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    COMPARATIVE MORPHOLOGICAL, ANATOMICAL AND HABITAT STUDIES ON DACTYLORHIZA ROMANA (SEB.) SOO SUBSP ROMANA AND DACTYLORHIZA ROMANA (SEB.) SOO SUBSP GEORGICA (KLINGE) SOO EX RENZ & TAUB. (ORCHIDACEAE) IN TURKEY
    (Pakistan Botanical Soc, 2012) Çakır, Ernaz Altundağ; Sevgi, Ece; Kara, Ömer; Sevgi, Orhan; Tecimen, Hüseyin Barış; Bolat, İlyas
    In this study, 2 subspecies; Dactylorhiza romana (Seb.) Soo subsp. romana and Dactylorhiza romana (Seb.) Soo subsp. georgica (Klinge) Soo ex Renz & Taub. mainly distributed in Turkey were investigated in terms of morphological, anatomical characters and habitat properties. Plant and soil samples of D. romana subsp. romana were taken from 9 localities and D. romana subsp. georgica from 7 localities in Turkey. We observed that some of morphological characters such as; underground part length, tuber length, the longest leaf width, and bract length had different properties between both subspecies. Cross sections of the leaves, stems, tubers and roots were taken by free-hand and stained with Sartur solution and Safranin. The same procedure was performed for the surface sections of leaves and stern. Stomatal and epidermal cells, starch granules dimensions, lengths of raphides, stomata index, and cuticular thickness were measured. Anatomical characters of leaves such as cuticle thickness and stomata index displayed between two subspecies. Although D. romana subsp. georgica grows in high altitudes, D. romana subsp. romana prefers lower altitudes. The most common habitat of D. romana is meadow, macchie and forest lands. We obtained that both of them had similar soil properties, while the differencies came out by habitat properties. Morphological and habitat characters were compared with independent-T test.
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    Comparative morphological, anatomical and habitat studies on Dactylorhiza romana (Seb.) Soó subsp. romana and Dactylorhiza romana (seb.) Soó subsp. georgica (Klinge) Soó ex Renz & Taub. (Orchidaceae) in Turkey
    (2012) Çakır, Ernaz Altundağ; Sevgi, Ece; Kara, Ömer; Sevgi, Orhan; Tecimen, Hüseyin Barış; Bolat, İlyas
    In this study, 2 subspecies; Dactylorhiza romana (Seb.) Soó subsp. romana and Dactylorhiza romana (Seb.) Soó subsp. georgica (Klinge) Soó ex Renz & Taub. mainly distributed in Turkey were investigated in terms of morphological, anatomical characters and habitat properties. Plant and soil samples of D. romana subsp. romana were taken from 9 localities and D. romana subsp. georgica from 7 localities in Turkey. We observed that some of morphological characters such as; underground part length, tuber length, the longest leaf width, and bract length had different properties between both subspecies. Cross sections of the leaves, stems, tubers and roots were taken by free-hand and stained with Sartur solution and Safranin. The same procedure was performed for the surface sections of leaves and stem. Stomatal and epidermal cells, starch granules dimensions, lengths of raphides, stomata index, and cuticular thickness were measured. Anatomical characters of leaves such as cuticle thickness and stomata index displayed between two subspecies. Although D. romana subsp. georgica grows in high altitudes, D. romana subsp. romana prefers lower altitudes. The most common habitat of D. romana is meadow, macchie and forest lands. We obtained that both of them had similar soil properties, while the differencies came out by habitat properties. Morphological and habitat characters were compared with independent-T test.
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    COMPARISON OF SPECIES RICHNESS AND DIVERSITY AT NATURAL STANDS AND PLANTATIONS OF STONE PINE (&ITPINUS PINEA&IT L.)
    (Pakistan Botanical Soc, 2017) Tecimen, Hüseyin Barış; Sevgi, Orhan; Akkaya, Muhammet; Sevgi, Ece; Hançer, Çağla Kızılarslan; Çakır, Ernaz Altundağ
    In recent years, plantation areas are criticized for the reduction of species diversity and deterioration of habitat quality. The effects of stone pine (Pinus pinea L.) plantations on species diversity were investigated in this study to enlighten the situation. A total of 73 sample areas were investigated from north western Turkey (Biga-Canakkale) region, including 25 native and 48 plantation areas. Taxa of the sample areas were identified and species diversity and similarity analysis was performed. We found significantly lower number of plant species at plantation areas than natural areas at Pekmezli (4 yr old stand) and Kargi Ciftligi (25 yr old stand) blocks with p values 0.016 and 0.005 respectively. Shannon-Wiener index values of plantation areas were found to be 3.04 and 3.23 with p values 0.027 and 0.007 in Pekmezli and Kargi Ciftligi respectively. The Sorensen similarity analysis showed that, there was a higher similarity pattern in natural areas than in plantation areas. It was concluded that the plantation activities only in the areas of Pekmezli and Kargi Ciftligi negatively affected the number of species and diversity index values.
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    Comparison of species richness and diversity at natural stands and plantations of stone pine (Pinus pinea l.)
