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    Balancing cost-efficiency and sustainability in offshore hybrid renewable energy systems: A case study of Palau River
    (Elsevier, 2025) Terkes, Musa; Syarif, Muhammad Rizqi Asy; Demirci, Alpaslan; Ozturk, Zafer; Gokalp, Erdin; Cali, Umit
    Increasing environmental concerns and regulations on carbon emissions necessitate the development of economically viable and sustainable renewable energy systems. In this context, comprehensively evaluating solar PV-based hybrid energy systems under carbon tax (CT) scenarios is critically important. This study comparatively analyzes the cost-effectiveness, sustainability, and economic impacts of carbon taxation on both grid-connected and off-grid system configurations. Specifically, the effects of a CT on the costs of grid-connected system architectures are examined in detail, and cost reduction rates at various CTs are presented. By comparing different configurations in terms of technical performance and environmental benefits, optimal sizing strategies are determined to balance cost and carbon emissions. The results indicate that CT implementation provides a cost advantage in grid-connected systems, leading to a reduction in total system costs by approximately 15-22 %. Moreover, hybrid systems demonstrate significant improvements in environmental sustainability. These findings clearly highlight a critical role of CT policies in renewable energy integration and the economic and environmental benefits of hybrid energy systems.
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    Can Electric Vehicle Charging Stations Be Carbon Neutral With Solar Renewables?
    (Ieee-Inst Electrical Electronics Engineers Inc, 2025) Demirci, Alpaslan; Ozturk, Zafer; Terkes, Musa; Tercan, Said Mirza; Yumurtaci, Recep; Cali, Umit
    In line with sustainable energy and environmental targets, the share of electric vehicles in the automobile market is expected to reach 80%. On the other hand, unplanned electric vehicle charging station installation for EV charging demands and high dependency rates on the distribution grid may adversely affect grid reliability, energy costs, and environmental targets. This article investigates whether electric vehicle charging stations can achieve carbon neutrality through strategic techno-economic integration with solar renewables. Furthermore, an exhaustive analysis investigated achieving carbon neutrality via integrating energy storage systems with photovoltaics, factoring in investment costs and carbon taxes. The findings indicate a significant potential for reducing grid dependency by up to 54.3%. Implementing a more stringent carbon tax has facilitated a notable enhancement in energy storage system capacity, increasing the self-consumption rate by 72% and declining carbon emissions by 25.55%. Self-consumption decreases by 30% during high charging demand in the morning and evening hours, leading to increased dependency on the grid and emphasizing the critical requirement for improved strategies to reduce carbon emissions. Despite the significant investment required for energy storage systems, a gradual increase in carbon taxes has effectively reduced the grid's dependency by up to 34.7%. Moreover, decreases in storage costs can increase the decline in grid dependency by an additional 18%. Despite the integration of energy storage systems, the ambitious zero carbon target remains unattainable due to the existing installation area constraints of EV charging stations. This study can help policies that align with global efforts to mitigate climate change, enhance energy security, optimize costs, drive technological innovation, and meet increasing demands for sustainable policies.
