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Öğe Alien flora of Turkey: checklist, taxonomic composition and ecological attributes(Pensoft Publishers, 2017) Uludağ, Ahmet; Aksoy, Necmi; Yazlık, Ayşe; Arslan, Zübeyde Filiz; Yazmış, Efecan; Üremiş, İlhan; Brundu, GiuseppeThe paper provides an updated checklist of the alien flora of Turkey with information on its structure. The alien flora of Turkey comprises 340 taxa, among which there are 321 angiosperms, 17 gymnosperms and two ferns. Of the total number of taxa, 228 (68%) are naturalized and 112 (32%) are casual. There are 275 neophytes (172 naturalized and 103 casual) and 61 archaeophytes (52 naturalized and 9 casual); four species could not be classified with respect to the residence time. In addition, 47 frequently planted taxa with a potential to escape are also listed. The richest families are Asteraceae (38 taxa), Poaceae (30), Fabaceae (23) and Solanaceae (22). As for the naturalized alien plants, the highest species richness is found in Asteraceae (31 taxa), Poaceae (22), Amaranthaceae (18) and Solanaceae (15). The majority of alien taxa are perennial (63.8% of the total number of taxa with this life history assigned, including those with multiple life histories), annuals contribute 33.8% and 2.4% are biennial aliens. Among perennials the most common life forms are phanerophytes, of which 20.3% are trees and 12.6% shrubs; woody vines, stem succulents, and aquatic plants are comparatively less represented. Most of the 340 alien taxa introduced to Turkey have their native ranges in Americas (44.7%) and Asia (27.6%). Of other regions, 9.1% originated in Africa, 4.4% in Eurasia, 3.8% in Australia and Oceania and 3.5% in the Mediterranean. The majority of taxa (71.9%) were introduced intentionally, whereas the remaining (28.1%) were introduced accidentally. Among the taxa introduced intentionally, the vast majority are ornamental plants (55.2%), 10.0% taxa were introduced for forestry and 6.7% as crops. Casual alien plants are most commonly found in urban and ruderal habitats (40.1%) where naturalized taxa are also often recorded (27.3%). Plants that occur as agricultural weeds are typically naturalized rather than casual (16.0% vs 7.1%, respectively). However, (semi) natural habitats in Turkey are often invaded by alien taxa, especially by those that are able to naturalize.Öğe Antalya İli Turunçgil Bahçelerinde Görülen Yabancı Otların Yaygınlık ve Yoğunluklarının Belirlenmesi(Türkiye Herboloji Derneği, 2015) Arıkan, Levent; Kitiş, Yasin Emre; Uludağ, Ahmet; Zengin, HüseyinBu çalışma, Antalya ili turunçgil bahçelerinde görülen yabancı otların yaygınlık ve yoğunluklarının belirlenmesi amacıyla 2013 yılında turunçgil yetiştiriciliği yapılan dokuz ilçede survey çalışmaları şeklinde yürütülmüştür. Bu amaçla toplam 100 bahçede (portakal, limon, mandalina, greyfurt) arazi gözlemleri yapılmış, yabancı ot türleri ve tür bazında kaplama alanları ve yoğunlukları kaydedilmiştir. Yapılan gözlemler sonucunda, ikisi tek çenekli, 14’ü çift çenekli olmak üzere 16 familyaya ait toplam 44 yabancı ot türü tespit edilmiştir. Belirlenen türler arasında rastlama sıklığı en yüksek yabancı otların sırasıyla Xanthium strumarium (%64), Portulaca oleraceae (%60), Sorghum halepense (%60), Cyperus rotundus (%50) ve Echinochloa crusgalli (%45) olduğu görülmüştür. Yoğunluk ve kaplama alanı bakımından ilk sırayı P. oleraceae (16,6 adet/m2 - %8,4) alırken, bunu C. rotundus (8,6 adet/m2 - %5,3) takip etmiştir. Antalya genelinde turunçgil bahçelerindeki yabancı otların genel kaplama alanı ortalama % 40,3 olarak belirlenirken, ortalama genel yoğunluk ise 44,9 adet/m2 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Yabancı otların kaplama alanının en yüksek olduğu ilçe Kemer (%46,2), en düşük olduğu ilçe Finike (%35,8), yoğunluğun en yüksek olduğu ilçe Kumluca (54,8 adet/m2) en düşük olduğu ilçe ise yine Finike (32,8 adet/m2) olarak belirlenmiştir. Yabancı ot yoğunluğunun en fazla mandarin bahçelerinde (48,9 adet/m2), en