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Öğe Thoughts on the Churn Amphora Held in Cesme Museum(Mersin Univ Publ Res Center Cilician Archaeology, 2013) Okan, EmreA churn-amphora in the Cesme Museum is significant for being the single example found in Anatolia so far. The geography of Euro-Asia including Central Asia, Near East and Anatolia is considered as the land where the dairy products first occured. Therefore the churns may be claimed to have been used in that area as it is used in the present day. The earliest examples of churns were first made of goat skin and then this form was adopted by pottery producers. The earliest example was found at the calcolithic settlement of Beershba in Palestine, and the form of the churn is still used with minor modifications.Öğe THE PRODUCTION OF CHIOS-STYLE AMPHORAE AT A CERAMIC WORKSHOP IN PHOCAEA (FOCA)(Univ Agean, Dept Mediterranean Stud, 2015) Okan, Emre; Atila, Cenker; Akyol, Ali AkınThe third term of archaeological excavations carried out in the township of Foca, in Izmir province, Turkey revealed what appears to be a pottery workshops and dumping grounds that are capable of illuminating the ceramic industry of the city, the pottery forms produced, and the chronologies of both. The discovery of the Hellenistic Period Ceramic Workshop Sector near the Persian Cemetery Monument is particularly significant because amphora production of the ancient city of Phocaea was previously unknown, even though workshops and pottery dumps ranging from the Archaic to the Byzantine periods have been discovered at various locations throughout the city center. During the 2001 excavation season, two rooms (referred to as. Alpha. and. Beta.) and a clay basin lying under the old road to Foca revealed numerous amphorae sherds, some with obvious defects, and a piece of a stamped handle. The amphora sherds and several soil samples were subjected to various archaeometric analyses including petrography, and were thus characterized physically and chemically. The Phocaean Chios amphoras have long and cylindrical neck, long and round-section handles, conical body and a pointed base. This form is suitable for the form of Chios amphoras which were produced in 2nd century BC in terms of their typology. The other vessel types which are found in clay pool of the workshop confirm this date. These convergent forms of evidence suggest that this structure was a pottery workshop producing local Chios-style amphorae alongside quotidian wares. Within the archaeometrical investigations, physical, petrographical and chemical properties of the samples were analysed by basic physical tests, thin section optical microscopy, and PED-XRF methods. The samples were groupped by using thin section analysis in their matrix/agregate feature, type/distiribution/size of aggregate, porosity, clay type and structure. The firing temperature of the samples might be the values between the 800 and 950 degrees C. The clay type of the samples were mainly illite. Most of the samples had the brick particles in their aggregate content. Both petrographical and chemical properties of the samples gave high competibility not only the each other but also to the local rock formation.Öğe THE GRECO-ITALIC AMPHORAE FOUND ON MALTEPE TUMULUS IN PHOCAEA(Mersin Univ Publ Res Center Cilician Archaeology, 2018) Okan, Emre; Atila, Cenker; Akyol, Ali AkınPhocaea, which was one of the biggest cities in Ionia, was also an important pottery production centre from the Orientalising Period to the Late Antique Period. The many large pottery dumps which were unearthed in different sites in the modern city of Foca are evidence of this large-scale production. During the 1992 excavation season, a small part of the Archaic Period city wall of Phocaea was discovered in the fill of a fourth century mound referred to as Maltepe. However, in addition to preserving the archaic city wall for millennia, the other feature of this mound was its use as a ceramic dump. This situation gives us much important information about the pottery production in the city, especially during the Hellenistic Period. Many different pottery types were unearthed from the fill of the tumulus. Numerous Greco-Italic amphora fragments of the form known as western Mediterranean were also found among other pottery in the course of the tumulus excavation. The existence of these fragments here suggests that this type of amphora may have been produced in Phocaea. A total of 40 rim and base fragments were studied for this publication. In addition, in order to discover proof of their production in Phocaea, clay samples taken from the amphora fragments and soil samples taken from the local stream bed were analysed petrographically and chemically. As a result of these analyses, it was established that Greco-Italic amphorae were also produced in Phocaea in the third and second centuries BC.