FL methods that can be taught to engineering students through MATLAB graphical user interface carried out in a postgraduate course on Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Engineering, discussed the application of Mamdani type in concrete technology and highlighted key studies related to the usability of FL in concrete technology. © 2017 by IGI Global. All rights reserved.