düşük ise limon bahçelerinde (43 adet/m2) olduğu, genel kaplama alanı değerinin ise en yüksek yine mandalina (%47,3), en düşük ise greyfurt (%31,8) bahçelerinde olduğu saptanmıştırÖğe Avrupa Birliği İstilâcı Yabancı Türler Yasası(Türkiye Herboloji Derneği, 2015) Uludağ, Ahmetİstilâcı yabancı türler (İYT) biyolojik çeşitliliği tehdit eden beş ana unsurdan biri olarak kabul edilmektedir. Son yıllarda konuya farkındalığın artması, İYTler üzerindeki araştırma ve uygulamaların artmasına sebep olmuştur. Birçok ülkede de tedbirlerin alınması amacıyla kanunî düzenlemeler yapılmıştır. Avrupa Birliği (AB) de bir kanunî düzenleme yapmış ve 2015 yılı Ocak ayında yürürlüğe girmiştir. Başlangıçta, 2008 yılında nasıl bir mevzuatla sonuçlanacağı belirtilmeden bir AB komisyonu tebliği ile başlayan çalışmalar kanunun kabulüyle (regulation) sonuçlanmıştır: “İstilâcı yabancı türlerin girişi ve yayılışını önleme ve idare etme yasası”, orijinal ismiyle “Regulation (EU) No 1143/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 October 2014 on the prevention and management of the introduction and spread of invasive alien species”. Üye ülkelerin tamamının uyması ve uygulaması mecburî bir mevzuat şekli olan “regulation” konunun sınırlarını çok ayrıntılı olarak açıklamıştır. Çünkü İYT konusu bitki sağlığı, hayvan sağlığı, deniz gibi konulardaki mevzuatla bazen iç içe geçebilmektedir. Kanun aksiyoner bir stratejiyi hedef almaktadır. Kanun ABnin esas alacağı İYTlerini uzmanlarla birlikte belirlemeyi, üye ülkelerin bir denetleme ve gözlem sistemi oluşturmasını mecbur etmektedir. Ayrıca üye ülkelerin kendileri için ayrıca İYT listeleri belirleyebileceğini ve ülkelerin özel durumlarının da olabileceğini ihtiva etmektedir. Türkiye’nin AB ile ticaret hacmi göz önüne alındığında, bir şekilde bizi de etkileyeceği göz ardı edilmemelidir. Bunun da ötesinde Türkiye’nin biyolojik çeşitliliği ve konumu böyle bir kanuna ihtiyacımızı da açıkça göstermektedirÖğe Biological weed control(Elsevier, 2018) Uludağ, Ahmet; Üremiş, İlhan; Arslan, MehmetThe biological approach, as an integral part of integrated and sustainable weed control approaches, has an increasing importance and consideration due to increasing environmental and anthropogenic problems. Successful weed control through use of biological agents has a background of more than a couple of centuries. In this chapter, we started with a more classical way of biological approach to introduce arthropods, mainly insects, followed by examples of redistribution of local arthropods. In the bioherbicide section, we have focused on formulated natural products and formulations. Biological weed control faces problems such as inadequacy of finance, some side effects, and conflicting views. However, biological methods are expected to provide more promising weed control practices in the future. © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Öğe Comparing the emergence of Echinochloa crus-galli populations in different locations. Part II: similarities and threshold parameters(Wiley, 2022) Royo-Esnal, Aritz; Onofri, Andrea; Taab, Alireza; Loddo, Donato; Necajeva, Jevgenija; Uludağ, Ahmet; Synowiec, AgnieszkaThe variability in the emergence process of different populations was confirmed for two Echinochloa crus-galli populations, one from Italy (IT) and the second from Norway (NO). Seeds were sown in 12 localities over Europe and the Middle East, and the emergence patterns of IT and NO were compared with those of several local populations at each location. Seeds of each population were sown in pots buried to the ground level. The base temperature (T-b) for emergence was estimated by (1) analysing logistic models applied to the field emergence of IT and NO, and (2) a germination assay set in winter 2020 at constant temperatures (8, 11, 14, 17, 20, 26, 29 degrees C) with newly collected seeds in 2019 from the same fields where IT and NO had previously been harvested in 2015. The logistic models developed for IT and NO in each location showed