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    Experimental investigation of performance, combustion and emission characteristics of a variable compression ratio engine using low-density plastic pyrolyzed oil and diesel fuel blends
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2022) Rajak, Upendra; Panchal, Manoj; Veza, Ibham; Ağbulut, Ümit; Verma, Tikendra Nath; Sarıdemir, Suat; Shende, Vikas
    Plastic waste adversely affects millions of people and wildlife habitat in many parts of the world. Although it could be utilized as a promising source of alternative fuel, its progress is not as advance as biodiesel or bioalcohol. Accordingly, a base fuel (BF) was blended with plastic pyrolyzed oil (PPO) to comprehensively investigate the usability of this product as a fuel substitute in compression ignition engines. Three fuels, BF100PPO0, BF80PPO20, and BF0PPO100, were tested and compared in a single-cylinder, 4-stroke, water-cooled VCR DI-CI engine that ran at five different compression ratios (15.5, 16.5, 17.5, 18.5, 19.5) under low, medium, and high engine loads. In the results, it is noticed that except for the maximum rate of pressure rise and ignition delay, raising the compression ratio from 15.5 to 19.5 did not result in significant changes. The results showed that BF80PPO20 produced the maximum BTE (34.4 percent) at CR 15.5 under high engine load, while BF100PPO0 produced the lowest BSFC (738.29 g/kWh) at CR 16.5 under high load. In terms of emissions, CO2 levels were found to be essentially same for all tested fuels at the greatest load for all compression ratios. Furthermore, with CR 19.5, BF80PPO20 was able to produce the lowest smoke emissions at medium load. In addition, at CR 15.5 and low engine load, BF100PPO0 produced the lowest NOx emissions (64.3 ppm). Overall, based on the findings of this research, plastic waste oil mixed with diesel fuel at a rate of up to 20% can be utilised as a promising biofuel to improve diesel engine performance, combustion, and emissions.
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    Influence of injection timing on performance, combustion and emission characteristics of a diesel engine running on hydrogen-diethyl ether, n-butanol and biodiesel blends
    (Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2022) Chaurasiya, Prem Kumar; Rajak, Upendra; Veza, Ibham; Verma, Tikendra Nath; Ağbulut, Ümit
    In the present research, 5% hydrogen was added to 95%diesel fuel, diethyl ether (DEE), nbutanol (nB), and spirulina microalgae in this investigation (SMA). The fuels were then tested using a numerical tool and the Diesel RK-Model programme in a single cylinder CI engine. The results showed that the 5%H95%DEE blend consistently showed the highest level of specific fuel consumption (SFC) with increasing trend as the injection timings was advanced. In terms of brake thermal efficiency (BTE), all blends experienced decreasing trend except for 5%H95%nB. The addition of 5% hydrogen into 95% n-butanol gave relatively stable level of BTE for the entire injection timings. Furthermore, all blends witnessed relatively the same exhaust gas temperature (EGT) trend with only minor changes. Not much significance was observed from the most retarded to the most advanced injection timing. In terms of peak in-cylinder pressure, all the investigated blends saw increasing trend with the advancing injection timing. However, they experienced slight reduction at the most advanced fuel injection timing (FIT). Except for 5%H95%SMA, all blends show the highest peak in-cylinder pressure at 26.5 deg. before TDC. With regards to the ignition delay (ID), 5%H95%nB always gave the longest ID except at the 29.5 deg. before TDC, while the 5%H95%DEE consistently showed the shortest ID with nearly the same value for all Its at around 1.8-3.1 deg. Regarding the emissions, the use of n-butanol (5%H95%nB) consistently produced the lowest CO2, smoke, NOX, and particulate matter (PM) emissions throughout the entire injection timings. (c) 2022 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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    Numerical and experimental investigation of hydrogen enrichment in a dual-fueled CI engine: A detailed combustion, performance, and emission discussion
    (Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2022) Rajak, Upendra; Nashine, Prerana; Verma, Tikendra Nath; Veza, Ibham; Ağbulut, Ümit
    An effort has been made to simulation a compression ignition engine using hydrogen-diesel, hydrogen-diethyl ether, hydrogen-n-butanol and base diesel fuel as alternatives. The engine measured for the simulation is a single cylinder, four stroke, direct injection, diesel engine. During the simulation the injection timing and engine speed are kept constant at 23 degrees bTDC and 1500 rpm. Diesel-RK, a piece of commercial software employed for this project, can forecast an engine emission, performance and combustion characteristics. The examination of the anticipated outcomes reveals that adding hydrogen to diesel leads in a small increase in efficiency and fuel consumption. With the usage of hydrogen-blend fuels, the majority of dangerous pollutants in exhaust are greatly decreased. The shortest ignition delay was consistently given by 5H295DEE. The lowest CO2 (578.61 g/kWh) was given by 5H295nB at CR 19.5. Hydrogen blends increase NOx emissions more than base diesel fuel. In the case of smoke and particulate matter emission, the reduce tendency was seen. (C) 2022 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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    Understanding behaviors of compression ignition engine running on metal nanoparticle additives-included fuels: A control comparison between biodiesel and diesel fuel
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2022) Hoang, Anh Tuan; Le, Minh Xuan; Nizetic, Sandro; Huang, Zuohua; Ağbulut, Ümit; Veza, Ibham; Said, Zafar
    In recent years, searching for efficient solutions to improve the emission and performance characteristics of diesel engines is considered as one of the essential and urgent work. Metal nanoparticles with a large surface area and high heat transfer coefficient could provide the impressive additive ability to the fuel reactivity and at-omization. Therefore, the critical role of metal nanoparticles in the support of diesel engine behaviors using biodiesel and diesel is thoroughly evaluated in this current review. Indeed, preparation methods and critical properties of metal nanoparticles and metal nanoparticles-laden fuels are fully introduced. More importantly, the performance, combustion, emission characteristics, and tribology behaviors of diesel engines running on metal nanoparticles-laden biodiesel are compared to diesel fuel in detail. Generally, metal nanoparticles-included biodiesel facilitates the formation of a more homogeneous oxygen-containing mixture of fuel-air, resulting in a more complete combustion process than that of diesel fuel. As a result, the use of biodiesel with the presence of metal nanoparticles is considered as the potential strategy for promoting spay and atomization, enhancing the combustion process, increasing brake thermal efficiency (BTE), reducing toxic emissions (including carbon monoxide (CO), unburnt hydrocarbon (HC), and smoke), and improving tribology characteristics. However, some drawbacks are also indicated, such as increased NOx emission and brake-specific fuel consumption. In addition, it is also concluded that studies on other environmental impacts (such as PM emission), the stable properties of metal nanoparticles, and economic aspects should be made more extensively before commercial applications of metal nanoparticles in the real world.