Öğe Archaeogenetics of Late Iron Age Cemialo Srt, Batman: Investigating maternal genetic continuity in north Mesopotamia since the Neolithic(Wiley, 2018) Yaka, Reyhan; Birand, Ayşegül; Yılmaz, Yasemin; Caner, Ceren; Açan, Sinan Can; Gündüzalp, Sidar; Somel, MehmetObjectivesNorth Mesopotamia has witnessed dramatic social change during the Holocene, but the impact of these events on its demographic history is poorly understood. Here, we study this question by analysing genetic data from the recently excavated Late Iron Age settlement of Cemialo Srt in Batman, southeast Turkey. Archaeological and radiocarbon evidence indicate that the site was inhabited during the second and first millennia BCE. Cemialo Srt reveals nomadic items of the Early Iron Age, as well as items associated with the Late Achaemenid and subsequent Hellenistic Periods. We compare Cemialo Srt mitochondrial DNA profiles with earlier and later populations from west Eurasia to describe genetic continuity patterns in the region. Materials and methodsA total of 16 Cemialo Srt individuals' remains were studied. PCR and Sanger sequencing were used to obtain mitochondrial DNA HVRI-HVRII sequences. We studied haplotype diversity and pairwise genetic distances using F-ST, comparing the Cemialo Srt population with ancient and modern-day populations from west Eurasia. Coalescent simulations were carried out to test continuity for specific population comparisons. ResultsMitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotypes from 12 Cemialo Srt individuals reveal high haplotype diversity in this population, conspicuously higher than early Holocene west Eurasian populations, which supports the notion of increasing population admixture in west Eurasia through the Holocene. In its mtDNA composition, Cemialo Srt shows highest affinity to Neolithic north Syria and Neolithic Anatolia among ancient populations studied, and to modern-day southwest Asian populations. Based on population genetic simulations we cannot reject continuity between Neolithic and Iron Age, or between Iron Age and present-day populations of the region. DiscussionDespite the region's complex sociopolitical history and indication for increased genetic diversity over time, we find no evidence for sharp shifts in north Mesopotamian maternal genetic composition within the last 10,000 years.Öğe Çeşme Müzesi Ticari Amphoraları(2013) Okan, EmreÇeşme Müzesi ticari amphora koleksiyonu, az miktarda fakat Çeşme Yarımadası için önemli amphora tiplerini içerir. Bu amphoralar arasında, Arkaik Klasik ve Hellenistik dönemlere tarihlenebilen örnek- ler, Çeşme Yarımadasının erken dönem deniz ticaretindeki potansiyelini göstermesi açısından önemlidir. Amphora koleksiyonunda yer alan 12 örnek, Arkaik, Klasik ve Hellenistik dönemlere aittir.Öğe Çeşme Müzesi’nde Bulunan Yayık Amphora Üzerine Düşünceler(2013) Okan, EmreÇeşme Müzesi envanterinde bulunan bir adet yayık-amphora, bugüne adar Anadolu'da bulunmuş bu formdaki tek örnek olduğu için oldukça önemlidir. Orta Asya, Yakın Doğu ve Anadolu'nun dahil olduğu Avrasya coğrafyası, süt sağımı ve süt ürünlerinin ilk ortaya çıktığı topraklar olarak kabul edilir. Bu durumda, bugün de kullanılan yayığın en erken örneklerinin bu topraklarda üretildiği söylenebilir. İlk önce keçi derisinden, daha sonra ise pişmiş topraktan yapılmış olan yayığın en erken örneği, Filistin sınırları içindeki Beersheba Kalkolitik yerleşiminde bulunmuştur. Bu form küçük değişikliklerle günümüzde halen kullanılmaktadırÖğe New Observations about Fourth Century BC Clazomenian Trade Amphoras(2016) Atila, Cenker; Okan, EmreBu çalışmada, Phokaia'da bulunan ve MÖ 4. yüzyıla tarihlendirilen "Klazomenai amphoraları" (Bir diğer değişle "Ağız Altı Plastik Bantlı Amphoralar) incelenmiştir. Bu amphoralar ilk kez Klazomenai'da bulunmuş ve Klazomenai amphoraları olarak kabul edilmiştir. Phokaia buluntuları form bakımından Klazomenai örneklerine benzemekle birlikte, kil özellikleri tamamen farklı bir yapı sergiler. Phokaia kazılarında henüz bir fabrika atığına ve atölyeye rastlanmamıştır.Bu amphoralar, Klazomenai'da MÖ 4. yüzyılın üçüncü çeyreğine kadar tarihlendiği halde, Phokaia'da kontekst buluntular yardımıyla MÖ 4. yüzyılın sonlarına kadar üretildiği anlaşılmıştır. Bu amphoralara Phokaia'da her sektörde yoğun rastlanması, üretimin daha geç döneme kadar devam etmesi ve farklı bir kil özelliğine sahip olması, bu amphoraların Klazomenai dışında bir merkezde de, olasılıkla Phokaia'da, üretilmiş olduğunu düşündürmektedir.