that the emergence pattern of IT was similar to that of the local populations in Poland, Italy, Spain, Turkey South and Iran, while NO fitted better to those in Sweden and Latvia. No germination was obtained for IT in a germination chamber, but the estimated T-b with the logistic model was 11.2 degrees C. For NO, the estimated T-b was 8.8 degrees C in the germination chamber and 8.1 degrees C in the field. Results suggest that adaptation to local environmental conditions has led to inter-population differences in T-b and parameter estimates of thermal-time models to predict the emergence of E. crus-galli should only be used for populations with similar climatic and habitat conditions.Öğe Cotton cultivation(John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2016) Economou, Garifalia; Uludağ, Ahmet; Kraehmer, Hansjoerg…Öğe Dilkanatanın (Galium aparine L.) Çimlenme Biyolojisi ve Bazı Herbisitlere Tepkisi(2019) Büyükkurt, Nurcan; Uludağ, AhmetÇok sayıda türü olan Galium cinsinden dilkanatan (Galium aparine) birçok ülkede ve kültür bitkisinde yabancıot olarak önem arzetmektedir. Özellikle ülkemizde son yirmi yılda herbisitlere dayanıklılık vakalarının kaydedilmeye başlaması, bu rekabetçi yabancıotu daha fazla gündeme getirmektedir. Sakarya ilinde de çiftçiler herbisitlerin bu yabancıotu kontrol etmede yetersiz kalmaya başladığını bildirmektedirler. Bu bağlamda dilkanatanın çimlenme biyolojisini ve herbisitlere tepkisini belirlemek amacıyla bu çalışma yapılmıştır. Sakarya ilinden dayanıklılık şüphesiyle alınan tohumlarla yapılan çimlendirme denemesinde 20’de hiç çimlenme olmazken, 10’de %93,5 çimlenme kaydedilmiştir. Yavaş seyretmesine ve geç çimlenmeye başlamasına rağmen 4’de çimlenme 21nci günde %71,5’e ulaşmıştır ve bu değer 15’deki çimlenme oranının iki katından fazladır. Sakarya populasyonu ile tarla dışından toplanan Düzce populasyonu petri denemelerinde herbisit formulasyonlarına (tribenurontifensülfüron, mezosülfüroniyodosülfüronmefenpir, propoksikarbazonmezosülfüronmefenpir, klorsülfüron ve 2,4-D amin) karşı denenmiş ve Sakarya populasyonunda özellikle düşük dozlarda daha fazla kök uzaması tespit edilmiştir, bu durum Sakarya populasyonunda etki düşüklüğü şüphesini doğrulayan bir veridir. Mezosülfüroniyodosülfüronmefenpir ile saksıda yapılan dozatepki denemesi sonucunda Sakarya tarla populasyonu, Düzce tarla dışı alan popülasyonuna göre ED50 seviyesinde 1,36 kat ve ED90 seviyesinde 2,53 kat daha dayanıklı bulunmuştur. Bu sonuç tam bir dayanıklılık olduğunu göstermese de herbisitin etkisindeki azalmanın bir ifadesidir. Çimlenme özellikleri ve herbisitlerin etkilerindeki azalma itibariyle dilkanatanın daha fazla mesele olabileceği bu sebeple daha fazla ve ayrıntılı araştırmalara ihtiyaç olduğu kanaatine varılmıştır.Öğe ESENIAS and DIAS Networks and Highlights of the 7th ESENIAS Workshop with Scientific Conference 'Networking and Regional Cooperation towards Invasive Alien Species Prevention and Management in Europe'(Inst Zoology, Bas, 2017) Trichkova, Teodora; Tomov, Rumen; Vladimirov, Vladimir; Kalcheva, Hristina; Uludağ, AhmetRecently, the introductions and spread of invasive alien species (IAS) in Europe have increased and different regions are affected by their impact (East and South Europe, Danube Region). Two new regional networks have been created and developed: the East and South European Network for Invasive Alien Species (ESENIAS) and the Danube Region Invasive Alien Species Network (DIAS). Information about the establishment, structure, mission and activities of the two networks is presented. ESENIAS promotes awareness raising and capacity building initiatives at yearly workshops, conducts scientific research and exchanges and disseminates IAS information and research results by the ESENIAS Internet portal (www esenias.org) and by joint publications. The largest project implemented by the ESENIAS countries is the ESENIAS-TOOLS project funded by the Financial Mechanism of the European Economic Area 20092014. Currently, DIAS