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    Biological decay and termite resistance of post- treated wood-based composites under protected above-ground conditions: A preliminary study after 36 months of exposure
    (2013) Taşçıoğlu, Cihat; Yoshimura, Tsuyoshi; Tsunoda, Kunio
    Five kinds of commercially available wood-based composites (softwood plywood, hardwood plywood, medium density fiberboard, oriented strand board, and particle board, hereinafter abbreviated as SWP, HWP, MDF, OSB, and PB, respectively) post-treated with alkaline copper quat (ACQ) and copper azole (CA) were exposed to decay and subterranean termite activity under protected above-ground conditions in a southern Japan field test site for three years. Variables examined included comparisons of untreated and treated wood-based composites, preservative type, and retention levels. Both biological attacks developed with time. Termite damage started earlier, and the severity of attack was higher than decay fungi. Untreated MDF and PB were highly resistant to field conditions during the 36 months. Untreated OSB, HWP, and SWP were the least resistant composite types. ACQ and CA treatments significantly improved the durability of the wood-based composites resulting in 64.4%, 47.9%, and 22.5% higher termite ratings when compared to their untreated controls for OSB, HWP, and SWP, respectively. Preservative types and increased retentions did not significantly affect the decay and termite ratings. These results suggest that ACQ and CA post-treatments at exterior protected and unprotected (K3) and double K3 retention levels significantly improved durability of wood-based composites tested but failed to provide full protection.
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    Biological Decay and Termite Resistance of Post-Treated Wood-Based Composites under Protected Above-Ground Conditions: A Preliminary Study after 36 Months of Exposure
    (North Carolina State Univ Dept Wood & Paper Sci, 2013) Taşçıoğlu, Cihat; Yoshimura, Tsuyoshi; Tsunoda, Kunio
    Five kinds of commercially available wood-based composites (softwood plywood, hardwood plywood, medium density fiberboard, oriented strand board, and particle board, hereinafter abbreviated as SWP, HWP, MDF, OSB, and PB, respectively) post-treated with alkaline copper quat (ACQ) and copper azole (CA) were exposed to decay and subterranean termite activity under protected above-ground conditions in a southern Japan field test site for three years. Variables examined included comparisons of untreated and treated wood-based composites, preservative type, and retention levels. Both biological attacks developed with time. Termite damage started earlier, and the severity of attack was higher than decay fungi. Untreated MDF and PB were highly resistant to field conditions during the 36 months. Untreated OSB, HWP, and SWP were the least resistant composite types. ACQ and CA treatments significantly improved the durability of the wood-based composites resulting in 64.4%, 47.9%, and 22.5% higher termite ratings when compared to their untreated controls for OSB, HWP, and SWP, respectively. Preservative types and increased retentions did not significantly affect the decay and termite ratings. These results suggest that ACQ and CA post-treatments at exterior protected and unprotected (K3) and double K3 retention levels significantly improved durability of wood-based composites tested but failed to provide full protection.
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    Biological performance of copper azole-treated wood and wood-based composites
    (Walter De Gruyter & Co, 2010) Taşçıoğlu, Cihat; Tsunoda, Kunio
    Vacuum-impregnation with copper azole was applied as a post-treatment to five commercially available wood-based composites with thicknesses of approximately 12 mm, such as softwood plywood (SWP), hardwood plywood (HWP), medium density fiberboard (MDF), oriented strand board (OSB), and particleboard (PB). Untreated and treated composites were tested for their resistance to decay fungi (brown rot fungus Fomitopsis palustris and white rot fungus Trametes versicolor) and the subterranean termite Coptotermes formosanus by Japanese standardized laboratory test methods. Untreated MDF was highly resistant to both biological attacks and seemed to require no preservative treatment under less hazardous conditions, i.e., under protected and above-ground applications, with possible occasional wetting. PB was ranked second, and needed further protection only against C. formosanus. Copper azole did not adequately protect SWP from F. palustris and termite. OSB was not protected either against F. palustris and T. versicolor even at a concentration level of 1 kg copper azole per m(3) in contrary to blocks of Cryptomeria japonica sapwood, which was protected at these concentration levels. The biological resistance of HWP was reasonably improved by copper azole. The performance of wood-based composites treated with copper azole, which was inferior to the biological resistance of treated C. japonica sapwood blocks, might depend on the thickness or layer profile, density as a result of porosity, uneven distribution of the preservative in the composites, and the susceptibility of the component raw materials.
