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    Adapting nature's own solution: The effect of rhamnolipid and lytic bacteriophage cocktail on enteric pathogens that proliferate in mucilage
    (Elsevier Ltd, 2024) Kaşkatepe, B.; Erol, H.B.; Sönmez, V.Z.; Arikan, M.; Unal, E.M.; Keskin, E.; Sivri, N.
    The mucilage event witnessed in the Sea of Marmara in 2021 has emerged as a prominent environmental concern, capturing public attention due to its detrimental effects on ecological, economic, and aesthetic dimensions. Addressing the multifaceted impacts of mucilage demands a nature-centric scientific approach, given its global ramifications spanning economy, public health, international relations, and tourism. Consequently, this study sought to explore alternative approaches for the removal of pathogenic enteric bacteria associated with mucilage occurrences, diverging from conventional methodologies. Specifically, the primary objective was to assess the efficacy of rhamnolipid and a bacteriophage cocktail in mitigating the proliferation of enteric pathogens within mucilaginous environments. During the study, 91 phage isolations were obtained from 45 water samples taken and 10 phages were selected for the broad host range and because of the efficacy tests, a phage cocktail was created with 5 phages. It was found that the mixture of rhamnolipid, phage cocktail and rhamnolipid-phage cocktail reduced bacterial load by 7–9 log10, 9–12 log10 and 9–11 log10 respectively under laboratory conditions. When the study was carried out in seawater, reductions of 4–5 log10, 3 log10 and 4 log10 were achieved. This study has shown that the combined use of rhamnolipid, phage cocktail and rhamnolipid-phage cocktail can be considered as the most effective natural solution proposal for reducing bacterial load, both in laboratory conditions and in sea surface water. © 2024 Elsevier Ltd
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    Can the combination index be used as a new perspective in characterizing the toxicity of metal mixtures?
    (Springer, 2025) Sonmez, V. Z.; Akarsu, C.; Altay, M. C.; Ercan, N.; Sivri, N.
    Investigating the characterization of toxicity from new perspective requires considering the multiple interactions between different toxicants and moving beyond the traditional indices. Therefore, in this study, it is aimed to address these shortcomings by investigating the toxicological effects of nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co) and iron (Fe) both individually and in binary and ternary combinations by focusing on the inhibition of bioluminescence of Aliivibrio fischeri and Daphnia magna as the test organisms. The toxicity of the metals was categorized according to the index methods: Combination Index (CI), Toxicity Unit (TU), Mixture Toxicity Index (MTI) and modelling techniques: Concentration Addition (CA) and Independent Action (IA) models for prediction the EC50 values. Consequently, toxicity showed antagonistic effects at lower levels within the binary and ternary mixtures of Ni, Co, and Fe, while a synergistic toxicity was determined by the Ni-Co mixture, particularly at higher concentrations. These findings highlight that the CI can be used as a comprehensive tool to accurately assess chemical interactions in environmental toxicology. Particularly noteworthy is the effectiveness of the CI-isobologram equation as a suitable approach to assess the toxicological effects of metal interactions on A. fischeri.
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    An overview of the occurrence and distribution of plastics in wastewater treatment plants and the necessity of developing up-to-date management strategies
    (Cambridge University Press, 2023) Akarsu, Ceyhun; Sonmez, V. Zulal; Sivri, N.
    Although studies suggest that wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are the main pathway for plastics into receiving waters, studies on the origin and fate of plastics entering WWTPs are imprecise and largely unexplored. The analysis of plastics in samples from WWTPs is also a relatively young and growing field compared with the marine environment. Furthermore, recent studies have shown that plastics are not uniformly distributed in WWTPs due to environmental factors and the inherent properties of plastics. Accordingly, this review article attempts to describe the current state of knowledge on plastic pollution in WWTPs and identify future research areas. In particular, this study describes the sources of plastics entering WWTPs and the analytical techniques used for the occurrence and properties of plastics in WWTPs. It also defines the role of these plastics as a possible source of microplastics and discusses the problems they can cause in WWTPs. The factors that can influence the variations in the number of plastics are defined. Furthermore, the policy needs for managing plastic pollution as a contribution to achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals are assessed. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.