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    Abuse potential assessment of propofol by its subjective effects after sedation
    (Professional Medical Publications, 2014) Tezcan, Aysu Hayriye; Örnek, Dilşen Hatice; Özlü, Onur; Baydar, Mustafa; Yavuz, Nurcan; Özaslan, Nihal Gökbulut; Keske, Aylin
    Objective: In this study, we examined the euphoric effect of propofol and its high satisfaction ratio regarding its liability to be abused, particularly in painless procedures, such as colonoscopy. Methods: Fifty subjects aged between 18 and 65 years who fulfilled the criteria for ASA 1-2 and were prepared for colonoscopy were enrolled into this study. For intravenous sedation induction, 2 mg/kg propofol was used, and additional injections were administered according to BIS values. After colonoscopy, the subjects were taken to a recovery room and observed for 30 minutes. Patients were interviewed with the modified Brice questionnare regarding the incidence and the content of dreams. A 5-point Likert scale was used to classify their dreams, and the content of the dreams was also recorded. To assess the subjective effects of propofol, the patients were asked to use the Hall and Van der Castle emotion scale; their biological states were also assessed. The patients' feelings regarding propofol were each rated as absent or present. We used the Morphine-Benzedrine Group scale to measure the euphoric effects of propofol. At the end of the study, subjects scored their satisfaction on a five-point scale. Results: There were no statistically significant differences in sex age, weight, propofol dose, or satisfaction ratio (p > 0.05) in the groups, although male patients received a higher dose of propofol and had higher satisfaction ratio. Patients reported no residual after-effects. The incidence of dreaming was 42%. There was no statistically significant difference in dreaming between the sexes, but male patients had a higher dreaming ratio. Dreamers received higher propofol doses and had a higher satisfaction ratio (p > 0.05). All dreamers reported happy dreams regarding daily life, and their mean MBG score was 10.5. There was no correlation between MBG scores and propofol doses (r = -0.044, p = 0.761). Conclusions: We conclude that propofol functions as a reward; that patients enjoy its acute effects; and that no residual after-effects should arise. We suggest that propofol may carry potential for abuse, and further abuse liability testing is indicated.
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    Locomotor stimulation by acute propofol administration in rats: Role of the nitrergic system
    (Polish Acad Sciences Inst Pharmacology, 2015) Tezcan, Aysu Hayriye; Özçetin, Ayşe; Özlü, Onur; Çevreli, Burcu; Uzbay, Tayfun
    Background: The addictive potential of propofol has been scientifically discussed. Drugs' psychostimulant properties that can be assessed via measurements of locomotor activity are linked to their addictive properties. No studies that have investigated the effects of propofol on locomotor activity have been reported to date. The present study sought to investigate the effects and possible mechanisms of action of propofol on locomotor activity in rats. Methods: Adult male albino Wistar rats (250-330 g) were used as subjects. The locomotor activities of the rats were recorded for 30 min immediately following intraperitoneal administration of propofol (20 and 40 mg/kg), saline or vehicle (n = 8 for each group). NG-nitro arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 15-60 mg/kg), a nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor, and haloperidol (0.125-5 mg/kg), a non-specific dopamine receptor antagonist, were also administered to other groups of rats 30 min prior to the propofol (40 mg/kg) injections, and locomotor activity was recorded for 30 min immediately after propofol administration (n = 8 for each group). Results: Propofol produced significant increases in the locomotor activities of the rats in the first 5 min of the observation period [F(2,21) = 9.052; p <0.001]. L-NAME [F(4,35) = 3.112; p = 0.02] but not haloperidol [F(4,35) = 2.440; p = 0.067] pretreatment blocked the propofol-induced locomotor hyperactivity. L-NAME did not cause any significant change in locomotor activity in naive rats [F(2,21) = 0.569; p = 0.57]. Conclusions: Our results suggest that propofol might cause a short-term induction of locomotor activity in rats and that this effect might be related to nitrergic but not dopaminergic mechanisms. (C) 2015 Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier Sp. z.o.o. All rights reserved.