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    Environmental tolerance of entomopathogenic nematodes differs among nematodes arising from host cadavers versus aqueous suspension
    (Academic Press Inc Elsevier Science, 2020) Gulzar, Sehrish; Usman, Muhammad; Wakil, Waqas; Gulcu, Baris; Hazir, Canan; Karagoz, Mehmet; Shapiro-Ilan, David I.
    Environmental factors such as temperature and desiccation impact the survival and efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs). Most studies on environmental tolerance have focused on EPNs applied in aqueous suspension. Another approach for EPN application is via infected host cadavers. Emergence in host cadavers is also more representative of nematodes in natural populations. In prior studies, certain advantages in fitness have been observed with the cadaver application approach relative to aqueous application, yet the impact of environmental stress on these approaches requires investigation. In this study, we compared the effects of various temperatures (heat and cold) and desiccation intervals (48 and 72 hr) on the survival, virulence and reproductive capacity of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Steinernema glaseri when applied via cadaver versus aqueous suspension. In the heat tolerance bioassays, following exposure to 30 degrees C, 35 degrees C and 37. 5 degrees C, nematodes (from both species) in the cadaver treatments exhibited higher survival, and reproductive capacity compared with aqueous application. No survival was observed above 37.5 degrees C regardless of species or application approach. In cold tolerance, no differences were observed between the cadaver and aqueous treatments after a sequence of exposures from 10 degrees C to -2 degrees C. In desiccation assays, following exposure to 85% relative humidity for 2 or 3 days, nematodes (from both species) exhibited higher survival and reproduction in the cadaver treatment than in the aqueous treatment, whereas no differences were observed in virulence. This is the first study to find differential stress tolerance among nematodes emerged from infected host cadavers versus those applied in aqueous suspension. Our findings indicate additional advantages when using the cadaver approach for biocontrol applications, and suggest EPNs existing in natural populations may have broader environmental tolerance than those applied via aqueous suspension.