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    Transforming industrial byproduct to eco-friendly functional material: Ground-granulated blast furnace slag reinforced paper for renewable energy storage
    (Elsevier B.V., 2024) Gençel, Osman Serden; Musatat, Ahmad Badreddin; Demir, Ahmet; Tozluoǧlu, Ayhan; Tutuş, Ahmet; Kıllı, Ufuk; Fidan, Hakan
    This study pioneered an eco-friendly approach for reutilizing Ground-granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) in paper production. This investigation is the first study focusing on the usage of paper production that presents both a new usage area of GGBFS and also a new sight. So, it can contribute to save the trees. Also, GGBFS gains economical value in paper production. 15–25 % integrated slag led to markedly enhanced brightness, density and smoothness accompanied by only minor mechanical strength decreases versus pure pulp. Significantly, the electrical analysis revealed a higher conductivity at higher frequency region reaching almost S value near to 1 which might be a good choice for electromagnetic shielding, thus; higher conductivity with increasing slag contents from pure paper's 10−11 S/cm up to 10−6 S/cm for 25 % addition which confirms the modified paper's usefulness as conductive slag agent. Although the higher addition of GGBFS has led to rising in relaxation time basically from 1.77e−4 to 2.95e−3 and based on Debye relaxation, the rising time in relaxation which was observed after the addition of GGBFS reveals better polarizability values 0.29–0.35 compared to control sample 0.26 by which both longer relaxation time and higher polarizability contribute to the ability of energy storage of modified papers. The conductive characteristics and improved qualities demonstrate these recyclable slag-modified papers present unique opportunities for emerging flexible, eco-friendly electronics, capacitors, electromagnetic shielding, and renewable energy storage applications. Overall, novel integration and characterization of slag waste for enhanced sustainable paper products pioneers an unexplored territory. © 2024 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.