focuses on the completion of the DIAS strategy and work plan, as well as on the implementation of the Danube-IASapp project funded by the European Commission. The 7th ESENIAS Workshop with Scientific Conference 'Networking and Regional Cooperation Towards Invasive Alien Species Prevention and Management in Europe', co-organised by the Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, ESENIAS and DIAS, was held on 28-30 March 2017, in Sofia, Bulgaria. The scientific outcomes of the Conference are reviewed here under the following topics: 1) Alien species trends in the ESENIAS countries: Introduction and establishment success; 2) Alien species trends in the ESENIAS countries: Range expansion; 3) Vectors and pathways of introduction and spread of alien species in the ESENIAS countries; 4) Invasive alien species traits; 5) Invasive alien species impact in the ESENIAS countries; and 6) Invasive alien species prevention and management.Öğe Farming practices and weed infestation(John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2016) Economou, Garifalia; Uludağ, Ahmet; Kraehmer, Hansjoerg…Öğe Fitness studies on invasive weedy sunflower populations from Serbia(Ars Docendi, 2017) Vrbnicanin, Sava P.; Bozic, Dragana M.; Pavlovic, Danijela M.; Krsmanovic, Marija M. Saric; Stojicevic, Darko; Uludağ, AhmetWeedy sunflower has become a problem worldwide, giving significant yield losses in sunflower and soybean fields even at low densities, decreasing their oil quality and allowing gene flow among crops and weeds. Its evolution differs among countries due to availability of wild forms. The problem is not only weedeness but also herbicide resistance in the Republic of Serbia. Three weedy sunflower populations from Serbia were studied: RWS1 and RWS2, which were presumably ALS herbicide resistant and SWS which is susceptible. Plant height, fresh weight, leaf area, relative chlorophyll content, fecundity and percentage of germination, length and weight of seedlings with and without nicosulfuron application were recorded. The most frequently RWS1 and RWS2 populations were of better ecological fitness than the SWS population under the conditions with and without nicosulfuron application. The number of seed produced was higher in RWS1 without herbicide application and RWS2 with nicosulfuron application. It was concluded that the differences in the level of herbicide-resistance could result in different fitness level of weedy sunflower populations which could promote the invasiveness of these populations in landscape.Öğe Global cotton weed distribution(John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2016) Economou, Garifalia; Uludağ, Ahmet; Kraehmer, Hansjoerg…Öğe Ipomoea triloba: an alien plant threatening many habitats in Turkey(Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2018) Yazlık, Ayşe; Üremiş, İlhan; Uludağ, Ahmet; Uzun, Kayahan; Şenol, Serdar GökhanIpomoea triloba is a plant native to tropical America and has been observed in cotton fields in Antalya Province, Turkey. Ipomoea triloba was identified in 2014 after a warning from the Centre of the Farmers’ Union (Antbirlik). Subsequent field surveys showed that this plant has been considered as a weed by farmers in this region for the last two decades; it has spread in non-agricultural habitats but due to its limited presence did not receive much attention. The spread of I. triloba has increased over the last 5 years to such an extent that it cannot be controlled by existing methods including herbicides. It has established not only in agricultural areas but also in other habitats such as roadsides, irrigation channel edges and coastal regions. This paper provides the first botanical description report of I. triloba in the defined area, an evaluation of environmental and socioeconomic impacts, current status and management activities. Based on all available information the authors concluded that pest risk analysis should be conducted on I. triloba. Furthermore, it should be regarded not only