Öğe Batı Toros Mağaraları Kemik Bızlarına İlişkin Tekno-Tipolojik Ve Fonksiyonel Değerlendirmeler(2016) Bulut, HandeBatı Toroslar'da yer alan mağaralarda yürütülen sistemli kazılar sonucunda ele geçmiş, hammaddesi kemik olan ve bız olarak tanımlanan buluntuların tekno-tipolojik olarak değerlendirilmesi ve fonksiyon olasılıkları bu çalışmanın başlıca konusunu oluşturmaktadır. Karain, Suluin ve Öküzini mağaraları gerek Pleistosen gerekse Holosen dönemlere ait buluntular veren ve Anadolu Prehistoryası bakımından son derece zengin bir kronolojik silsile ortaya koyan anahtar mağara yerleşimleridir. Bu mağaralardan ele geçen kemik bızlar farklı tipolojik özellikler ve fonksiyonel farklılıklar göstermektedir. Bızların tipolojik ve teknolojik özelliklerinin tespit edilmesi, aralarındaki benzerliklerin ve farklılıkların ortaya konması bakımından önem taşımaktadır. Bu kapsamda Karain'den 222 adet, Suluin'den 162 adet ve Öküzini'nden 76 adet kemik bız değerlendirmeye alınmıştır.Öğe Bronze Fıbulae Of The Bolu Museum(2019) Bilir, AhmetThis paper addresses the ancient bronze fibulaeexhibited in the Bolu Museum. The aim of this researchwas to provide statistical data for future scientific studieson the subject, as well as to introduce previously unpublished fibulae in Bolu Museum. Bolu Museum to date has19 bronze fibulae. With careful study, each reveals a different typological character. As a result of our research, wehave identified 12 Phrygian Fibulae forming the largest setof fibulae in the Bolu Museum collection. Especially examples found in the Göynük province and Alan Village formimportant indicators of a relationship with Phrygia. As amatter of fact, Phrygian fibulae are the only group whichshows local features in the collection. Urartu fibulae arerepresented by 3 examples; 2 fibulae are Roman, while therest of the fibulae are understood to have originated fromthe Levant and Cypriot-Greek regions. The earliest fibulaein the collection are likely to date from about the lastquarter of the VIIIth century B.C. while the latest date fromthe last quarter of the IVth century A.D. All of the fibulaeare of bronze.Öğe Commercial Relationships of Phocaea in the Light of Archaic Trade Amphorae(2018) Atila, Cenker; Okan, EmreThe first excavations in Phocaea, one of the 12 Ionian cities, were carried out by F. Sartiaux in 1913.Subsequent excavations were conducted by E. Akurgal at intervals between 1950 and 1970. The third pe-riod of excavations was begun by Ö. Özyigit in 1989 and is ongoing. This study evaluated the commercialrelationship of Phocaea in the light of trade amphorae dating from the Archaic Period found in Phocaeabetween 1989 and 2017. Phocaea began trading with Chios, Clazomenae, Samos and Lesbos around 630BC. In the following years, commercial relations were entered into with the Etruscans and Miletus andthese mercantile activities continued up to the end of the Archaic Period. A maximum of 31% of the am-phorae found in Phocaea were from Lesbos, followed by 26% from Chios, 22% from Clazomenae, 11%from Samos, 5% from Miletus and 2% of Etruscan origin. The SOS amphorae were represented by onlyone specimen.Öğe Phokaıa'da ele geçen etrüsk ticari amphoraları(2014) Okan, EmreÖz: Arkaik Dönemde Phokaia, Batı Anadolu'nun Akdeniz'e açılan en önemli kapısıdır ve birçok bölge ve kentle ticari ilişkiler kurmuştur. Batı Akdeniz'deki en güçlü halklardan biri olan Phokaialılar, Etrüsk halkıyla da yakın ilişkiler kurmuşlardır. Etrüsk amphoralarının Phokaiadaki varlığı, Phokaia ile Etruria arasındaki iliş- kiyi ortaya koymaktadır. Etrüsk amphora araştırmaları genellikle Batı Akdeniz'de ve İtalya'da ele geçen örnekleri kapsar. Bu makale ile Etrüsk amphoralarının yayılım alanı içine Phokaia da girmiş olacaktır. Phokaia bulun- tusu Etrüsk amphoraları, form yapılarına göre iki grupta ele alınmıştır. Form olarak farklı olsalar da her iki grup amphoranın çağdaş olması, Etrüsk ampho- ralarının üretiminde kesin bir kronolojik ve tipolojik ayrım olmadığını gösterir. Etrüsk amphoralarının yal- nızca Etruria bölgesindeki şarabın ihracatı için kullanıl- dığı bilinmektedir. Phokaia'da bulunan Etrüsk ampho- raları M.Ö. VI. yüzyılın başlarına tarihlenir. Bu tarih Etruria ve Phokaia arasındaki ticari ilişkinin dönemi için ayrıca önem taşımaktadır.
