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    Comparing the emergence of Echinochloa crus-galli populations in different locations. Part II: similarities and threshold parameters
    (Wiley, 2022) Royo-Esnal, Aritz; Onofri, Andrea; Taab, Alireza; Loddo, Donato; Necajeva, Jevgenija; Uludağ, Ahmet; Synowiec, Agnieszka
    The variability in the emergence process of different populations was confirmed for two Echinochloa crus-galli populations, one from Italy (IT) and the second from Norway (NO). Seeds were sown in 12 localities over Europe and the Middle East, and the emergence patterns of IT and NO were compared with those of several local populations at each location. Seeds of each population were sown in pots buried to the ground level. The base temperature (T-b) for emergence was estimated by (1) analysing logistic models applied to the field emergence of IT and NO, and (2) a germination assay set in winter 2020 at constant temperatures (8, 11, 14, 17, 20, 26, 29 degrees C) with newly collected seeds in 2019 from the same fields where IT and NO had previously been harvested in 2015. The logistic models developed for IT and NO in each location showed that the emergence pattern of IT was similar to that of the local populations in Poland, Italy, Spain, Turkey South and Iran, while NO fitted better to those in Sweden and Latvia. No germination was obtained for IT in a germination chamber, but the estimated T-b with the logistic model was 11.2 degrees C. For NO, the estimated T-b was 8.8 degrees C in the germination chamber and 8.1 degrees C in the field. Results suggest that adaptation to local environmental conditions has led to inter-population differences in T-b and parameter estimates of thermal-time models to predict the emergence of E. crus-galli should only be used for populations with similar climatic and habitat conditions.
  • Küçük Resim
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    Phenological development of barnyard grass plants originating from different geographical locations
    (Wiley, 2022) Necajeva, Jevgenija; Royo-Esnal, Aritz; Loddo, Donato; Jensen, Peter; Taab, Alireza; Synowiec, Agnieszka; Uludağ, Ahmet
    Barnyard grass [Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv] is a competitive C-4 weed species that is widely distributed throughout the world. Although it originated in warm climatic conditions, currently, it is found in Europe as far north as Norway. This study aimed to compare the phenological development of plants from different climatic conditions in varying environmental conditions. To represent the contrasting climatic conditions within Europe, seeds were collected in Norway and Italy, and distributed to the study participants, to be sown at 10 different sites as two common populations. In addition to that, seeds of two to three local populations were collected near each of the sites. The development of the plants was monitored in a pot experiment set up under field conditions. The time to reach heading in the first year of the experiment was 77.6% faster (ranging from 45.9 to 98.3% on average) in the Norwegian than in the Italian population. However, in the leaf development stage, the difference between the common populations was smaller by, 23.5% on average (0-46.7%) and was mostly not significant. Our results indicate that different E. crus-galli ecotypes, characterized by differences in their phenological development, evolved within the distribution area of this species in Europe. However, the early development of the plants progressed with negligible differences between populations. The findings reported here can be used to adapt existing models from one region to regions with different climatic conditions for use in decision support systems and for research into plant population dynamics.