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    Biological performance of wood-plastic composites containing zinc borate: Laboratory and 3-year field test results
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2013) Taşçıoğlu, Cihat; Yoshimura, Tsuyoshi; Tsunoda, Kunio
    Six different formulations of wood-plastic composites (WPC) fabricated from wood and polypropylene (PP) were tested in the laboratory against decay and termites and in a protected above-ground field test in southern Japan. Variables examined included comparisons of untreated and zinc borate (ZnB) incorporated formulations, wood content ratio, wood particle size and increased surface area via surface grooves (channels) to promote moisture infusion. A standard method originally designed to test durability of solid wood was modified for testing WPC. Wood decay fungi and Formosan subterranean termite activity in laboratory and field tests resulted in different mass losses, post-decay moisture contents and field test ratings depending on their wood and ZnB content. The results show that as wood content increased, mass losses also increased. Addition of ZnB at 1% (w/w) retention level significantly decreased mass losses of wood-plastic composite when exposed to laboratory decay and termite tests. The effects of surface grooves and wood particle size were less important, compared to wood particle content. All WPC tested were highly resistant to fungal decay under protected above-ground field conditions during 36 months. Termite attack, on the other hand, started at earlier stage reducing mean ratings 1 year after the installation. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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    Biological performance of zinc borate-incorporated particleboard: Effects of leaching on efficacy
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2014) Taşçıoğlu, Cihat; Umemura, Kenji; Yoshimura, Tsuyoshi; Tsunoda, Kunio
    The decay and termite resistance and effects of a robust leaching process on the efficacy of zinc borate-incorporated particleboard were examined. Particleboards (300 x 300 x 15 mm) prepared from particles of mixed wood species generated from demolished construction materials were incorporated with zinc borate at target retentions of 0%, 1%, 1.5% and 2% of the particle weight. An in-line treatment method was utilized to introduce the powdered chemical during the blending stage. ICP analysis indicated that the amount of zinc borate was not lost during manufacturing. Standard static bending tests demonstrated that there was no significant loss in mechanical properties. The decay and termite tests indicated that the efficacy of zinc borate at a higher retention was enough to suppress the biological activity, even after application of a robust leaching process. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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    Laboratory evaluation of wood-based composites treated with alkaline copper quat against fungal and termite attacks
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2010) Taşçıoğlu, Cihat; Tsunoda, Kunio
    Vacuum-impregnation with alkaline copper quat (ACQ) was applied as a post-treatment to five commercially-available wood-based composites (approximately 12-mm thick), including softwood plywood (SWP), hardwood plywood (HWP), medium density fiberboard (MDF), oriented strand board (OSB) and particleboard (PB). In general, ACQ-treated wood-based composites were not as resistant to biological attack as treated Cryptomeria japonica sapwood blocks, possibly due to the uneven distribution of preservative in the composites. Untreated and treated composites were tested for their resistance to two decay fungi (brown-rot fungus Fomitopsis palustris and white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor) and the subterranean termite Coptotermes formosanus by Japanese standardized laboratory test methods. Untreated MDF was the most resistant to both biological attacks, followed by PB, which was less resistant to C. formosanus. ACQ did not adequately protect SWP from F. palustris or termite, or OSB from F. palustris or T. versicolor even at the highest test retention of 5.2 kg/m(3), whereas the biological resistance of HWP was reasonably improved by ACQ. Since cut-end-coated composites treated at higher retentions of both ACQ and copper azole performed much better than uncoated materials, cut-ends were considered to provide decay fungi and termites with easy access or penetration. These findings support the importance of remedial treatment of processed building components at construction sites. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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    Retention of copper azole and alkaline copper quat in wood-based composites post - Treated by vacuum impregnation
    (2012) Taşçıoğlu, Cihat; Tsunoda, Kunio
    Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) analyses were conducted to determine the amounts of elemental copper in wood-based composites that had been post-treated with alkaline copper quat (ACQ) or copper azole (CA) by vacuum impregnation. Specimens prepared from 5 commercially available, structural-use, wood-based composites softwood plywood (SWP), hardwood plywood (HWP), medium density fiberboard (MDF), oriented strand board (OSB) and particleboard (PB) were treated with ACQand CA at different retentions. The analytical results demonstrated that there was a remarkable retention gradient between surface and core sections of SWP and HWP: there was greater retention in the surface than in the core. However, there was less or equal amounts of both preservatives in the surface compared to the core for MDF, OSB and PB. This prominent difference may have been due to the homogeneity of the composites as a result of the shape and thickness of the raw materials. While the current ICP analyses could not fully explain the difference in biological resistance among the tested composites and softwood sapwood, they clearly support a profile of biocidal gradients in various composites. The combined effects of retention gradients, selective absorption and a possible non-uniform distribution of active ingredients in the microstructure of the composites should also be to gain a better understanding of the biological performance of composites.
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    RETENTION OF COPPER AZOLE AND ALKALINE COPPER QUAT IN WOOD-BASED COMPOSITES POST-TREATED BY VACUUM IMPREGNATION
    (Slovak Forest Products Research Inst, 2012) Taşçıoğlu, Cihat; Tsunoda, Kunio
    Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) analyses were conducted to determine the amounts of elemental copper in wood-based composites that had been post-treated with alkaline copper quat (ACQ) or copper azole (CA) by vacuum impregnation. Specimens prepared from 5 commercially available, structural-use, wood-based composites softwood plywood (SWP), hardwood plywood (HWP), medium density fiberboard (MDF), oriented strand board (OSB) and particleboard (PB) were treated with ACQ and CA at different retentions. The analytical results demonstrated that there was a remarkable retention gradient between surface and core sections of SWP and HWP: there was greater retention in the surface than in the core. However, there was less or equal amounts of both preservatives in the surface compared to the core for MDF, OSB and PB. This prominent difference may have been due to the homogeneity of the composites as a result of the shape and thickness of the raw materials. While the current ICP analyses could not fully explain the difference in biological resistance among the tested composites and softwood sapwood, they clearly support a profile of biocidal gradients in various composites. The combined effects of retention gradients, selective absorption and a possible non-uniform distribution of active ingredients in the microstructure of the composites should also be to gain a better understanding of the biological performance of composites.
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    RETENTION OF COPPER AZOLE AND ALKALINE COPPER QUAT IN WOOD-BASED COMPOSITES POST-TREATED BY VACUUM IMPREGNATION (vol 57, pg 106, 2012)
    (Slovak Forest Products Research Inst, 2012) Taşçıoğlu, Cihat; Tsunoda, Kunio
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