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Öğe The effect of stumping back on survival and growth of planted Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl(Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2007) Çiçek, Emrah; Tilki, FahrettinEffects of stumping back on the performance of browsed or poorly developing Fraxinus angustifolia seedlings were investigated in the present study. One year old bareroot seedlings of F. angustifolia were planted at a spacing of 2x2 m in March, 2004. Most of the growing seedlings were damaged by heavy animal browsing or grew poor in the first growing season. At the end of the first vegetation period a randomized block design with three replications were designed to evaluate the effect of stumping back on the performance of F. angustifolia seedlings. The treatments were (A) undamaged seedlings with good growth (shoot increment >20 cm) not stumped back, (B) undamaged seedlings with poor growth (shoot increment <5 cm) stumped back and (C) damaged seedlings by heavy animal browsing stumped back at 8 cm above the root collar in December 2004. Singling was done in stumped back plants in mid-May 2005 and a healthy straight stem was left. It was found that stumping back significantly increased growth of poorly developing or heavy browsed seedlings and didn't reduce survival after two growing seasons following stumping back in December 2006. © 2007 Asian Network for Scientific Information.Öğe Effects of land-use regime on soil erodibility indices and soil properties in Unye, Turkey(Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2007) Yılmaz, Murat; Usta, Ayhan; Altun, Lokman; Tilki, FahrettinWe evaluated the effects of land-use regime on soil erodibility indices and several soil properties in forested, deforested, and cultivated areas in the village of Unye, Turkey. Twelve sample plots (spaced 150 m apart) with northern aspects were established in each land-use regime, and samples were taken at soil depths of 0-20, 20-50, and 50-80 cm. Soil organic matter (SOM), soil reaction (pH), total lime (CaCO3) texture (sand, silt, and clay), dispersion ratio (DR), erosion ratio (ER), colloid-moisture equivalent ratio (C-MER), structural stability index (SSI), field capacity (FC), wilting point (WP), and available water capacity (AWC) were analyzed. The average (of the three soil depths) AWC, FC, and WP values were not affected by the site, although site, soil depth, or both significantly affected other analyzed soil variables. Deforestation and subsequent tillage practices resulted in an almost 20% decrease in clay content, a 33% decrease in SOM, a 15% decrease in AWC, a 51% decrease in total CaCO3, a 24% decrease in SSI, a 60% increase in DR, and a 98% increase in ER relative to undisturbed forest soil. At cultivated and forested sites, the ER and DR increased with increasing soil depth. At deforested sites, ER and DR were lowest at 50-80 cm. SOM was the highest at 0-20 cm in the forested sites. Decreasing SOM, clay content, and SSI, as well as increasing DR and ER were outcomes of deforestation. These results indicate that the conversion of forest into cropland deteriorates some soil properties, especially SOM and SSI, and alters the stability of soil aggregates, thus increasing the susceptibility of deforested sites to erosion.Öğe Effects of spacing and post-planting treatments on survival and growth of Fraxinus angustifolia seedlings(Triveni Enterprises, 2010) Çiçek, Emrah; Yılmaz, Faruk; Tilki, Fahrettin; Çiçek, NurtenThis study was conducted at a bottomland hardwood site with heavy textured soil in Akyazi, Turkey to determine the effect of initial spacing (3.0 x 3.0, 3.0 x 2.0, 2.5 x 1.6 and 2.5 x 1.2 m) and post-planting treatments (untreated check, moving, hoeing, disking, and hoeing plus disking) on early survival and growth,of Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl. One-year old bare-root seedlings (70 +/- 5 cm in height) were hand-planted in December 2004. Through three years survival was perfect with a rate of 98% in all treatments. Spacing and the interaction between spacing and post-planting treatment did not significantly affect seedling growth through three years. However, height and diameter growth increased overtime and differed significantly among post-planting treatments. The hoeing and hoeing plus disking treatments gave the highest growth, and resulted in about 31% increase in diameter and height increment, and in total diameter and height about 20%. These results suggest that post-planting treatments on bottomland sites with heavy textured soil give promising results.Öğe Influence of stratification on seed germination of Pterocarya fraxinifolia (Poiret) spach, a relic tree species(Academic Journals Inc., 2008) Çiçek, Emrah; Tilki, FahrettinIn the present study, the effect of stratification on the germination of Pterocarya fraxinifolia seed was studied. Collected seeds were cold stratified without a medium at moist low temperature for 0, 3, 5 and 7 weeks at a constant temperature of 4±1°C or warm stratified for 3 weeks at 20°C for 8 h and 4°C for 16 h (20/4°C). After each stratification duration, the seeds were placed in a germination chamber at a temperature regime of 8 h at 30°C plus 16 h at 20°C (30/20) in darkness and Germination Percentages (GP) and germination rates (PV) were determined. 3, 5 or 7 weeks of cold stratification without a medium broke the seed dormancy and produced more than 90% germination. Germination rate was the highest after 5 or 7 weeks of cold stratification. The present study reveals that Pterocarya fraxinifolia has seed dormancy and 5 weeks of cold stratification without a medium is necessary to maximize seed germination percentage and germination rate. © 2008 Academic Journals Inc.Öğe Seed size effects on germination, survival and seedling growth of Castanea sativa mill(Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2007) Çiçek, Emrah; Tilki, FahrettinThe effects of seed size on seed germination, and seedling survival and growth of Castanea sativa were studied in this study. The seeds were classified into small (< 5 g), medium (5-8 g) and large (> 8 g) classes. Germination parameters were significantly related to seed weight and large seeds germinated early and showed better germination than small seeds under laboratory conditions. Survival percentage and various morphological traits of the seedlings were investigated at the end of first growing season in nursery bed. It was found that seed size significantly affected seedling emergence, seedling survival, shoot height, root collar diameter and seedling dry weight but did not significantly affect shoot/root ratio and the average numbers of roots. Thus, it can be concluded that large seeds in C. sativa have better germination and survival, and the larger the seed, the larger the average seedling would be in seedling diameter, height and dry weight. © 2007 Asian Network for Scientific Information.Öğe Three-year growth comparison between rooted cuttings and seedlings of Fraxinus angustifolia and Ulmus laevis(2010) Çiçek, Emrah; Tilki, Fahrettin; Özbayram, Ali Kemal; Çetin, BilalEarly field growth of Fraxinus angustifolia and Ulmus laevis rooted cuttings was compared with that of seedlings using annual measurements collected during three years at a bottomland site in Adapazarı, Turkey. Two stock types (seedlings & rooted cuttings) were sorted by stock height (small, 45-55 cm; medium, 75-85 cm; large, 105-115 cm) and then planted. A two factorial (stock type & stock size) randomized block design with three blocks was used for each species. After three seasons of field growth, more than 99% of the plants had survived, irrespective of stock type in each species. Height and diameter increments of the rooted cutting of narrow-leaved ash at the end of third year were higher than that of seedlings. The heights of rooted cuttings and seedlings averaged 232 and 208 cm, respectively. However, height and diameter increments of white elm seedlings were higher than that of rooted cuttings. After three seasons of field growth, the heights of rooted cuttings and seedlings of white elm averaged 221 and 269 cm, respectively. Stock size and the interaction between stock type and stock size had no effect on three years growth variables in both species. © 2010, INSInet Publication.
