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Öğe Effects of foliar iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe 3 O 4 ) application on photosynthetic parameters, distribution of mineral elements, magnetic behaviour, and photosynthetic genes in tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme) plants(Elsevier France-Editions Scientifiques Medicales Elsevier, 2024) Tombuloglu, Guzin; Tombuloglu, Huseyin; Slimani, Yassine; Almessiere, Munirah A.; Baykal, Abdulhadi; Bostancioglu, Safiye Merve; Kirat, GokhanThis study aims to examine the effect of foliar magnetic iron oxide (Fe 3 O 4 ) nanoparticles (IONP) application on the physiology, photosynthetic parameters, magnetic character, and mineral element distribution of cherry tomatoes ( Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme ). The IONP suspension (500 mg L -1 ) was sprayed once (S1), twice (S2), thrice (S3), and four times (S4) a week on seedlings. Upon 21 days of the treatments, photosynthetic parameters (chlorophyll, carotenoids, photosynthetic yield, electron transport rate) were elucidated. Inductivelycoupled plasma -optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) were used to determine the mineral elements and abundance of magnetic power in the seedlings. In addition, the RTqPCR method was performed to quantify the expressions of photosystem-related ( PsaC , PsbP6 , and PsbQ ) and ferritin-coding ( Fer-1 and Fer-2 ) genes. Results revealed that the physiological and photosynthetic indices were improved upon S1 treatment. The optimal dosage of IONP spraying enhances chlorophyll, carotenoid, electron transport rate (ETR), and effective photochemical quantum yield of photosystem II (Y(II)) but substantially diminishes non -photochemical quenching (NPQ). However, frequent IONP applications (S2, S3, and S4) caused growth retardation and suppressed the photosynthetic parameters, suggesting a toxic effect of IONP in recurrent treatments. Fer-1 and Fer-2 expressions were strikingly increased by IONP applications, suggesting an attempt to neutralize the excess amount of Fe ions by ferritin. Nevertheless, frequent IONP treatment fluctuated the mineral distribution and caused growth inhibition. Although low -repeat foliar applications of IONP (S1 in this study) may help improve plant growth, consecutive applications (S2, S3, and S4) should be avoided.Öğe Formulation of Manganese Zinc Spinel Ferrite (Mn0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4) Nanoparticles for the Growth Promotion of Plants(Springer Int Publ Ag, 2023) Tombuloglu, Huseyin; Alsaeed, Moneerah; Slimani, Yassine; Demir-Korkmaz, Ayse; Tombuloglu, Guzin; Sozeri, Huseyin; Almessiere, Munirah A.This research investigates the uptake and potential contribution of engineered manganese-zinc (MnZn) spinel ferrite nanoparticles (Mn0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 NPs) to the growth performance of pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima L.). For this purpose, MnZn spinel ferrites were synthesized, and their structural, microstructural, and magnetic properties were determined. NPs (50, 100, 200, and 400 mg L-1) were applied to pumpkin seedlings in a hydroponic system for a week, and the root, stem, and leaf tissues were screened for NPs-uptake by using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM), and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). Besides, the effect of NPs treatments on some phenological parameters such as pigmentation, photosynthetic efficiency, and biomass was determined. The results showed that MnZn spinel ferrite treatment significantly increased Mn, Zn, and Fe content in the root, stem, and leaf. The Fe, Zn, and Mn content in the leaves increased by approximately 48, 67, and 20 times, respectively, when 400 mg L-1 was applied. Similarly, the magnitude of magnetization of root, stem, and leaf specimens confirmed the incorporation and translocation of magnetic NPs into plant tissues. Besides, the photosynthetic efficiency, pigmentation, and fresh weight were significantly enhanced, suggesting growth improvement by engineered NPs. NP concentrations for the most efficient plant growth were determined as 100 and 200 mg L-1. However, higher NP concentrations suppressed the growth due to the migration/translocation of excess NPs. These findings revealed the potential of engineered MnZn spinel ferrite NPs as nano-fertilizers to provide essential micronutrients, Mn, Zn, and Fe in this study. However, environmental concerns must be considered when using NPs at large scales.