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    Effects of Wind Turbine Height Variation on Hybrid Power System Feasibility
    (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2024) Öztürk, Zafer; Terkes, Musa; Andic, Cenk; Öztürk, Ali; Türkay, Belgin Emre
    In carbon neutrality plans, hybrid power systems (HPS) are critical to the growing popularity of prosumers. For regions with higher wind potential, a sensitive study of wind energy in optimization frameworks with different objective functions will enhance competition against the dominant solar market. In this study, HPSs located at various case areas with higher wind potential are optimally sized for community electricity consumption and minimum cost objectives. The feasibility results of the optimum sizes are evaluated for the effects of increasing wind turbine (WT) hub heights considering flexible and constrained electricity sales. The results show that higher WT heights in Gemlik and -anakkale will optimize performance. It has also been proven that higher WT heights will increase carbon emissions up to 930.1 tons/yr, while restricting electricity sales by 40% will increase the excess electricity by up to 21.4% and reduce the renewable fraction by up to 7.5%. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
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    Optimal planning of hybrid power systems under economic variables and different climatic regions: A case study of Türkiye
    (Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2024) Ozturk, Zafer; Terkes, Musa; Demirci, Alpaslan
    Renewable energy-based hybrid power systems (HPS), proposed based on demand in the transition to clean energy-indexed societies, are high-potential investments. However, cost-based optimal sizing and feasibility analyses are complicated due to unforeseen variables and do not guarantee a reliable and robust optimization framework. This study optimizes minimum-cost HPS planning for diverse loads across varied climates and economic conditions, providing holistic comparisons of technical, financial, and environmental viability. According to the analysis, fluctuating economic structure emphasizes that unsubsidized hybrid power system installations are inefficient, the severe imbalance between inflation and interest rates limits the benefits of hybrid power systems and creates an uncertain investment environment for stakeholders. The gradual increase in interest rates to limit inflation has created a more viable renewable energy investment environment, while payback periods are reduced to 7.21 years. Even under identical economic conditions, the renewable fraction of energy in regions with high solar potential can be up to 25 % higher than in regions with less potential. Moreover, payback periods can vary up to 6 years, depending on the variability in solar generation and load profiles. Considering the significant impact of economic uncertainty on HPS investments, optimization plans that reduce investment risks will be helpful to stakeholders.
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    Optimal planning of solar PV-based electric vehicle charging stations empowered by energy storage system: Feasibility and green charge potential
    (Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2025) Ozturk, Zafer; Demirci, Alpaslan; Terkes, Musa; Yumurtaci, Recep
    The rapid growth of electric vehicle (EV) adoption and declining photovoltaic (PV) costs have accelerated global efforts to integrate renewables into EV charging infrastructure. In emerging economies like T & uuml;rkiye, these developments pose both opportunities and challenges due to limited PV installation areas, variable charging demand, and the capital-intensive nature of energy storage systems (ESS). This study presents a techno-economic and environmental optimization of hybrid solar-powered EV charging stations (EVCS) across 12 climatically diverse Turkish cities. Results show that with flexible PV sizing and moderate demand, grid dependency can be reduced by up to 66.7%, while the renewable fraction (RF) can reach 89%. In high-irradiance regions (>4.5 kWh/m(2)/day), ESS becomes economically viable below $150/kWh, achieving discount payback periods under 10 years. Conversely, in areas with limited space and high demand, RF may drop to 16%, increasing grid reliance and CO2 emissions. Cities like & Idot;zmir and Gaziantep demonstrate 23% lower energy costs than less favorable locations like Trabzon, emphasizing climate impacts. The study offers a replicable framework for planning efficient, low-carbon EVCS tailored to regional conditions, supporting policymakers, utilities, and investors in advancing T & uuml;rkiye's energy transition and decarbonization strategies.
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    Optimal sizing and feasibility analysis of second-life battery energy storage systems for community microgrids considering carbon reduction
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2023) Terkes, Musa; Ozturk, Zafer; Demirci, Alpaslan; Tercan, Said Mirza
    The rapid development of distributed renewable energy has made energy storage essential for efficient operation. However, energy storage is challenging for prosumers due to high investment costs and long payback periods. The second use of batteries has been evaluated as an alternative energy storage after the first service in electric vehicles with the remaining 80% capacity. This study investigates the feasibility of using secondary-use batteries as shared storage for prosumers. Financial and technical break-even points regarding the gradually increasing carbon limit on the way to 100% renewable have been determined. The proposed method's performance has been verified by conducting sensitivity analyses regarding various environmental and economic characteristics. The self-consumption rates have been achieved by 65.9% in Spain (Madrid) and 49.9% in England (London), and 48.5% in Turkiye (Antalya) without incentive. Increasing the carbon tax by 1 $/t for high and low energy tariffs can reduce carbon emissions by 181.3 and 1607 kg/yr. The optimum sizes remain until the carbon tax threshold is 60 $/tCO2eq for high energy tariffs. After 60 $/tCO2eq, it is tended to enlarge the hybrid power system. However, severe carbon emission restriction for zero carbon targets prevents the optimum system design since the carbon reduction cost increases to 232.7-304.8 $/kg. This study encourages investors and prosumers to plan the shared energy storage system sensibly and guides governments to develop realistic incentive mechanisms to implement second-life batteries effectively.