as an environmental weed but also as an agricultural weed and kept under surveillance in Turkey. © 2018 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2018 OEPP/EPPOÖğe Phenological development of barnyard grass plants originating from different geographical locations(Wiley, 2022) Necajeva, Jevgenija; Royo-Esnal, Aritz; Loddo, Donato; Jensen, Peter; Taab, Alireza; Synowiec, Agnieszka; Uludağ, AhmetBarnyard grass [Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv] is a competitive C-4 weed species that is widely distributed throughout the world. Although it originated in warm climatic conditions, currently, it is found in Europe as far north as Norway. This study aimed to compare the phenological development of plants from different climatic conditions in varying environmental conditions. To represent the contrasting climatic conditions within Europe, seeds were collected in Norway and Italy, and distributed to the study participants, to be sown at 10 different sites as two common populations. In addition to that, seeds of two to three local populations were collected near each of the sites. The development of the plants was monitored in a pot experiment set up under field conditions. The time to reach heading in the first year of the experiment was 77.6% faster (ranging from 45.9 to 98.3% on average) in the Norwegian than in the Italian population. However, in the leaf development stage, the difference between the common populations was smaller by, 23.5% on average (0-46.7%) and was mostly not significant. Our results indicate that different E. crus-galli ecotypes, characterized by differences in their phenological development, evolved within the distribution area of this species in Europe. However, the early development of the plants progressed with negligible differences between populations. The findings reported here can be used to adapt existing models from one region to regions with different climatic conditions for use in decision support systems and for research into plant population dynamics.Öğe A quantitative genetic examination of non-target-site resistance applied to Avena species(Wiley, 2018) Darmency, Henri; Uludağ, AhmetQuantitative genetics tools can be used to assess whether using herbicides at low doses drive selection on standing genetic variation in populations leading to non-target-site resistance (NTSR). These tools are particularly important for estimating the number of genes involved and the potential speed of evolution. A short cut to answering questions about the evolution of NTSR may be to measure heritability. The heritability index (H) provides a measure of the potential to develop NTSR and can be simply calculated from classical dose-response experiments. This measure and the associated experimental designs are discussed with two applied examples on Avena spp. (A.fatua and A.sterilis). In these examples, H values ranged from 0.24 to 0.73, which means that selection for NTSR is highly probable in cases with high H value. We suggest that structuring plants into genetic groups (e.g. families or populations) can contribute to our understanding of the evolutionary potential of populations and plant species to evolve resistance, without increasing experimental cost and time.Öğe Review of the current situation for Solanum elaeagnifolium in the Mediterranean Basin(Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2016) Uludağ, Ahmet; Gbehounou, G.; Kashefi, J.; Bouhache, M.; Bon, M.C.; Bell, C.; Lagopodi, A.L.Silverleaf nightshade (Solanum elaeagnifolium, Cav.) is one of the important invasive plant species in Mediterranean Basin countries. Over the last 60 years, this plant has gone from a few accidental introductions to near monospecific populations in many areas of the Mediterranean Basin (in particular Greece and Morocco). Recent findings from Lebanon show that the invasion is ongoing. Solanum elaeagnifolium has a negative impact on crops, causing up to 75% yield loss, as well as an indirect impact by harbouring