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    Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and K-Humate Combined as Biostimulants: Changes in Antioxidant Defense System and Radical Scavenging Capacity inElaeagnus angustifolia
    (Springer International Publishing Ag, 2020) Torun, Hulya; Toprak, Bulent
    Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and potassium humate (KH) are separately known as significant biostimulants, but their combined effect on plants remains elusive. This study investigated the single and combined roles of AMF and KH on the antioxidant defense system in Russian olive (Elaeagnus angustifoliaL.) leaves. Soil below the seeds was inoculated with indigenous AMF spores (Funneliformis,Claroideoglomus; 500 spores per seed). The KH (1.5 g/ per 1 kg of seed) was applied during sowing. Growth, leaf-water ratio, chlorophyll fluorescence, lipid peroxidation, H(2)O(2)content, antioxidant enzymes, and antioxidant capacity were analyzed in treated and untreated plants. Combined AMF and KH applications had a greater recovery effect on vegetative organ growth than separate treatments. With combined treatment, plants maintained leaf water status and chlorophyll fluorescence, while peroxidation of lipid membranes and H(2)O(2)content was reduced. Moreover, increases in superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase activity prevented cellular damage from reactive oxygen species. Total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity values were remarkably higher in plants grown under the combined treatment. As a result, compared with their separate applications, a combination of AMF and KH enhanced the antioxidant defense system by increasing antioxidant enzymes and antioxidant capacity and, thus, could be used to enhance plant growth.
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    Early growth performance of mycorrhizae inoculated Taurus Cedar (Cedrus libani A. Rich.) seedlings in a nursery experiment conducted in inland part of Turkey
    (Taylor & Francis Inc, 2020) Toprak, Bulent
    Survival rate of seedlings planted in arid and semi-arid land parts of Turkey is low. New methods and techniques are needed to increase survival rate and growth performance of seedlings used in afforestation practices in the region. The aim of this study is to evaluate the growth performance of Taurus cedar (Cedrus libani A. Rich) seedlings receiving different mycorrhizae inoculation treatments. The experiment was conducted in the western part of Central Anatolia. Two commercial mycorrhizal cocktails were used for treatments in a completely randomized design experiment. Both ecto- and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were observed in the same root system of the seedlings after the mycorrhizal inoculation. But the relationship between ecto- and arbuscular mycorrhiza was antagonistic. Analysis of the data indicated that mycorrhizal colonization was effective on seedlings' morphological characteristics. The significant differences were detected for root collar diameter, shoot height, root length, specific needle area, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, shoot to root dry weight ratio, and Dickson quality index of seedling received different treatments. Mycorrhizae positively affected plant nutrition by increasing uptake of nutrients.
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    The Impact of Recreational Use on Land Cover at Uludag National Park (Turkey)
    (Istanbul Univ-Cerrahpasa, 2021) Uzun, Serir; Cakir, Gunay; Yildiz, Oktay; Aksoy, Necmi; Sarginci, Murat; Toprak, Bulent; Muderrisoglu, Haldun
    The intense pressure resulting from population growth and urbanization along with technology has created the need for utilizing natural areas for tourism and recreational purposes and has necessitated the protection, development, and planning of natural resources for people to benefit from. Due to the importance of determining temporal changes within the framework of the protection use balance, this study examined the changes occurring within the recreational areas of the Uludag National Park between the years 1970 and 2010 from human use. As a result of the recreational facilities offered to visitors, an average of 550 000 people benefits annually from the area, which was designated as a national park in 1961. The study included the camping and picnic sites of Sarialan, cobankaya, Kirazliyayla and Karabelen situated within the park and the ski site of the first development zone. High-resolution satellite images and aerial photographs of the areas at different dates were employed. The temporal changes in the selected areas were analyzed by digital image processing with the help of the geographic information system. Upon examining the impact of the recreational use changes occurring on the land cover, it was revealed that building areas had increased by 15 ha (2.57%), road areas by 21 ha (7.89%), and bare land areas by 67 ha (.53%), while the meadowland areas had decreased by 223 ha (119.37%). The forested areas had increased by 78 ha (48.93%), woodland areas by 79 ha (59.37%) and were not adversely affected, mainly due to the protection status of the park.
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    Leaf litter dynamics in Western Black Sea mountainous forest ecosystems
    (Canadian Science Publishing, 2021) Sarginci, Murat; Yıldız, Oktay; Tolunay, Doganay; Toprak, Bulent; Temur, Şule
    This study aimed to estimate leaf litter decomposition rates in eastern beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) and sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) mixed stands in Akcakoca in the province of Dueurozce, located in the Western Black Sea region of Turkey. The sampling areas represent four different elevations and two aspects at each elevation. Amounts of annual beech and chestnut litterfall were estimated at 5.19 and 4.61 Mg center dot ha-1, respectively. Litter decomposition was examined over five time periods (0.25, 0.50, 1.25, 2.25, and 4.25 years) by using the litterbag method. The mass of remaining beech leaf litter was found to be 1.1, 1.2, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.3 times greater than the mass of chestnut leaf litter, respectively. However, estimated values for the decomposition rate constant (k) of chestnut for all time periods were found to be approximately 1.5 times greater than those of beech leaf litter. Litter in beech stands decomposed more rapidly at higher elevations during the first year but at lower elevations during the second year, likely due to increased temperature and precipitation for the corresponding years. Leaf litter in chestnut stands decomposed more rapidly at lower elevations in the second and fourth years, reflecting higher precipitation for those years.
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    Variations in the water potential of stem xylem in Russian olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia) seedlings treated with mycorrhizal fungi under drought conditions
    (Univ Belgrade, Inst Botany & Botanical Garden, 2020) Toprak, Bulent
    Measures must be taken to reduce the stress caused by water scarcity, which is the greatest obstacle to increasing the success of afforestation in arid areas. Precautions such as site preparation and species change do not ensure sufficient benefits. For this, it is necessary to try alternative methods such as using mycorrhization of seedlings for afforestation. The aim of the present study was to obtain Russian olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia) seedlings with high resistance to water stress and ascertain the effects of mycorrhizae on the water potential of water- stressed seedlings. Accordingly, we determined the water potentials of seedlings inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Reduction in soil water content caused a reduction in the water potential of seedlings in all treatment variants. Mycorrhization reduced stress by increasing the water potential of seedlings in drought conditions, thereby enhancing their resistance to water stress.