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    Genetic diversity and marker-trait associations among Çakıldak hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) clones in the North Eastern Anatolia of Türkiye based on morphological and molecular markers
    (Springer, 2025) Karakaya, Orhan; Balta, Mehmet Fikret; Uzun, Aydin; Balta, Fikri; Uzun, Serkan
    The study was conducted to determine the yield, nut traits, genetic diversity, and marker-trait associations in promising and phenotypically different & Ccedil;ak & imath;ldak hazelnut clones selected from Fatsa (Ordu) region, Eastern Black Sea Region. In clones, nut weight, kernel weight, and kernel ratio ranged from 1.48 to 1.97 g, 0.82-1.12 g, and 49.6-58.2%, respectively. Nut yield per plant varied between 174.5 and 543.5 g with a yield efficiency ranging from 1.91 to 13.79 g cm-2. In the molecular analysis, 12 ISSR (Inter Simple Sequence Repeat) and 3 SRAP (Sequence-related Amplified Polymorphism) primers generated 95 bands, of which 85 were polymorphic. The polymorphism rate was in the range of 50-100%. The similarity index ranged from 0.59 to 0.96. & Ccedil;ak & imath;ldak clones were grouped into three clusters in STRUCTURE similar to the UPGMA (unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean). In the association mapping by ISSR/SRAP markers, 65 loci were related to the traits. Some crucial yield and nut traits important for hazelnut breeding were associated with pleiotropic loci [(GAA)6-600 and (AG)7YC-400, respectively], which could help breeders to select superior individuals in terms of yield and nut traits. & Ccedil;-1, & Ccedil;-6, and & Ccedil;-9 clones were genetically different and superior in terms of yield and nut traits, can be used as decent genetic materials for developing new cultivars in hazelnut breeding programs. These results may also contribute to the conservation and maintenance of hazelnut genetic resources, and the future hazelnut breeding efforts.