plant pests and diseases. Solanum elaeagnifolium is toxic to livestock and has a negative affect on the quality of life for humans. Losses of potential resource or revenue caused by its invasion include: decreased forage quality on grazing lands; decreased cropping land and amenity values of public space; increased water loss; increased water conveyancing costs; and increased forest restoration costs. Available control techniques need to be strengthened to reduce the impact of S. elaeagnifolium and prevent its spread. More attention needs to be devoted to biological control, which could provide regional management of this invasive alien plant. Sustainable management of S. elaeagnifolium will require coordination, education and support across the affected countries. Governments must have the means to detect, manage and control S. elaeagnifolium. © 2016 The Authors.Öğe Status of invasive alien plants included in EPPO Lists in Turkey(Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2015) Arslan, Zübeyde Filiz; Uludağ, Ahmet; Üremiş, İlhanTurkey is one of the richest areas in the middle latitudes in terms of plant diversity. It has approximately 12 000 plant species and a great number of new species are being added each year. However, invasive alien species have not yet been fully considered in Turkey and only two plant species are in Turkey's quarantine list (Arceuthobium spp. and Eichhornia crassipes). EPPO is an intergovernmental organization responsible for cooperation in plant protection in the European and Mediterranean region and maintains the A1 and A2 Lists of pests recommended for regulation (A1 species are absent from the EPPO region, A2 species are present but of limited distribution), the List of Invasive Alien Plants, the Observation List of invasive alien plants and the Alert List. Eichhornia crassipes, Heracleum persicum, Heracleum sosnowskyi, Ludwigia peploides, Polygonum perfoliatum and Solanum elaeagnifolium are among the species which were recorded in Turkey and are included in the EPPO A2 List. Species recorded in the EPPO List of invasive alien plants which are present in Turkey are: Acroptilon repens, Ailanthus altissima, Ambrosia artemisiifolia (= A. elatior), Carpobrotus edulis, Cortaderia selloana, Cyperus esculentus, Paspalum distichum (= P. paspalodes), Oxalis pes-caprae and Sicyos angulatus. Azolla filiculoides and Rhododendron ponticum are listed in the EPPO Observation List of Invasive alien plants and Miscanthus sinensis, listed in the EPPO Alert List, are also recorded in the Turkish flora. © 2015 OEPP/EPPO.Öğe Sumatran Fleabane (Conyza sumatrensis) Resistance to Glyphosate in Peach Orchards in Turkey(Amer Soc Horticultural Science, 2019) İnci, Deniz; Galvin, Liberty; Al-Khatib, Kassim; Uludağ, AhmetGlyphosate has been widely used to control annual, perennial, and biennial weeds including Conyza species. Conyza sumatrensis (Sumatran fleabane) is considered a highly invasive and troublesome weed worldwide, including in European and Mediterranean regions. In Turkey, the use of glyphosate in orchards has recently increased; however, extensive use of glyphosate has resulted in poor control of C. sumatrensis in several peach orchards. The objectives of this research were to determine if C. sumatrensis is resistant to glyphosate and identify alternative herbicides with different modes of action that can be used instead of glyphosate. Two dose response studies were conducted in the greenhouse to evaluate the response of four C. sumatrensis populations to glyphosate, chlorsulfuron, and metribuzin. Glyphosate isopropyl amine and glyphosate potassium was applied at 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 times the use rate of 1080 g a.e./ha (a.e. indicates acid equivalent) when the plants were at rosette (5-6 true leaves) and vegetative (20-22 cm tall) stages. Effects of both glyphosate formulations were combined. The resistant populations showed higher resistance 3.8 to 6.6 and 5.3 to 7.8 times at rosette stage and vegetative stage, respectively, compared with the susceptible population. Furthermore, glyphosate-resistant populations were treated with chlorsulfuron and metribuzin at 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 times use rate of 7.5 and 350 g a.i./ha, respectively at the rosette stage. The glyphosate-resistant populations exhibited 2.4 to 3.8 times more resistance to chlorsulfuron, but were adequately controlled with metribuzin.