Öğe Magnetic Behavior and Nutrient Content Analyses of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Tissues upon CoNd0.2Fe1.8O4 Magnetic Nanoparticle Treatment(Springer International Publishing Ag, 2020) Tombuloglu, Huseyin; Slimani, Yassine; Alshammari, Thamer; Tombuloglu, Guzin; Almessiere, Munirah; Baykal, Abdulhadi; Demirci, TunaThis study investigates (i) in planta uptake and transfer of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) in the plant body and (ii) impact of MNPs on plant nutrition. For these purposes, barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seedlings were subjected by varied MNP doses (125 to 1000 mg L-1 of CoNd0.2Fe1.8O4) for 3 weeks in a hydroponic system. Plant tissues (root and leaf) were analyzed by using vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES) techniques to understand MNPs' uptake and translocation in the plant body, and plant nutrition status as well. Elemental composition and magnetic behavior analyses of plant parts proved that MNPs, sized in 8.4 +/- 0.05 nm, are uptaken by the plant roots and led to an increase in iron (Fe), neodymium (Nd), and cobalt (Co) contents of leaves (p < 0.005). However, compared with the untreated control, the amount of some macro- and micro-elements (K, Ca, Mg, Mn, and P) are declined in the leaf by increased MNP doses (p < 0.05). Root-to-leaf translocation index (%) of the elements were dramatically decreased, except the one for Fe which increased from 25 (control) to 55% in 1000 mg L-1 condition. Accordingly, MNPs are uptaken by the plant roots and transferred to the leaves. However, it suppresses the translocation of essential nutrients. This finding shows that MNPs used in this study is detrimental for plant mineral nutrition. Besides, the VSM technique coupled with ICP-OES enables to track MNPs in the plant body.Öğe The size of iron oxide nanoparticles determines their translocation and effects on iron and mineral nutrition of pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima L.)(Elsevier, 2022) Tombuloğlu, Hüseyin; Slimani, Yassine; Akhtar, Sultan; Alsaeed, Moneerah; Tombuloglu, Guzin; Almessiere, Munirah A.; Toprak, Muhammet S.The ability of nanoparticles (NPs) to migrate in the plant body is an important issue to ensure that the NPs reach the desired tissue and to be able to select the most efficient NPs for agricultural applications. In this study, the size impact of four different iron oxide NPs (8-10, 18-20, 20-40, and 30-50 nm referred as NP10, NP20, NP30, and NP40, respectively) on their translocation in pumpkin was elucidated. To assess the root-to-shoot trans -location, phloem sap was examined under transmission electron microscope (TEM). In addition, vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrophotometry (ICP-OES) analyses of stem and leaf tissues were performed to confirm size-dependent translocation. TEM and VSM analyses verified root-to-stem translocation of all tested NPs. The NPs treatment significantly altered the abundances of Mn, Cu, K, P, Al, Mg, and Na in tissues. The iron (Fe) content was abundant in plants treated with NP30 and NP20, and the lowest in plants treated with NP10 and NP40. Together with, only NP30 was found to be significantly trans -located to the leaves, where it was 393 mg/kg in DW, about 2.3 times that of control. These findings pointed out the size-dependent translocation of NPs. It seems that biological barriers in the vascular bundle appear to restrict the migration, especially for NPs with an average size of 40 nm and above in pumpkins. These findings are important for selecting the most suitable size of iron oxide NPs for use in agricultural practices.Öğe Uptake and bioaccumulation of iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4) in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.): effect of particle-size(Springer Heidelberg, 2024) Tombuloglu, Guzin; Aldahnem, Anwar; Tombuloglu, Huseyin; Slimani, Yassine; Akhtar, Sultan; Hakeem, Khalid Rehman; Almessiere, Munirah A.Root-to-shoot translocation of nanoparticles (NPs) is a matter of interest due to their possible unprecedented effects on biota. Properties of NPs, such as structure, surface charge or coating, and size, determine their uptake by cells. This study investigates the size effect of iron oxide (Fe3O4) NPs on plant uptake, translocation, and physiology. For this purpose, Fe3O4 NPs having about 10 and 100 nm in average sizes (namely NP10 and NP100) were hydroponically subjected to barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in different doses (50, 100, and 200 mg/L) at germination (5 days) and seedling (3 weeks) stages. Results revealed that particle size does not significantly influence the seedlings' growth but improves germination. The iron content in root and leaf tissues gradually increased with increasing NP10 and NP100 concentrations, revealing their root-to-shoot translocation. This result was confirmed by vibrating sample magnetometry analysis, where the magnetic signals increased with increasing NP doses. The translocation of NPs enhanced chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, suggesting their contribution to plant pigmentation. On the other hand, catalase activity and H2O2 production were higher in NP10-treated roots compared to NP100-treated ones. Besides, confocal microscopy revealed that NP10 leads to cell membrane damages. These findings showed that Fe3O4 NPs were efficiently taken up by the roots and transported to the leaves regardless of the size factor. However, small-sized Fe3O4 NPs may be more reactive due to their size properties and may cause cell stress and membrane damage. This study may help us better understand the size effect of NPs in nanoparticle-plant interaction.