    (Pakistan Botanical Society, 2017) Tecimen, Hüseyin Barış; Sevgi, Orhan; Akkaya, Muhammet; Sevgi, Ece; Hançer, Çağla Kızılarslan; Çakır, Ernaz Altundağ
    In recent years, plantation areas are criticized for the reduction of species diversity and deterioration of habitat quality. The effects of stone pine (Pinus pinea L.) plantations on species diversity were investigated in this study to enlighten the situation. A total of 73 sample areas were investigated from north western Turkey (Biga-Çanakkale) region, including 25 native and 48 plantation areas. Taxa of the sample areas were identified and species diversity and similarity analysis was performed. We found significantly lower number of plant species at plantation areas than natural areas at Pekmezli (4 yr old stand) and Kargı Çiftliği (25 yr old stand) blocks with p values 0.016 and 0.005 respectively. Shannon-Wiener index values of plantation areas were found to be 3.04 and 3.23 with p values 0.027 and 0.007 in Pekmezli and Kargı Çiftliği respectively. The Sorensen similarity analysis showed that, there was a higher similarity pattern in natural areas than in plantation areas. It was concluded that the plantation activities only in the areas of Pekmezli and Kargı Çiftliği negatively affected the number of species and diversity index values. © 2017, Pakistan Botanical Society. All rights reserved.
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    Morphological, anatomical and ecological studies on some Orchis (Orchidaceae) taxa of Mediterranean region, Turkey
    (Triveni Enterprises, 2012) Sevgi, Ece; Altundağ, Ernaz; Kara, Ömer; Sevgi, Orhan; Tecimen, Hüseyin Barış; Bolat, İlyas
    In this study, nine species mainly distributed in Mediterranean (+ Aegean region) region of Turkey were investigated in terms of 15 morphological, 16 anatomical and 5 ecological characteristics. Those species are Orchis anatolica Boiss., Orchis italica Poiret, Orchis laxiflora Lam., Orchis mono L. subsp. mono, Orchis provincialis Balbis ex DC., Orchis purpurea Hudson, Orchis sancta L., Orchis simia Lam., Orchis tridentata Scop. In conclusion, we found that O. laxiflora was characterized by the longest plant height and O. purpurea had the biggest tuber; whereas O. italica was identified by the highest number of leafs and O. purpurea had the longest leaf length and widest leaf width. Additionally, the other species which were characterized by different morphological and anatomical parameters are as follow: O. sancta with the longest bract length, O. italica and O. simia with the longest sepal lengths, O. laxiflora with the shortest and widest labellum, O. simia with the longest petal length, O. sancta with longest caudiculum length, O. anatolica with the longest spur length and O. provincialis with the longest ovary length. Particularly, O. laxiflora and a purpurea species present essential divergence from the aspect of anatomical features of leaf surface in comparison with the other species. Morphological and anatomical traits of the species were attributed to the habitat selections of the species since that character differs along with each species.
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    Studies on the chorology, ecology, morphology and conservation strategies of Orchis anatolica Boiss (Orchidaceae)
    (Triveni Enterprises, 2012) Çakır, Ernaz Altundağ; Sevgi, Ece; Kara, Ömer; Sevgi, Orhan; Tecimen, Hüseyin Barış; Bolat, İlyas
    Orchis anatolica Boiss. is one of the Mediterranean species, which has wide distribution in Turkey. In this study, plant and soil samples of O. anatolica were taken from 26 natural populations in Turkey. There were one hundred ninety locality records in the Mediterranean region of Turkey, but we recorded two hundred sixteen localities thus adding twenty six new localities to the list. Twenty morphological parameters of O. anatolica were evaluated. The correlation coefficients between generative characters and vegetative characters were lower than the character groups of correlation coefficients between themselves. It is found from sea level upto 1700 m. Most common habitats of O. anatolica are macchie, forest lands and stony soils. The soils are loamy, clayey- loam and sandy-clayey- loam and rich in organic matter. The pH of the soils varies from 5.87 to 7.92. Although O. anatolica has wide distribution in Turkey, different types of land uses are posing a threat for it and restricting its distributional area. Lacking the legal regulations about conservation of the O. anatolica populations is one of the most striking requirement.
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    STUDIES ON THE MORPHOLOGY, ANATOMY AND ECOLOGY OF ANACAMPTIS PYRAMIDALIS (L.) L. C. M. RICHARD (ORCHIDACEAE) IN TURKEY
    (Pakistan Botanical Soc, 2012) Sevgi, Ece; Altundağ, Ernaz; Kara, Ömer; Sevgi, Orhan; Tecimen, Hüseyin Barış; Bolat, İlyas
    Morphological, anatomical and ecological characteristics of Anacamptis pyramidalis (L.) L. C. M. Richard in Turkey were investigated in this study. Plant materials of A. pyramidalis were provided from 21 native populations between 2007 and 2009 in Turkey, and their localities were recorded. A. pyramidalis samples were evaluated within 19 morphological, 20 anatomical, and 18 soil characters & habitat properties. The findings of this study are as follows: The plant length was minimum 248 mm and maximum 655 Iran, underground part length minimum 23 mm and maximum 140 mm, and number of leaves change between 2 and 14. The leaves were tetrastic, had no trichomes. In surface section of the leaves, the cuticle thickness (abaxial and adaxial), epidermis cell size (abaxial and adaxial) stomata dimensions and stomata index were measured. The epidermal cells' rows were parellel to the midrib. In cross sections of the leaves, upper epidermis was larger than lower epidermis. Vascular bundles were collateral and consist of xylem, phloem and sclerenchyma cells. Raphide bundles were observed in the mesophyll tissue and leaf midrib had lacunas. Chlorenchyma had scattered homogeneously. According to habitat definition of A. pyramidalis it grows from sea level to 1600 m whereas the most common habitat of A. pyramidalis are meadow, macchie and gaps in the forest lands. A. pyramidalis are grown in stony soils and also are rich in clay, and medium in organic carbon. pH of the soils differ from 6.77 to 7.54.