Öğe Summary of global cotton weed distribution(John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2016) Economou, Garifalia; Uludağ, Ahmet; Kraehmer, Hansjoerg…Öğe The Situation of Common Ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) in the Düzce Province of Turkey(Türkiye Herboloji Derneği, 2019) Zambak, Şadiye; Uludağ, AhmetAmbrosia artemisiifolia (common ragweed) is an invasive alien species in many areas where it has been introduced other than its native range, which affects negatively biological diversity and ecosystem services. It has spread abundantly in East Blacksea and Trace regions, and partly in Middle Blacksea for the last 10 years although its existence has been known in Turkey since 1990s. This study was conducted to determine common ragweed populations in the Düzce Province in the west part of the Blacksea Region where is located in between two common ragweed invaded areas. Fourtyone populations of common ragweed is determined, which are all in roadsides and empty areas except one. The size of habitats invaded by common ragweed varied between 1 m2 and 4375 m2 and two third of a habitat as an average was covered with common ragweed. In the communities with common ragweed populations, 23 plant species belongs to 15 families were determined. Conyza sp. was the most distributed species, which has seen in 18 out of 38 communities. The following species to Conyza as the most distributed species were the alien species for Turkey as well and had importance as weed and/or invasive alien species in other countries as well as Turkey. It is possible that common ragweed might invade agricultural areas in the Düzce Province although it was not determined in agricultural areas in the province. It is thought that common ragweed had been introduced in Düzce in 1999 earthquake with aids came from overseas or international and national transport activities, and then it naturalized and spread due to disturbed habitats after the earthquake. It is shown with the populations determined in Düzce that common ragweed can be seen any suitable habitat from east to west through the north of Turkey.Öğe Tumour necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 10 and interleukin 6 gene polymorphisms of ischemic stroke patients in south Marmara region of Turkey(E-Century Publishing Corp, 2015) Özkan, Adile; Sılan, Fatma; Uludağ, Ahmet; Değirmenci, Yıldız; Karaman, Handan Işın ÖzışıkBackground: Stroke is an important cause of adult mortality and morbidity; however its pathogenesis is still unknown. Several studies have examined to determine the role of genetic polymorphism of proinflammatory cytokines in the occurence of stroke. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between three polymorphisms; including tumour necrosis alpha (TNF alpha)-238 GA, interleukin(IL-10)-1028 GA (rs1800896), IL-6-(rs1800795) and ischemic stroke in a Turkish population. Methods: Forty two stroke patients and 48 healhty controls were genotyped using PCR analysis for TNF alpha-238 G/A, IL-10-1028 GA and IL-6-rs1800795 AG polymorphisms. Results: The frequency of the CC and CG, GG genotype of IL-6 gene (rs1800795) were statiscially significiantly higher in IS patients than controls (for C/C genotype, P=0.03, OR=4.3; 95% CI: 1.13 to 16.29 and for C/G genotype, P=0.04, OR=3.6; 95% CI: 1.03 to 12.95, for G/G genotype, P=0.02, OR=0.25; 95% CI: 0.07-0.85 respectively). Conclusion: IL-6 CC genotyped was found strongly associated with ischemic stroke than other two polymorpisms TNF-alpha and IL-10 in our population.
